thermal (heat) Nuclear energy 6 th Grade Science Review Sheet SOL Energy 1. What is the ability to do work or cause a change?

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1 SOL Energy 1. What is the ability to do work or cause a change? Energy 2. What is stored energy or the energy of position called? Potential energy 3. What is the energy of motion called? Kinetic energy 4. Identify the examples of energy. a. Fire, Friction: thermal (heat) b. Sun, Nuclear Power Plant: Nuclear energy c. Food, Fuel, Batteries: chemical c. Toaster oven? Electricalàthermal 6.3 Solar Energy 1. What source of energy is responsible for the motion of the atmosphere, the oceans, and many processes at the Earth s surface like photosynthesis? The sun 2. What is the transfer of energy through space from the Sun to the Earth s atmosphere called? Radiation 3. What three main types of light waves make up solar radiation? Infrared, visible light, & ultraviolet light (UV) 4. What distributes thermal energy in the atmosphere and oceans? Convection currents d. Simple Machines, Wind, Water, Sound: mechanical e. Circuits, Lightening, Solar Cells (panels): electrical 5. What kind of energy is visible light? Radiant/electromagnetic 6. What is some energy always lost as during an energy transformation? Thermal energy 7. What energy transformation takes place in each example: a. Photosynthesis? Lightàchemical b. Flashlight? chemicalàelectricalàlight 5. What greatly reduces the Sun s energy that reaches the Earth? Reflection and absorption of light; some light is scattered

2 9. What are the three main types of clouds? *a. cirrus- wispy; change in weather *b. stratus flat; rain/snow *c. cumulus- puffy; fair weather 10. What can form when land is strongly heated? Thunderstorms 11. What can form when warm tropical water is strongly heated? Hurricanes 6. What occurs when gases in our atmosphere cause the Earth to absorb more heat than it releases? Greenhouse Effect 12. What is formed by a strong rotating column of air usually during a severe (super-cell) thunderstorm? Tornado Matter 1. Anything that has mass and takes up space is? Matter 2. All matter is made up of tiny particles called? Atoms 3. What is the center of the atom called? Nucleus 4. What is the positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom? Proton 7. Which two gases are the primary contributors to the greenhouse effect? Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and methane (CH 4 ) 8. What is formed when bodies of water absorb heat and water evaporates? Clouds 5. What is the particle with no charge in the nucleus of an atom? Neutron 6. What is the negatively charged particle outside of the nucleus? Electron

3 7. A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom is called an? Element 8. The main elements that make up the Earth s crust, living matter, the oceans, and the atmosphere are? silicon, aluminum, iron, sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, & carbon 9. The primary elements in living matter are? Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen 8. The atoms of one element differ from those of another element in the? number of protons. 9. Elements can be represented by? chemical symbols Water Resources 1. Water is a unique compound because it can exist as: solid, liquid, and gas around the same temperature on Earth 2. Why do water molecules to stick together (cohesion) like magnets? One side is positive and the other side is negative 3. Because water can dissolve so many things it is often called- Universal solvent 4. The climate near large bodies of water is often milder compared to other areas. Why? They absorb heat during the summer and release it slowly during the winter 10. Two or more elements chemically combined are called? A compound 11. Compounds can be represented by? Chemical formulas 12. Chemical changes are represented by? Chemical Equations 6. Label the parts of the following chemical equation: a. 4Al + 3O 2 è 2Al 2 O 3 b. 5. What happens to water when it freezes? It forms crystals and expands 6. Why does ice float in liquid water? Ice has a density that is less than that of liquid water 7. What is the freezing point of water on the Celsius scale? 0 o C 8. What is the boiling point of water on the Celsius scale? 100 o C c. e. d. 9. The breaking up of rock is called weathering. a. coefficient b. subscript c. reactants d. products e. formula *a. What are three examples of physical weathering by water? Rain, ice, and snow wear down rocks *b. What is an example of chemical weathering by water? Acid rain

4 10. What percent of the water on the Earth is salt water? About 97% 11. What percent of the water on the Earth is non-frozen, freshwater? Less than 1% 12. What is the rock layers beneath the Earth s surface that contain water called? Aquifers 13. Where else do we find a large amount of water stored besides oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, and aquifers? Inside the bodies of organisms 6.6 The Atmosphere 7. Label/describe the layers of the atmosphere. e. exosphere- connects to outer space; satellites are here d. thermosphere contains ionosphere; auroras (Northern Lights) are here c. Mesosphere- protects against meteors b. stratosphere- ozone layer here a. troposphere- the air we breathe; weather occurs here 14. Where were the first human settlements established? Near bodies of water 15. Water is essential for agriculture. What type of system is designed to provide water to crops? Irrigation systems 16. What type of power is generated by the flow of water through power plants like the Hoover Dam or Smith River Dam? Hydroelectric power 17. What is one disadvantage of using hydroelectric power? Must have a large water supply 18. What caused many of the disease outbreaks before the 1800 s? Contamination of water by human waste/open sewers 8. How can you remember the layers of the atmosphere in order? That Snail Missed The Exit Trudy Stole Mary s Thermos 8. Which mixture of gases make up the air we breathe? Nitrogen (biggest portion), Carbon dioxide, oxygen, and argon plus water 9. What is the moisture in our air called? Humidity 10. Temperature and air pressure as altitude increases in the lowest layer of the atmosphere. Decrease 11. What measurement tool is used for each of the following: *a. air pressure: barometer *b. humidity:

5 hygrometer *c. air temperature thermometer *d. wind speed anemometer 4. What is the name for the land that water travels across is it moves to a stream or lake? Watershed 5. Where do the watersheds in Virginia lead to? Gulf of Mexico (Holsten), North Carolina sounds (Roanoke), or the Chesapeake Bay (James/Potomac) 15. What type of weather is associated with the following systems? * a. low pressure: precipitation *b. high pressure: fair weather *c. cold front: stormy weather *d. warm front: gentle precipitation followed by mild conditions 16. What three things have the most effect on the weather conditions? thermal energy, air pressure, and water vapor 6.7- Watersheds 1. What is the name for a living community and the nonliving factors that affect it? ecosystems 2. What is the health of an ecosystem directly related to? Quality of water 3. What are some ways water quality is measured? Temperature, salinity, ph, % dissolved oxygen, cloudiness (turbidity), & presence of macroinvertebrates (small insects) 5. Rivers and streams generally have wide, flat, border areas onto which water spills out at times of high flow. What are these border areas called? Flood plains 6. What are areas between dry land and bodies of water called (they re usually saturated with water)? Wetlands 7. What are areas called where freshwater and saltwater meet and are mixed by the tides? Estuaries 8. Estuaries provide habitats for many organisms while serving as resting and nesting areas for many others. Where is the United States largest estuary? Chesapeake Bay 9. What kind of human activity can cause an increase or decrease erosion due to water? Plowing fields increase erosion vs. planting trees decrease erosion 10. What is the relationship between the speed of water and the size of sediment carried? The faster the water flows the bigger the sediment it can carry

6 SOL 6.8 Earth & Space 1. a. Name the planets in order starting with the one closest to the Sun. 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars 5. Jupiter 6. Saturn 7. Uranus 8. Neptune *b. How can you remember the order of the planets? My very educated mother just served us nachos. orbits? Inertia and gravity 7 What is it called when a planet or moon orbits around another object? Revolution; revolving 8. How long is the Earth s revolution? about 1 yr (365 ¼ days) 9. What is it called when a planet spins on its axis? Rotation 10. How long is the Earth s rotation? 1 day or 24 hrs * c. How are the 4 inner planets different from the 4 outer planets? Inner planets-relatively small and rocky Outer planets -large and gaseous * d. Why isn t Pluto included? Doesn t fit the profile of the outer planets; it is small and rocky and it cannot move other objects out of its orbital path 2. The largest planet is. Jupiter 3. The smallest planet is. Mercury 4. What is found between Mars and Jupiter (it divides the inner and outer planets)? Asteroid belt 5. What word describes the curved path the planets follow around the sun? Elliptical orbit 6. What two things hold the planets in their 11. What causes the seasons on Earth? Tilt of earth s axis 12. If a hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun what season is it? Summer 13. If a hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun what season is it? Winter 14. What causes the length of night and day to change during the year? Changes with the seasons; tilt of earth s axis and the angle of the sun 14. If the Earth s axis was not tilted what would happen to the seasons? No seasons 14. Does the distance that the Earth is away from the Sun effect the seasons? No 15. What causes night and day on Earth? (It

7 causes the Sun to appear to move across the sky during the day.) Earth s rotation on its axis 16. If the Sun appears directly overhead what time of day is it? Noon 17. What causes the phases of the moon? The revolution of the moon around the Earth and which part of the sunlight side of the moon we see 18. How long does it take for the moon to complete its phases? About 1 month 19. What are the four major phases of the moon? New moon, 1 st quarter, full moon, 3 rd (last) quarter 20. What causes the tides on Earth? Moon s gravity 21. If a beach area is directly aligned with the moon what type of tide will happen? High 22. How often do the tides change each day? Every 6 hours How many high tides would you have each day? Low tides? Two of each 23. Besides the moon, what object in our solar system could possibly increase the strength of the tides? The sun 24. What is it called when the moon blocks the sunlight from the Earth? Solar eclipse 25. What is it called when the Earth blocks the sunlight from the moon? Lunar eclipse 26. What determines the amount of gravitational pull for each planet? Its mass (size) 27. What are 3 major things that make Earth different than all of the other planets? Protective atmosphere with oxygen, large amounts of water in all 3 states, Life 28. The invention of what instrument allowed scientists to learn more about our solar system? Telescope 29. The moon orbits the _Earth and it orbits the Sun. 30. Identify each of the following famous space explorers. a. Yuri Gagarin Russian, 1 st person in space b. Sputnik Russian 1 st satellite in space c. Alan Shepherd 1 st American in space d. John Glenn 1 st American to complete an orbit f. Neil Armstrong 1 st person to walk on the moon g. Apollo 11 1 st mission to the moon 31. Name the contributions of the following ancient astronomers: h. Ptolemy/Aristotle thought earth was the center of the solar system (geocentric) h. Copernicus/Galileo

8 concluded the sun was the center of the solar system (heliocentric) and other industrialized countries? Fossil fuels 31. Quick Planet Facts: *a. Coldest Planet Neptune *b. The Red Planet Mars *c. Earth s Twin Venus *d. Warmest Planet Mercury *e. Planet with most visible rings Saturn f. Most moons Saturn g. Giant Red Spot Jupiter h. Planet with rings tiled sideways Uranus Resources 1. What are three things that all living organisms depend on? Healthy environment, clean air, and clean water 2a. What do we call resources that are limited in supply (they will eventually run out)? Nonrenewable resources 2b. List some examples. Coal, oil, natural gas, & nuclear power 4b. Where did this energy come from? Dead plants and animals 5. What is the major cause of pollution (causes acid rain)? Burning fossil fuels 6. What is the wise and careful use of natural resources called? Conservation 7. Who establishes regulations and programs to improve the quality of the air, water, and soil? Government agencies (EPA, DNR, DGIF, etc.) 8. What are some things individuals can do to help conserve resources and protect the environment? Recycle, reduce/conserve 9. What is one of the biggest concerns with using nuclear power? Storing the harmful wastes *Pollution prevention and waste management are much cheaper than Cleanup 3a. What do we call resources that are not limited in supply (they can be replaced by nature)? Renewable resources 3b. List some examples. Water, Wind, Sun, plant & animal life (biomass) 4a. What is our top source of energy in the US