Probing Proto- /Exo- Planetary Atmosphere with RAVEN/IRCS

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1 Probing Proto- /Exo- Planetary Atmosphere with RAVEN/IRCS Hiroshi TERADA (Subaru Telescope, NAOJ) (I) Organic Molecules in Protoplanetary Disks (II) Exo-Planetary Atmosphere in Transiting Systems

2 Basic Concept ~ Mul&plicity vs. Simultaneity ~ Mul%ple Observa%on - - > More efficient survey capability => Very important towards more mul%plicity than 2 (30- m class MOAO). Simultaneous Observa%on - - > Simultaneity could be essen%al for some science cases. => Should be unique even with 2 science paths.

3 Advantage of RAVEN: Simultaneity Keyword: Atmospheric Calibra%on at IR J H K L M For atmospheric correc%on, a reference star is observed with similar airmass, loca%on on the sky, and close %me interval. Simultaneous observa%on of the reference star is ul%mate methodology for perfect cancella%on of the atmosphere condi%on..

4 (I) Organic Molecules in Protoplanetary Disks

5 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks General View of Protoplanetary Disks ALMA Direct imaging (HST or 8-meter ground-based) Diffrac%on Limits (1- - 3um) Nearest High- maa starforming region (Orion) Nearby molecular cloud (ex. Taurus, Near-IR ρ Oph,,,) interferometry Nearest starforming region (ex. TW Hya) Magnetospheric accretion IRCS + AO188 [NGS] J,H,K Pure gas disk 0.03AU AU.. 1 Mid-IR interferometry Near IR: continuum UV continuum, + atomic and Near-IR molecular dust lines H-recombination lines continuum Near-IR continuum (origin unclear so + atomic Orionlines (Br γ) + occasional molecular lines (H 2 O, CO, OH) L 0.2 (88AU) Dust inner rim Planet-forming region 10AU Mid IR: continuum Mid-IR: + molecular lines dust continuum + molecular lines (H 2 O, CO 2,... ) E N Terada Cold mid- plane (Ice) (sub-)mm: continuum + molecular rotation lines Warm Molecular region (Sub)millimeter: dust continuum + molecular rot-lines Outer disk (mass reservoir) 100AU Ground- based AO works well in NIR region. => Spectro- Astrometry w/ AO is a hope to probe the inner region..

6 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks Previous Detec%ons Spitzer Herschel Keck NIRSPEC H2 HI NeII C2H2 HCN OH CO2 DK Tau RW Aur / 2 GI Tau BP Tau AA Tau GK Tau UY Aur DO Tau DG Tau / 2 V1331 Cyg AS 353A ALMA Direct imaging (HST or 8-meter ground-based) Hogerheijde Magnetospheric accretion Salyk Pure gas disk 0.03AU AU.. 1 Near-IR interferometry Mid-IR interferometry Dust inner rim Planet-forming region Carr Cold mid- plane (Ice) (sub-)mm: continuum + molecular rotation lines Warm Molecular region Outer disk (mass reservoir) Near IR: continuum 10AU UV continuum, + atomic and Near-IR molecular dust lines H-recombination lines continuum Near-IR continuum Mid IR: continuum Mid-IR: (origin unclear so far) + molecular lines dust continuum RAVEN 2nd Science Waikoloa + atomic on 2013/07/25 lines (Br γ) + molecular lines (Sub)millimeter: dust continuum + molecular rot-lines AU AU

7 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks: Near IR (~3um) Wavelengths Example of a Single IRCS Echelle Setting Suitable for tracing warm molecular volatile gases. Sensitive for temperature ( K) ==> <5AU molecule Limitation: Atmospheric correction Background figure from Mandell 2012

8 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks: Difficul%es in Detec%on Sect DR Tau - NIRSPEC Flux (Jy) Tell. Mod. x 1/33 Final Resids 1-sigma Noise Wavelength (µm) Sect Flux (Jy) H 2 O, 900 K OH, 900 K HCN, 900 K C 2 H 2, 900 K Combined Model Wavelength (µm) Gibb Mandell+ 2012

9 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks: Example of IRCS Result (b) PDS 144N PDS 144N UT UT UT Terada in prep.

10 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks: On-sky Concept for Detec%on NGS IRCS Slit (Echelle) NGS NGS Simultaneous spectroscopy PA can be selected independently Foreground contribu%on can be excluded when the reference is in the same cloud

11 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks: Example of Actual Target d x 1.28 R~8.15@58 R~6.41@64 HST / ACS F658N 2.06x 2.06 R~9.47@22 Several more targets are available in this region!! IRCS+AO188 K VISTA J,H,Ks

12 (I) Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks: Resolving the wavelength issue... RAVEN 1st Science Tohoku University (I),Organic,Molecule,in,Protoplanetary,Disks: Issues!to!be!considered RAVEN is not designed forthermal infrared bands (> 3.0um) #,while IRCS covers um. Table 1. Top Level Raven Requirements Parameter Requirement AO System MOAO operation with tomographic reconstructor Calibration System Capable of testing MOAO during daytime and in lab Science Instrument Capable of feeding IRCS in imaging, grism and Echelle modes Science spectral range microns # of science channels 2 # of WFS 3 NGS + 1 on-axis LGS Field of Regard 3.5 arcminutes diameter Science Field of View 4 arcseconds diameter per science pick-off Delievered EE >30% in 140mas in H-band for r 0 =15 cm Throughput >0.32 in H-band, telescope and IRCS excluded (80% of AO188 throughput) Image rotation Ability to align each source to the IRCS slit Zenith angle <45 degrees (goal of 60 degrees) WFS limiting magnitude R<14 (goal of R<15) Bradley Transmittance and emissivity around 3.0um: unknown Might be worthy of trying observations at these wavelengths... Only!hot!water! emission at!k!may!be!! possible!to observe.. Carr RAVEN 1st Science Tohoku University on 2012/11/ CaF2 Exit relay lens designed/fabricated Thanks, Olivier!! Switch the relay lens only when thermal observa%ons are planned. S%ll needs to be confirmed for the thermal infrared performance because the system itself is warm..

13 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng Systems

14 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Theory for Detec%on Star Transiting Planet Molecular Atmosphere around Planet Required Precision ~ 10(- 4)

15 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Observa%onal Achievements First detec>on w/ HST STIS NaD line: HD Ground- based detec>on w/ VLT FORS Op^cal Spectroscopy GJ 1214b Charbonneau Bean+ 2010

16 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Ground- based Trial in IR Ground- based IR detec>on w/ Magellan + MMIRS Infrared K- band Spectroscopy GJ 1214b Bean+ 2011

17 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Ground- based Trial in IR Miller- Ricci Kempton, Zahnle, Fortney 2012

18 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Keys to Achieve 10(- 4) Especially for IR, it s so difficult.. a. S%ck the target exactly at the same loca%on of the detector. => Uncertainty of ununiform sensi%vity in the infrared detector has to be eliminated. b. Increase the S/N using over- sampling of the object. => Usually defocused image is used. c. Simultaneously observe the reference. => Eliminate variability of atmospheric absorp%on

19 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Concept for Detec%on 1. Use AO to keep the star very effectively at the same location of the infrared array. => atmospheric dispersion correction (software should be enough) 2. Too sharp image should lose S/N. + Defocused image before the slit will lose the photon. => IRCS Prism is used. => After the slit, the photon will distribute over wider area of the array. K L ~50pix Takato & Terada 2006

20 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: Example of Actual Target CoRoT-1b Many targets should 2MASS J,H,Ks be able to be found

21 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: S%ll Require Feasibility Studies RAVEN 1st Science Tohoku University (II),Exo7Planetary,Atmosphere,in,Transi[ng,System:, Issues!and!Feasibility!Studies No one has achieved yet such a high precision ~10(-4) measurement in IR... Method!should!be!examined!!w/!on0sky!tes%ng Close!(<!4 )!double!cannot!be!found!for!uknown!transi%ng! system Just!bright!binary!should!be enough!for!the!methodology! itself.. I tried the feasibility study by using Hipparcos binary on Nov.17th, but terrible weather prevented from the successful testing... Trial will continue. J H K L M Currently checking CoRoT- 1b data. In one month, first es%mate will come. HIP- HIP binary tes%ng w/ the Prism will be tried in the upcoming IRCS engineering (Sep.- - Nov., 2013). Skyprobe,cannot, measured,the, ex[nc[on,during the,[me..., RAVEN 1st Science Tohoku University on 2012/11/

22 (II) Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transi^ng System: S%ll Require Feasibility Studies CoRoT-1b

23 Summary Simultaneity: A key for showing RAVEN s unique science! To detect Organic Molecule in Protoplanetary Disks : Wavelength limita%ons should be s%ll carefully inspected. Exo- Planetary Atmosphere in Transit : Feasibility study is definitely required.