Polar Axis Gnomons with Multiple Styles 07/23/02

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1 John L. Carmichael Jr. Sundial Sculptures 925. Foothills Dr. ucson AZ el: , mail: ebsite: Sundialsculptures.com Polar Axis Gnomons with Multiple Styles 07/23/02 he Kitt Peak elescope Sundial made me realize that a sundial s gnomon can have almost any cross sectional shape, and we sundial designers are not limited to using the traditional pie-shaped, string or tubular gnomons. It is possible to build sundials with thick multi-sided polar axis gnomons. hey can have a cross section of a hexagon, an oval, a circle, a square, a rectangle, a triangle, a plane, and many others. Also, they are fairly easy to design. And, you can use any face orientation. Horizontal, polar, equatorial, declining, etc. sundial faces all will work fine. If you can design a traditional sundial you can design one of these. ecause of what I call wrap-around sunrays, these oddly shaped gnomons show the time just like ordinary sundials and are just as easy to use. ut they are very different in their construction. hese gnomons have several styles located on a single gnomon. In effect, each style is a separate sundial with its own hour lines. ut all the styles work together to produce a smoothly flowing sequential timeline. ach style works for only a portion of the day, then it becomes shaded by the next style which takes over and starts casting the shadow edge. I call this the style shift. At the moment of style shift, the distance changes between the style and the face. his changes the velocity of the shadow and also changes the width of the penumbra and the spacing between the time points. his is a very interesting thing to observe on a large monumental sundial. he length of the event depends on the apparent width of the sun s face. About he Drawings: Following are some drawings showing just a few of the possible designs using basic geometric shapes. hese show a cross section of differently shaped gnomons and how the hourly sunrays shine on the gnomons styles. hey show the location of the hour lines if projected onto a polar sundial face. At the end I ve included a drawing of the Kitt Peak sundial face that is a good example of a 4-sided gnomon that uses 3 styles. Note that this drawing is actually three sundials, one for each style. I placed the hourly sunrays on all the drawings using the standard 15 dg./hr. drawing of a string gnomon cross section (an equatorial sundial). I projected these onto a flat polar axis face. See below. ZRO SIDD (SINGL POIN) IH 1 SYL

2 RAP-AROUND SUNRAYS ON S IH MULIPL SYLS = ottom Style = op Style SIDD IH 2 SYLS = ast op Style = ottom Style Gnomon cross section is an equilateral triangle, flat side on top SIDD IH 2 SYLS 5 = op Style = ottom ast Style Gnomon cross section is an equilateral triangle, flat side on bottom SIDD QUILARAL IH 2 SYLS

3 RAP-AROUND SUNRAYS ON S IH MULIPL SYLS cont. = ast Style = ottom Style = op Style Gnomon cross section is a square, corner on top. 4-SIDD IH 3 SYLS = op ast Style = ottom ast Style Gnomon cross section is a square, flat side on top SIDD IH 2 SYLS = ast Style = ottom Style = op Style Gnomon cross section is a pentagon, corner on top SIDD IH 3 SYLS

4 RAP-AROUND SUNRAYS ON S IH MULIPL SYLS cont. = op Style = op ast Style = ottom ast Style = ottom Style Gnomon cross is a sexagon, corner on top SIDD IH 4 SYLS C = Curved Style CURVD-SIDD IH INFINI SYLS

5 S. Sol. Sunset Direction ( ) S. Sol. Sunrise Direction (61.19 ) Sighting Mark qx. Sunset Direction (270 ) qx. Sunrise Direction (90 ). Sol. Sunset Direction (241.19) HLIOSA. Sol. Sunrise Direction ( ) Style Change 9:26 am DRIVAY HIGH NOON 12:26:23 1 max distance btwn time intervals 1 min. =.82m Shadow Velocity = 1.4 cm/sec. 9 = ast Style = ottom Style. Sol. Sunrise ime (7:31 am) S. Sol. Sunset Direction ( ) 8 2 = est Style = op Style 7 qx. Sunriseime (6:26:23 am) qx. Sunset Direction (270 ) 6 3 Style Change 3:27 pm S. Sol. Sunrise ime (5:21 am). Sol. Sunset Direction ( ) IND SHILD AS 4 N 10 meters 5. Sol. Sunset ime (5:21 pm) S. Sol. Sunrise Direction (61.19 ) McMath-Pierce Solar elescope Sundial Sundial Sculptures, ucson AZ LA: N. LON: feet McMath-Pierce Sundial Face (model) National Solar Observatory Route 386 HIGH DS SRIS # est of ucson AZ 29.4m NO MON-3 Longitude Correction: + 26min sec. Date: 05/18/02 Sheet qx. Sunset ime (6:26:23 pm) qx. Sunrise Direction (90 ) S. Sol. Sunset ime (7:31 pm). Sol. Sunrise Direction ( ) McMath-Pierce Sundial Face (model)

6 he McMath-Pierce elescope Sundial is the only known example of a 4-sided square gnomon with three styles. Note: his is a double exposure photograph. RAP-AROUND SUNRAYS ON KI PAK Showing Apparent Solar ime = ast Style = ottom Style = op Style Gnomon cross section is a square, corner on top.

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