Which phase of the Moon will be seen from the Earth at position 5? A) B) C) D)

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1 Name Date 1. Which motion causes the Moon to show phases when viewed from the Earth? A) the rotation of the Moon on its axis B) the revolution of the Moon around the Earth C) the rotation of the Sun on its axis D) the revolution of the Sun around the Moon 2. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which represents nine positions of the Earth in orbit around the Sun during one complete orbit of the Moon around the Earth. 3. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below which shows the Earth's position in its orbit around the Sun at the beginning of each season. The Moon is shown at various positions as it revolves around the Earth. Which phase of the Moon will be seen from the Earth at position 5? A) B) What is most likely represented by the rotating arrow near the Earth's axis at each position? A) the direction of Earth's rotation B) the path of the Sun through the sky C) the changing tilt of Earth's axis D) convection currents in the atmosphere C) D)

2 4. The diagram below represents two photographs of the Moon, A and B, taken at full moon phase several months apart. The photographs were taken using the same magnification. Each photograph was cut in half and the halves placed next to each other. 7. Diagrams A through D below represent phases of a planet as seen by an observer on Earth using a telescope. The diagram is drawn to scale. Which is the most logical conclusion about this planet? A) The planet has a slower orbital velocity than the Earth. B) The planet is closest to the Earth at position C. C) The apparent diameter of the planet varies throughout the year. D) The planet does not rotate on its axis. What most likely caused the difference in the apparent size of the Moon in photographs A and B? A) The phases of the Moon changed. B) The Moon expanded. C) The distance from the Earth to the Moon changed. D) The Moon rotated. 5. As viewed from the Earth, the Moon's phases have shown which type of changes over the past 50 years? A) noncyclic and predictable B) noncyclic and unpredictable C) cyclic and predictable D) cyclic and unpredictable 6. The phases of the Moon are caused by the A) Earth's revolution around the Sun B) Moon's revolution around the Earth C) Moon's varying distance from the Earth D) Sun's varying distance from the Moon

3 Base your answers to questions 8 and 9 on the diagram below which represents the Moon in various positions in its orbit around the Earth. Letters A through E represent five of the Moon's positions. 8. Which diagram best represents the appearance of the Moon to an observer on the Earth when the Moon is at position B? A) B) C) D) 9. Why would an observer on Earth see a complete cycle of phases of the Moon in approximately 1 month? A) The Moon rotates on its axis. B) The Moon revolves around the Earth. C) The Earth rotates on its axis. D) The Earth revolves around the Sun. 10. The phases of the Moon are caused by the A) rotation of the Earth on its axis B) rotation of the Moon on its axis C) revolution of the Moon around the Earth D) revolution of the Earth around the Sun

4 11. Which diagram sequence correctly shows the order of Moon phases, as viewed from Earth, for a period of 1 month? [Note that some phases have been omitted.] A) B) C) D) 12. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the Moon's orbit around Earth. Four positions of the Moon are represented by letters A, B, C, and D. Earth's North Pole is labeled. The shaded areas on Earth and the Moon represent night. What motion of the Moon results in the Moon phases as viewed from Earth?

5 13. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows the Moon at positions A through H in its orbit around Earth. How many days does it take for the Moon to complete one cycle of phases as viewed from Earth? 14. The diagrams below show the phases of the Moon as viewed by an observer in New York State at different times in August. Which phase could have been observed on August 17? A) B) C) D)

6 15. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which represents a model of the Earth-Moon system as viewed from above the North Pole. The numbers 1 through 8 represent positions of the Moon as it revolves around Earth. The parts of the diagram lettered A through D show how the Moon's phases appear to an observer in New Jersey. The time required for the Moon to complete one cycle of phases is about one A) day B) week C) month D) year

7 Base your answers to questions 16 and 17 on the diagrams below. Diagram I represents the Moon orbiting the Earth as viewed from space above the North Pole. The Moon is shown at 8 different positions in its orbit. Diagram II represents phases of the Moon as seen from the Earth when the Moon is at position 2 and at position State the two positions of the Moon at which an eclipse could occur. 17. State the approximate length of time required for one complete revolution of the Moon around the Earth.

8 18. The diagram below shows the Moon at four positions in its orbit around Earth as viewed from above the North Pole. Beginning with the Moon at position X (the new-moon phase), which sequence of Moon phases would be seen by an observer on Earth during 1 month? A) B) C) D)

9 19. What is represented by the diagram below? A) changing phases of the Sun B) changing phases of the Moon C) stages in an eclipse of the Sun D) stages in an eclipse of the Moon 20. The time required for the Moon to show a complete cycle of phases when viewed from Earth is approximately A) 1 day B) 1 week C) 1 month D) 1 year 21. One complete cycle of the phases of the Moon takes approximately one A) day B) week C) month D) year

10 22. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below and on the graph. The data table shows the maximum altitude and phase of the Moon observed above the southern horizon on certain dates during January and February at a New York State location. The line on the graph shows the altitude of the noontime Sun observed during the same time period at the same New York State location. The multiple-exposure photograph below, taken on February 3, shows a total solar eclipse in the middle of the photograph. The maximum altitude of the Sun on this date was 34 above the southern horizon at this New York State location. Based on the data table, explain why this total solar eclipse occurred on February 3.

11 23. The diagram below shows the Moon orbiting Earth as viewed from space above the North Pole. The Moon is shown at eight different positions in its orbit. At which two positions of the Moon is an eclipse of the Sun or Moon possible? A) 1 and 5 B) 2 and 6 C) 3 and 7 D) 4 and The diagram below shows the Moon at four positions in its orbit around Earth. An observer on Earth could see a solar eclipse when the Moon is at position A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

12 Base your answers to questions 25 and 26 on the world map below, which shows regions of Earth where a solar eclipse was visible on May 20, Location A, B, C, and D are on Earth's surface. 25. At which location could an observer have viewed this total solar eclipse if the skies were clear? A) A B) B C) C D) D 26. Which diagram best represents the positions of Earth (E), the Sun, and the Moon that created the solar eclipse? (Diagrams are not drawn to scale.) A) B) C) D)

13 27. The diagram below shows the position of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth during a solar eclipse. The full shadow (umbra) and partial shadow (penumbra) of the Moon and Earth are shown. Which diagram best represents the appearance of the Sun and the Moon to an observer located within the umbra of the Moon's shadow on Earth's surface? A) B) C) D) 28. Scientists can plan to photograph a solar eclipse because most astronomical events are A) cyclic and predictable B) cyclic and unpredictable C) random and predictable D) random and unpredictable

14 29. The diagram below shows the relative positions of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth when an eclipse was observed from Earth. Positions A and B are locations on Earth's surface. Which statement correctly describes the type of eclipse that was occurring and the position on Earth where this eclipse was observed? A) A lunar eclipse was observed from position A. B) A lunar eclipse was observed from position B. C) A solar eclipse was observed from position A. D) A solar eclipse was observed from position B. 30. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below. The diagram shows the Sun, Earth, and the Moon's orbit around Earth as viewed from space. To represent the Moon's postion in its orbit when a solar eclipse is viewed from earth, draw a circle to represent the Moon's position in its orbit when a solar eclipse is viewed from Earth.

15 31. Base your answer to the following question on on the information below about a solar eclipse that will occur on August 21, The latitude and longitude coordinates for the movement of the center of the Moon's shadow across the Earth's surface are given in the table. On the diagram below, place an X on the Moon's orbit to show the Moon's position during a solar eclipse.

16 32. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below, which shows Earth and the Moon in relation to the Sun. Positions A, B, C, and D show the Moon at specific locations in its orbit. Point X is a location on Earth's surface. A solar eclipse might occur when the Moon is at location A) A B) B C) C D) D 33. Which description of change is most closely associated with ocean tides and moon phases? A) cyclic and predictable B) cyclic and unpredictable C) noncyclic and predictable D) noncyclic and unpredictable 34. A student recorded the times of three successive high tides at one location as: 35. Ocean tides are best described as A) unpredictable and cyclic B) unpredictable and noncyclic C) predictable and cyclic D) predictable and noncyclic 9:12 a.m. 9:38 p.m. 10:04 a.m. What is the approximate time of the next high tide? A) 10:12 p.m. B) 10:30 p.m. C) 10:38 p.m. D) 11:04 p.m.

17 36. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the water levels of ocean tides measured in Boston, Massachusetts, for a 2-day period. The graph shows that high tides at Boston occur approximately every A) 3.5 hours B) 6.0 hours C) 12.5 hours D) 16.0 hours 37. An observer recorded the times of three successive high tides at one Earth location as: 7:12 a.m. 7:38 p.m. 8:04 a.m. What was the time of the next high tide? A) 8:12 p.m. B) 8:30 p.m. C) 8:38 p.m. D) 9:04 p.m.

18 38. The diagram below represents the Sun's rays striking Earth and the Moon. Numbers 1 through 4 represent positions of the Moon in its orbit around Earth. The highest tides on Earth occur when the Moon is in positions A) 1 and 3 B) 2 and 4 C) 3 and 2 D) 4 and Which arrangement of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth results in the highest high tides, and the lowest low tides on Earth? (Diagrams are not drawn to scale.) A) B) C) D)

19 40. Base your answer to the following question on the passage and map below and the tide table. The map shows the tidal range (the difference between the highest and lowest tides) in meters for the Bay of Fundy, Chignecto Bay, and the Minas Basin. The table shows the times of high and low tides for Hopewell Cape for August 21 and 22, The Bay of Fundy has the Highest Tides on Earth The unique shape of the Bay of Fundy contributes to the extremely high ocean tides experienced there. Frequently described as funnel shaped, the bay gradually becomes more narrow and shallow to the northeast where it splits to form Chignecto Bay and the Minas Basin. The highest tides of the Bay of Fundy are found within these fingers of the bay and are caused by the incoming tides encountering seaward-moving river currents as the bay narrows. The tide height is also affected by the amount of time it takes for high tide to flood the bay. This time is nearly identical from one high tide to the next.

20 On the grid below, plot with an X the height of the water for each time listed on the tide table. Connect the centers of the Xs with a smooth, curved line.