Chemical evolution in low-mass star formation. Kyung Hee University Jeong-Eun Lee

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1 Chemical evolution in low-mass star formation Kyung Hee University Jeong-Eun Lee

2 Introduction Chemo-dynamical model Two applications: Standard accretion model Episodic accretion model Summary Contents

3 Introduction Dynamical process of star formation alters the physical conditions of surrounding material by orders of magnitude within relatively short timescales.

4 Introduction Dynamical process of star formation alters the physical conditions of surrounding material by orders of magnitude within relatively short timescales. Chemistry changes responding to the variation of physical conditions. Jørgensen, Schöier & van Dishoeck, 2005

5 Introduction Dynamical process of star formation alters the physical conditions of surrounding material by orders of magnitude within relatively short timescales. Chemistry changes responding to the variation of physical conditions. B68 As a result, chemistry can be a good tracer of physical conditions (i.e. dynamics) associated with star formation. Courtesy of Ted Bergin

6 Introduction Dynamical process of star formation alters the physical conditions of surrounding material by orders of magnitude within relatively short timescales. Chemistry changes responding to the variation of physical conditions. As a result, chemistry can be a good tracer of physical conditions (i.e. dynamics) associated with star formation. However, these two processes are tangled to make the interpretation of observations difficult. Therefore, we need a self-consistent model to deal with dynamics and chemistry simultaneously.

7 Chemo-Dynamical Model Combine chemistry, dynamics, gas energetics, and radiative transfer in a self-consistent way to compare with observations of dust continuum and molecular line emission to understand chemical and dynamical conditions in lowmass star forming cores through the pre-stellar stage to later evolutionary stages after a central protostar forms

8 Physical Model n(r), v(r) Chemo-Dynamical Model Chemistry Transfer to Eulerian Coordinates Gas to dust n(t), T K (t), T D (t) X(r) n d (r), L, k n Dust Radiative Transfer T D (r) Lee, Bergin, & Evans 2004 Transfer to Lagrangian Coordinates T K (r) Gas Energetics Line Radiative Transfer n J (r) Line Simulation T R (v,b)

9 Dynamics for the envelope Shu s inside-out collapse model combined with Bonnor-Ebert spheres a=0.22 km/s r out =0.15 pc Time steps for inside-out collapse t=5x10 5 t=1.6x10 5 t=10 5 t=5x10 4 t=2.5x10 4 t=10 4 t=5x10 3 t=2.5x10 3 t=0

10 Standard accretion model continuous accretion from envelope to disk, and to protostar Dust Temperature t=5x10 5 ISRF attenuated by A v,e =0.5 mag Heated by ISRF Young & Evans 2005

11 Standard accretion model Gas Temperature t=-10 6 t=-5x10 5 t=-2.5x10 5 t=5x10 5 G o =0.4 t=-5x10 3 t=5x10 4 t=2x10 4

12 Evolution of Temperatures and density Profiles

13 Chemical evolution in Lagrangian coordinates Parcel # Distance from the center Density Dust temperature Visual extinction

14 Evolution of Abundance Profiles SiO 2 mantle A v,e =0.5 mag

15 Evolution of Line Profiles

16 Comparison of evolutionary model with static model Different histories of physical conditions in the static model and the evolutionary model result in different chemical distributions in a given timestep. Static model: n T Evolutionary model: n T Lee, Evans, & Bergin 2005

17 Comparison of evolutionary model with static model θ FWHM =3 Abundance profiles at t=10 5 yrs

18 Applications to specific sources: L1544, L1512, L1498 (Young et al. 2004) B335 (Evans et al. 2005) L1251B (Lee et al. 2007) L43 (Chen et al. 2009) CB130 (Kim et al. 2011) CO 2 ice formation from CO ice during the quiescent phase in the episodic accretion

19 Episodic accretion model - a statistical study Kim et al. (2012) Dunham et al. (2010) + Lee et al. (2004) Episodic accretion model Chemo-dynamical model fit the column densities of CO 2 ice and C 18 O gas simultaneously in a wide range of YSO luminosities

20 Episodic accretion model continuous accretion from envelope to disk, but episodic accretion from disk to protostar (accretion event every 10 4 yrs for 10 3 yrs) normal accretion rate = 4.8 x 10-6 M sun /yr accretion rate (accretion phase) = 10 x normal rate accretion rate (quiet phase) = 0.01 x normal rate evolution of internal luminosity (Lee 2007) Temperature evolution of infalling grids Grid # Episodic accretion model Standard model

21 Episodic accretion model Lee 2007 outburst Quiescent phase Density and temperature profiles around an accretion burst M core = 1 M sun R core = 6200 AU

22 Episodic accretion model Lee 2007 Arrows evolutionary directions Abundance profiles around an accretion burst

23 ALMA Observation Episodic Continuous ALMA observation: UV coverage and synthesized beam Simulation of ALMA observation of C 18 O 2-1

24 Summary One needs to use a self-consistent chemical model to understand the physical conditions of a star forming core correctly. Ice and gas components must be considered together to constrain the chemical process ongoing in star forming regions. High resolution observations are necessary to constrain the dynamical process entangled with chemistry in star formation.