A Virtual Reactor Model for Inertial Fusion Energy. Michel Decroisette Noël Fleurot Marc Novaro Guy Schurtz Jacques Duysens
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1 A Virtual Reactor Model for Inertial Fusion Energy Michel Decroisette Noël Fleurot Marc Novaro Guy Schurtz Jacques Duysens 1
2 OUTLINE Introduction Fusion vs Fission Inertial Confinement Fusion Principle Reactor Concept Why a Virtual Reactor Model? VXM: definition & theory HIPER VRM: Context Elements 2
3 Thermonuclear Energy Fission n Fusion 90 GJ / g 340 GJ / g Long life radioactive waste!! 3
4 Thermonuclear Fusion Thermonuclear fusion of light elements Easier reaction : D + T 4 He (3,5MeV) + n (14,1MeV) Lawson Criterion for a positive energy balance: n (particle density) x t (reaction duration) k two options : k = cm -3 at 200 MK 4
5 Thermonuclear Fusion Magnetic Confinement Fusion Low density : n cm -3 Nearly continuous process Tokamaks ITER Inertial Confinement Fusion High density : n cm -3 Short life time : t qq s Repetition rate 10 Hz High power pulsed laser HIPER 5
6 What is Inertial Confinement Fusion? ICF principle DT Cryogenic shell 1 mg Target irradiation by primary Energy source Plasma expansion drives the shell implosion (rocket effect) Central Hot spot Ignition Combustion 6
7 Primary energy source for ICF Ablation Pressure law (Mbar) Primary Energy source Time (ns) Intensity : W/cm 2 Energy : 1-10 MJ. Duration : ~ 10 ns 7
8 Energy source for ICF Only high power pulsed lasers can provide (today) the required performance. Laser-matter interaction and implosion experiments have been widely studied since the sixteen s Two large laser facilities are expected to demonstrate ICF (with a small thermonuclear gain) in the current decade: LMJ in France and NIF in USA. 8
9 ICF demonstration Laser Megajoule (LMJ - PETAL) Bordeaux - CESTA National Ignition Facility (NIF) Livermore - LLNL 9
10 Next step : HIPER a reactor for Inertial Fusion Energy HIPER will be the European HIgh Power Laser Energy Research facility Objectives : single build demonstration power plant Minimum infrastructure required to achieve fusion at a level capable of a significant energy surplus Time required to plan, fund, design, construct and commission a pilot plant of this scale estimated at years 10
11 Elements of an IFE Reactor 11
12 Energy loop of an IFE reactor Fusion G = Couverture Blanket g = 1 1,2 Electric Conversion Conversion é lectrique e = 0,3 0,4 Electricity grid Driver h D = 0,05 0,35 Auxiliary devices Recirculating Fraction f Repetition rate ~ 10 Hz for 1 GW yield 12
13 IFE Reactor structure Target Fab. & Storage. Materials handling & treatment Target Injection Reaction chamber Driver Energy bench Building Steam-turbine generator 13
14 Tritium loop in an IFE reactor Blanket Li compound n Target fabrication T reprocessing Materials Handling & treatment 6 Li + n T + 4 He + 4,8 MeV 7 Li + n + 2,5 MeV T + 4 He + n T breeding ratio ~ 1,15 14
15 Why a Virtual Reactor Model? Two loops are obvious Target Fab. & Storage. Materials handling & treatment Target Injection Reaction chamber Driver Energy bench Building Steam-turbine generator However 15
16 Why a Virtual Reactor Model? Reactor Materials supply Target fab & storage Tritium reprocessing Materials Handling & Treatment Target injection Chamber Laser Building Heat exchanger & steam turbine generator Energy Banc & Auxiliary devices Materials Synchronism Alignment Energy Grid 16
17 Developping a VRM: Why? In order to validate VIRTUALLY the concept and to develop the design (R&D) To go «one shot» towards the demonstration powerplant (Engineering Development) 17
18 Virtual-X: major concepts (theory) Definition The Virtual-X is a mean to simulate X assembly (physical design) and X operations (functional design) of the to-be X before its actual integration in order deliver at TRLX a competitive, OK for operations & services, OK for certification and OK for production definition file 18
19 VXM : the theory Initial specification from acquirer Other requirements from internal & external sources Operational & Functional Analysis Identification, organization and characterization of operations and functions Production of supporting models (trees, scenarios...) Derive system requirements Model Based System Engineering Formal modeling of the operations and functions (scenarios, flow...) Formal modeling of the functional and physical architecture Derive technical requirements Modeling of specifications Trace to Acquirer requirements Drive System technical requirements Assigned to Trace to Other stakeholder requirements Drive Logical solution representations Drive Derived technical requirements Assigned to Drive Physical solution representations Figure 1 Mapping of bundle activities on EIA 632 building block design process Assigned to Assigned to Source of Design solution Specified by Specified requirements Requirements Definition process Solution Definition process 19
20 Virtual-X: major concepts (theory) Induced Tasks Identify/Establish: Functionnal Architecture X End-to-End Numerical Process (workflow analysis with input/output data) Virtual Testing Generic process Virtual Labs Developments (for each sub-system) CCL: CAD-CAE links (tools + management) Back-bone unified middleware for managing simulation data, hierarchical models (from analytics to numerical multiscale and multiphysics models) and results (SLM tool) 20
21 HIPER VRM: Some Context Elements (Practice) A «very complex» system Major Sub-systems decomposition Coupling loops identification European Multi-teams Collaborative Project Code Packages : Under development for each sub-system with different maturity levels Process : Simulation-Based Design Decisions Numerical Design associated to experimental programs Constraints/Difficulties : Multi-purpose: Simulation-Based Global Performance Demonstration Used for virtual tests (scientific tool) Fexibility towards scientific codes developments and improvments V&V and robustness 21
22 HIPER VRM in practice Exhaustive Functional Analysis Set of nominal processes and critical events to be simulated Examples of processes to be simulated: Ignition/Combustion Process Target Engagement Neutron energy deposition and Heat Exchange 22
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