SERBIATRIB th International Conference on Tribology. Kragujevac, Serbia, May 2011
|
|
- Osborne Parsons
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 erbian ribology oiety ERBIARIB th International Conferene on ribology ragujea, erbia, May 2011 Faulty of Mehanial Engineering in ragujea ANALYI OF CHANGE OF BUL MODULU OF MINERAL OIL EFFEC ON HE DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF HYDRAULIC ACUAOR Darko nežei, Aleksandar Milašinoi, Zdrako Miloanoi, Vladimir ai 1 Faulty of Mehanial Engineering Banja Luka, BiH R, darkokn@bli.net 2 Faulty of Mehanial Engineering Banja Luka, BiH R, aom@bli.net 3 Faulty of Mehanial Engineering Banja Luka, BiH R, mzdrako@ur.rs.ba 4 Faulty of ehnial iene Noi ad, erbia, sai@uns.a.rs Abstrat: When setting up the equations that desribe the dynami behaior of hydrauli atuators, it is important to know the physial properties of working fluid and the mathematial desription of hange of these properties with hanging pressure and temperature. Although the ompressibility of liquids in the pratial analysis of the flow an usually be ignored, in dynami analysis of work of hydrauli omponents fluid must be iewed as an elasti medium whih is deformed at rest with hanging pressure and temperature. In addition to the dynami behaior of hydrauli atuators largely influened by the presene undissoled air in the hydrauli fluid. Een in ery small quantities, whih an not be aoided in hydrauli systems, usdissoled air in the hydrauli fluid signifiantly hanges the elasti properties of the working fluid, affets the transmission speed of pulses of hange of pressure, leading to delay response of atuators and others. In this paper, hange of alue of effetie bulk modulus of mixture of mineral oil and dissoled air is gien on the basis of data obtained from manufaturers and experimental data obtained in the analysis of deompression of oil in the hydrauli ylinders. eywords: bulk modulus, pressure, temperature, undissoled air, deompression, dynami behaiour 1. INRODUCION Besides the basi funtions that transmit energy in the hydrauli system from the plae of transformation of mehanial into hydrauli energy (pump) to a plae of transformation hydrauli into mehanial energy (ylinder, rotary or osillating motor), hydrauli oils and fluids, perform a few extra features suh as lubriation of all plaes ontats within the hydrauli omponents, orrosion protetion, download the generated heat and, later, its transmission to the enironment, and others. In aordane with the requirements for hydrauli fluid that sets omponents, system, enironment and onditions of exploitation has formulated a series of strutural and quality different hydrauli fluids. In pratie, as hydrauli fluids are ommonly used mineral oils. hey are 370 lassified into six qualitatie leels (HH, HL, HM, HR, HV and HG), but now in the hydrauli systems used exlusiely oils lasses HM and HV. his is essentially the same quality lass of oil, noting that in oil lass HV alue of isosity index inreased relatie to oil HM. he alue of the bulk modulus of mineral oils for hydrauli systems depends primarily on the hemial omposition of base oil. [1] Mineral base oils are omposed of omplex moleules of arbon-hydrogen. Aording to the domination of the representation of ertain arbonhydrogen in oil, mineral oil an be diided into paraffini, naphtheni and mixed. Hydrauli oil is almost ompletely deried from base oil of paraffini struture, and the naphtheni oil, beause of redued aailability, used only in speial onditions of appliation. [1] 12 th International Conferene on ribology erbiatrib 11
2 Paraffin arbon-hydrogens an be straight (nparaffins) and branhy (iso-paraffins) and hae the general formula C n H 2n+2. Moleular struture and weight arbonhydrogens affet the physial and hemial behaior of mineral oil. Moleules of arbonhydrogens in paraffin oil ontain arbon atoms and hae the aerage moleular weight of [2] 2. COMPREIBILIY HE ELAICIY OF HYDRAULIC FLUID Compressibility of fluid are quantitatiely expressed in differential form, dv dp V, (1) where is a bulk modulus (olumetri elasti modulus) and for the hydrauli oil without undissoled air its alue depends on the pressure, temperature and thermodynami method of proess. Figure 1. N-paraffins In Figure 2.1 are gien the distane between atoms, in nanometers, into paraffin moleules of arbon-hydrogen. Gien the number of arbon atoms in a moleules an be alulated that the length of the moleules n-paraffin nm ( m). In iso-paraffin moleules length is smaller (beause a ertain number of atoms of arbon and hydrogen form lateral hains), but the width is higher than the n-paraffins. Figure 2. Iso-paraffins he alue of bulk modulus in this paper is gien for mineral hydrauli oil HM 46. As the alue of the bulk modulus depends almost exlusiely on the hemial struture of liquids, this oil an sere as a representatie for a wide range of mineral hydrauli oils used in pratie. [3] he auray of this statement is onfirmed by experimental data obtained by measurements in the analysis proess deompression of mineral oils in the ylinders of hydrauli presses. [4] Figure 3. Compressibility of fluid Elasti properties of liquids an be expressed by the oeffiient of elastiity whih an be generally gien pattern, dv A df Adp A F V dh dh dh h hp, (2) h height of olumn of fluid in the ylinder (a ylindrial ontainer), p pressure, F pa pressure fore. 3. IOHERMAL BUL MODULU OF MINERAL OIL Isothermal bulk modulus haraterizes a hange of density (olume) of fluid at onstant temperature p p V V. (3) 12 th International Conferene on ribology erbiatrib
3 Figure 4. Isothermal bulk modulus of mineral oil Change the isothermal bulk modulus as funtion of pressure and temperature, in Figure 4, is gien for mineral hydrauli oil isosity lass HM 46, based on data obtained from the manufaturer. [3] 4. ADIABAIC BUL MODULU OF MINERAL OIL Adiabati bulk modulus haraterizes a hange of density (olume) of fluid in thermodynami proesses without exhange of heat. Unlike the isothermal or stati bulk modulus, whih is signifiant for relatiely slow proesses of ompression, adiabati bulk modulus is important for analysis of the speed of propagation of the pulses of pressure, sudden relief of hambers under pressure, and other proesses where a hange in oil ondition ours relatiely quikly p p V V, (4) Figure 5. Adiabati bulk modulus of mineral oil 5. PEED OF PROPAGAION OF MALL DIURBANCE (PEED OF OUND) IN MINERAL OIL peed of response on the hange of pressure in the hydrauli system is ery important in a ery dynami proess, where signifiant speed and auray of the positioning of hydrauli atuators. peed of propagation of the pulses of pressure through a fluid is equal to the speed of sound through the fluid and depends on adiabati bulk modulus and fluid density z. (6) Based on data for the adiabati bulk modulus and density were alulated data for the eloity of sound for mineral oil HM 46 and gie the following diagram. p, (5) p speifi heat at onstant pressure, and speifi heat at onstant olume. Change the adiabati bulk modulus as funtion of pressure and temperature, in Figure 5, is gien for mineral hydrauli oil isosity lass HM 46, based on data obtained from the manufaturer. [3] Figure 6. peed of sound in mineral oil th International Conferene on ribology erbiatrib 11
4 6. EFFECIVE BUL MODULU OF HE MIXURE OF MINERAL OIL AND UNDIOLVED AIR Inreased flexibility of working fluid due to the presene undissoled air in the oil will be greater beause of the higher olume undissoled air, regardless of the size of air bubbles. he analysis will be done on the example of a hydrauli ylinder, noting that the results obtained for equialent ompression module does not depend on the type hamber under pressure. Effetie bulk modulus of the mixture of oil and air, at a gien pressure, an be determined using the analogy of the mehanial model, diiding the total spae of the ylinder pressure hamber to the part that meets the oil and the part that meets the undiluted air. As an effetie bulk modulus seres to desribe the elasti properties of the working fluid, in the ase of a mixture of oil and undissoled air, the equialent stiffness of the working fluid an be defined as the equialent stiffness of two serially onneted springs. h height of the ylinder hamber that is filled by air. he equialent stiffness is gien by 1 e 1 1. (9) u As E A e, (10) h substituting expressions (2.23) (2.24) and (2.27) into (2.25), we get E u, (11) V Vu u V V E effetie bulk modulus (mixture of oil and air), V u part of the olume of the ylinder hamber that is filled by oil, V part of the olume of the ylinder hamber that is filled by air and V total olume hamber ylinder. 7. AN EXAMPLE OF EFFECIVE BUL MODULU OF MIXURE OF HYDRAULIC OIL AND UDIOLVED AIR UNDER ADIABAIC CHANGE OF AE OIL AND IOHERMAL CHANGE OF AE UNDIOLVED AIR Figure 7. Mehanial model for alulating the equialent stiffness of the mixture of oil and air he stiffness (oeffiient of elastiity) oil is gien by pattern A u u, (7) hu u bulk modulus of oil, A the ross-setion of the ylinder and h height of the ylinder hamber that is filled by oil, while the stiffness (elastiity oeffiient) air is gien by bulk modulus of air and A, (8) h Experiments arried out to analyze the proess of deompression mineral hydrauli oil in hydrauli presses hae shown that due to relatiely rapid hanges in the onditions of proess, hange of state of oil an be onsidered adiabati. Regardless of the adiabati hange of state, beause of the signifiant heat apaity, oil temperature is slightly hanged, so that the hange of state of dispersed undissoled air bubbles in oil an be onsidered isothermal. [4] If the hange of state of undissoled air is isothermal, then the olume of undissoled air in oil, depending on the pressure, gien by V pa V a. (12) p he effetie bulk modulus of the mixture of oil and undissoled air, by inserting the expression (12) into (11), is 12 th International Conferene on ribology erbiatrib
5 E p pa Va p Vu p p a pa Vu Va Vu V p p a. (13) pressure in the hydrauli systems (up to 350 bar) and standard operating temperature (from 15 to 70 o C). Experimental erifiation of the theoretial model, in whih the alue of the effetie bulk modulus was alulated by the formula (13), was shown that the proess of deompression of mineral hydrauli oil an mathematially be desribed with great auray, een for small pressure when the impat undissoled air in the elastiity working fluid ery large. Although during the ompression and deompression of oil in the hydrauli ylinders are ourred omplex proesses of gradual dissolution undissoled air in the oil during ompression and extration of dissoled air from the oil during deompression, the experimental data showed that the analytial desription an be ounted with the presene undissoled air in the hydrauli oil from a to 3% of the total olume of the ylinder at atmospheri pressure. Figure 8. Effetie bulk modulus at oil temperature of 30 C: a) the absene of undissoled air, b) 0.5% undissoled air, ) 1% undissoled air, d) 3% undissoled air; e) 5% undissoled air 374 Figure 9. Effetie bulk modulus depending on the pressure and temperature in the presene of 1% undissoled air in mineral oil 8. APPLICAION OF VALUE EFFECIVE BUL MODULU IN HE ANALYI PROCE DECOMPREION (UNLOADING) OF OIL IN HE HYDRAULIC CYLINDER heoretially analyzes the proess of unloading of hydrauli ylinders ontrolled by draining the oil that is released through the relief nozzle-shaped openings with sharp edges. In parallel experimental study was arried out of the proess. Experiments were arried out with mineral hydrauli oil HM 22, 32, 46 and 64 and HV 46, the ommon alues of Figure 10. Change of pressure during the proess of deompression of mineral oil whih ontent 3% undissoled air at atmospheri pressure (oil temperature is 30 C) Figure 10 is an example of omparing experimental results with theoretial model desription of the proess of deompression, in whih the alue of the effetie bulk modulus alulated by the formula (13). he experimental results in Figure 10 are proided for hydrauli ylinder diameter of 140 mm and length of stroke of 1000 mm. [4] Controlled load shedding is done by draining the oil through a nozzle with a sharp edge diameter 2 mm. he theoretial model was alulated with undissoled air ontent of 3% in oil, at atmospheri pressure. 12 th International Conferene on ribology erbiatrib 11
6 9. CONCLUION he alue of the bulk modulus of hydrauli fluid has a large impat on the effiieny of the hydrauli system. It affets: peed of propagation of the pulse pressure hange in the system, Positioning auray of hydrauli atuators, Volumetri effiieny of pumps, he stability of the system aording to its own flutuations, he intensity of the hydrauli shok. his paper gies the alues of bulk modulus whih are representatie for mineral oil for hydrauli systems. he data are presented in the form of a diagram as a funtion of temperature and pressure. Data were heked indiretly, experimental measurements hange of pressure during proess deompression of mineral oil in the hydrauli ylinders. Experimental results show that it is not possible to aoid the presene of undissoled air in the work of hydrauli systems. Comparing experimental data with theoretial model shows that in determining the effetie bulk modulus an be ount ontent of undissoled air in mineral oil in quantities of 1 to 3% at atmospheri pressure. REFERENCE [1] JUGOMA Group of Authors, Lubriants and Lubriation, he Union of Yugosla oieties for Appliation of Fuels and Lubriants, Zagreb, [2] eith P., Hodges B., Hydrauli Fluids, Arnold, London, [3] Frauenstein M., Guide for Fluid Under Pressure for Construtors, Mobil Oil, [4] nežei D., Analysis of Deompression of Hydrauli Oil in Cylinders of Hydrauli Presses, M.. hesis, Faulty of ehnial ienes Noi ad, th International Conferene on ribology erbiatrib
Chapter 8 Thermodynamic Relations
Chapter 8 Thermodynami Relations 8.1 Types of Thermodynami roperties The thermodynami state of a system an be haraterized by its properties that an be lassified as measured, fundamental, or deried properties.
More informationSimulation and Development of Trans-critical CO2 Rolling Piston Compressor
Purdue University Purdue e-pubs International Compressor Engineering Conferene Shool of Mehanial Engineering 010 Simulation and Development of Trans-ritial CO Rolling Piston Compressor Yunfeng Chang Xi'an
More informationINFLUENCE OF OPERATING AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF HYDRAULIC CYLINDER SUBJECTED TO JERKY MOTION
Proeedings of ICFDP 8: 8 th International Congress of Fluid Dynamis & Propulsion Deember 14-17, 006, Sharm El-Shiekh, Sinai, Egypt ICFDP8-EG-154 INFLUENCE OF OPERATING AND CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS ON THE
More informationMODELLING THE POSTPEAK STRESS DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP OF CONCRETE IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION
VIII International Conferene on Frature Mehanis of Conrete and Conrete Strutures FraMCoS-8 J.G.M. Van Mier, G. Ruiz, C. Andrade, R.C. Yu and X.X. Zhang Eds) MODELLING THE POSTPEAK STRESS DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP
More informationDYNAMICS OF CAPILLARY FLOW AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN CARBONATE SEDIMENTARY FORMATION BY TIME-CONTROLLED POROSIMETRY
SCA4-44 /5 DYNAMICS OF CAPILLARY FLOW AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES IN CARBONATE SEDIMENTARY FORMATION BY TIME-CONTROLLED POROSIMETRY A. Cerepi, Institut EGID-Bordeaux 3, Université Mihel de Montaigne,, allée
More informationAn iterative least-square method suitable for solving large sparse matrices
An iteratie least-square method suitable for soling large sparse matries By I. M. Khabaza The purpose of this paper is to report on the results of numerial experiments with an iteratie least-square method
More informationTheoretical and Experimental Research on the Yoke of the Axial Piston Pumps
Theoretial and Experimental Researh on the Yoke of the Axial Piston Pumps Vasiliu Niolae, P.E., Ph.D., Professor University "Politehnia" of Buharest, Fluid Power Department Rosu Cristian Adrian, M.E.,
More informationAnalysis of Leakage Paths Induced by Longitudinal Differential Settlement of the Shield-driven Tunneling
2016 rd International Conferene on Engineering Tehnology and Appliation (ICETA 2016) ISBN: 978-1-60595-8-0 Analysis of Leakage Paths Indued by Longitudinal Differential Settlement of the Shield-driven
More informationBINARY RANKINE CYCLE OPTIMIZATION Golub, M., Koscak-Kolin, S., Kurevija, T.
BINARY RANKINE CYCLE OPTIMIZATION Golub, M., Kosak-Kolin, S., Kurevija, T. Faulty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering Department of Petroleum Engineering Pierottijeva 6, Zagreb 0 000, Croatia
More informationJournal of Theoretics Vol.5-2 Guest Commentary Relativistic Thermodynamics for the Introductory Physics Course
Journal of heoretis Vol.5- Guest Commentary Relatiisti hermodynamis for the Introdutory Physis Course B.Rothenstein bernhard_rothenstein@yahoo.om I.Zaharie Physis Department, "Politehnia" Uniersity imisoara,
More informationBending resistance of high performance concrete elements
High Performane Strutures and Materials IV 89 Bending resistane of high performane onrete elements D. Mestrovi 1 & L. Miulini 1 Faulty of Civil Engineering, University of Zagreb, Croatia Faulty of Civil
More information3 Tidal systems modelling: ASMITA model
3 Tidal systems modelling: ASMITA model 3.1 Introdution For many pratial appliations, simulation and predition of oastal behaviour (morphologial development of shorefae, beahes and dunes) at a ertain level
More informationCOMBINED PROBE FOR MACH NUMBER, TEMPERATURE AND INCIDENCE INDICATION
4 TH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES COMBINED PROBE FOR MACH NUMBER, TEMPERATURE AND INCIDENCE INDICATION Jiri Nozika*, Josef Adame*, Daniel Hanus** *Department of Fluid Dynamis and
More informationULTRASOUND PIEZOCERAMIC TRANSDUCER FOR UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS IN SONOCHEMISTRY
ICSV14 Cairns Australia 9-1 July, 007 ULTRASOUND PIEZOCERAMIC TRANSDUCER FOR UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS IN SONOCHEMISTRY Irinela Chilibon 1, Mihaela Moioi and CarmenitaMateesu 3 1 National Institute of Researh
More informationLaboratory exercise No. 2 Basic material parameters of porous building materials
Laboratory exerise No. Basi material parameters of porous building materials Materials (building materials) an be lassified aording to the different riteria, e.g. based on their properties, funtion, hemial
More informationSubject: Introduction to Component Matching and Off-Design Operation % % ( (1) R T % (
16.50 Leture 0 Subjet: Introdution to Component Mathing and Off-Design Operation At this point it is well to reflet on whih of the many parameters we have introdued (like M, τ, τ t, ϑ t, f, et.) are free
More informationIMPACT MODELLING OF THE COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION OF POTATOES BASED ON THE KELVIN- VOIGHT PAIR
Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov Series II: Forestry Wood Industry Agriultural Food Engineering Vol. 9 (58) No. - 06 IMPACT MODELLING OF THE COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION OF POTATOES BASED
More informationSpecial Relativity Entirely New Explanation
8-1-15 Speial Relatiity Entirely New Eplanation Mourii Shahter mourii@gmail.om mourii@walla.o.il ISRAEL, HOLON 54-54855 Introdution In this paper I orret a minor error in Einstein's theory of Speial Relatiity,
More informationThe gravitational phenomena without the curved spacetime
The gravitational phenomena without the urved spaetime Mirosław J. Kubiak Abstrat: In this paper was presented a desription of the gravitational phenomena in the new medium, different than the urved spaetime,
More informationA simple expression for radial distribution functions of pure fluids and mixtures
A simple expression for radial distribution funtions of pure fluids and mixtures Enrio Matteoli a) Istituto di Chimia Quantistia ed Energetia Moleolare, CNR, Via Risorgimento, 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy G.
More informationControl Theory association of mathematics and engineering
Control Theory assoiation of mathematis and engineering Wojieh Mitkowski Krzysztof Oprzedkiewiz Department of Automatis AGH Univ. of Siene & Tehnology, Craow, Poland, Abstrat In this paper a methodology
More informationTEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHATE TRIBOFILMS
TMPRATUR FFCTS ON MCHANICAL PROPRTIS OF ZINC DITHIOPHOSPHAT TRIBOFILMS Karim DMMOU, Sandrine BC, Jean-Lu LOUBT & Jean-Mihel MARTIN Laboratoire de Tribologie & Dynamique des Systèmes - UMR 5513 CNRS/CL/NIS
More informationPhysical Laws, Absolutes, Relative Absolutes and Relativistic Time Phenomena
Page 1 of 10 Physial Laws, Absolutes, Relative Absolutes and Relativisti Time Phenomena Antonio Ruggeri modexp@iafria.om Sine in the field of knowledge we deal with absolutes, there are absolute laws that
More informationReview of classical thermodynamics
Review of lassial thermodynamis Fundamental Laws, roperties and roesses () First Law - Energy Balane hermodynami funtions of state Internal energy, heat and work ypes of paths (isobari, isohori, isothermal,
More information23.1 Tuning controllers, in the large view Quoting from Section 16.7:
Lesson 23. Tuning a real ontroller - modeling, proess identifiation, fine tuning 23.0 Context We have learned to view proesses as dynami systems, taking are to identify their input, intermediate, and output
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume 2, No 4, 2012
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING Volume, No 4, 01 Copyright 010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing servies Researh artile ISSN 0976 4399 Strutural Modelling of Stability
More informationSTRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE NONLINEAR HILL MODEL
THE PUBLISHING HOUSE PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY, Series A, OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY Volume 12, Number 3/2011, pp. 213 220 STRUCTURAL AND BEHAVIORAL OPTIMIZATION OF THE NONLINEAR HILL MODEL Tudor
More informationA Stochastic Analysis of Liquid Mixing in Bubble Column
Amerian Journal of Fluid Dynamis 013, 3(3): 75-79 DOI: 193/j.ajfd.0130303.04 A Stohasti Analysis of Liquid Mixing in Bubble Column Rajeev Parmar, Subrata Kumar Majumder * Department of Chemial Engineering,
More informationIII. SURFACE PROPERTIES III.A. SURFACE TENSION SURFACE PROPERTIES
III. SURFACE PROPERTIES III.A. SURFACE TENSION GOAL: To investigate the influene of the solution onentration and/or the kind of the solute on the surfae tension INTRODUCTION Liquids tend to adopt shapes
More informationA NORMALIZED EQUATION OF AXIALLY LOADED PILES IN ELASTO-PLASTIC SOIL
Journal of Geongineering, Vol. Yi-Chuan 4, No. 1, Chou pp. 1-7, and April Yun-Mei 009 Hsiung: A Normalized quation of Axially Loaded Piles in lasto-plasti Soil 1 A NORMALIZD QUATION OF AXIALLY LOADD PILS
More informationNumerical simulation of a one-dimensional shock tube problem at supercritical fluid conditions
International Journal of Physial Sienes Vol. 3 (1), pp. 314-30, Deember, 008 Available online at http://www.aademijournals.org/ijps ISSN 199-1950 008 Aademi Journals Full ength esearh Paper Numerial simulation
More informationSTUDY OF INHERENT FREQUENCY OF HELMHOLTZ RESONATOR
005 WJTA Amerian Waterjet Conferene August -3, 005! Houston, Texas Paper 6B-4 STUDY OF INHERENT FREQUENCY OF HELMHOLT RESONATOR Gong Weili An Liqian Cui Longlian Xie Guixin Shool of Mehanis, Arhiteture
More informationDETERMINATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS OF A TEXTILE REINFORCED COMPOSITE USING AN INVERSE METHOD
DETERMINATION OF MATERIAL PARAMETERS OF A TEXTILE REINFORCED COMPOSITE USING AN INVERSE METHOD J. Blom, H. Cuypers, P. Van Itterbeek and J. Wastiels VUB in Brussels -Faulty of Engineering, Department of
More informationf 2 f n where m is the total mass of the object. Expression (6a) is plotted in Figure 8 for several values of damping ( ).
F o F o / k A = = 6 k 1 + 1 + n r n n n RESONANCE It is seen in Figure 7 that displaement and stress levels tend to build up greatly when the oring requeny oinides with the natural requeny, the buildup
More informationMean Activity Coefficients of Peroxodisulfates in Saturated Solutions of the Conversion System 2NH 4. H 2 O at 20 C and 30 C
Mean Ativity Coeffiients of Peroxodisulfates in Saturated Solutions of the Conversion System NH 4 Na S O 8 H O at 0 C and 0 C Jan Balej Heřmanova 5, 170 00 Prague 7, Czeh Republi balejan@seznam.z Abstrat:
More informationSediment Particle Characterization for Acoustic Applications: Coarse Content, Size and Shape Distributions in a Shelly Sand/Mud Environment
A Iakin. Partile size and shape distributions 1 Sediment Partile Charaterization for Aousti Appliations: Coarse Content, Size and Shape Distributions in a Shelly Sand/Mud Enironment Anatoliy. Iakin Abstrat
More informationGeneral Equilibrium. What happens to cause a reaction to come to equilibrium?
General Equilibrium Chemial Equilibrium Most hemial reations that are enountered are reversible. In other words, they go fairly easily in either the forward or reverse diretions. The thing to remember
More informationDetermination of the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Flying Vehicles Using Method Large Eddy Simulation with Software ANSYS
Automation, Control and Intelligent Systems 15; 3(6): 118-13 Published online Deember, 15 (http://www.sienepublishinggroup.om//ais) doi: 1.11648/.ais.1536.14 ISSN: 38-5583 (Print); ISSN: 38-5591 (Online)
More informationUNIT 1 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 2 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
DEPARTMENT: CIVIL ENGINEERING SEMESTER: IV- SEMESTER SUBJECT CODE / Name: CE53 / Applied Hydrauli Engineering 1. Define open hannel flow with examples. Examples: UNIT 1 OPEN CHANNEL FLOW MARK QUESTIONS
More informationUniversity of Washington Department of Chemistry Chemistry 452/456 Summer Quarter 2011
Homework Assignment #4: Due at 500 pm Monday 8 July,. University of Washington Department of Chemistry Chemistry 45/456 Summer Quarter 0 ) o a very good approximation, ammonia obeys the Bertholet equation
More informationFour-dimensional equation of motion for viscous compressible substance with regard to the acceleration field, pressure field and dissipation field
Four-dimensional equation of motion for visous ompressible substane with regard to the aeleration field, pressure field and dissipation field Sergey G. Fedosin PO box 6488, Sviazeva str. -79, Perm, Russia
More informationSpecial Relativity Electromagnetic and Gravitation combined Into one theory
--5 Speial Relatiity Eletromagneti and Graitation ombined Into one theory Mourii Shahter mourii@gmail.om mourii@walla.o.il ISRAE, HOON 54-54855 Introdution In this paper, I try to ombine Eletromagneti
More informationExperimental Investigation and FE Analysis of Fiber Woven Layered Composites under Dynamic Loading
2th International LS-DYNA Users Conferene Constitutive Modeling(2) xperimental Investigation and F Analysis of Fiber Woven Layered Composites under Dynami Loading Pavel A. Mossakovsky, Fedor K. Antonov,
More informationActive Magnetic Bearings for Frictionless Rotating Machineries
Ative Magneti Bearings for Fritionless Rotating Mahineries Joga Dharma Setiawan Abstrat Ative magneti bearing (AMB systems an support a rotor without physial ontat and enable users to preisely ontrol rotor
More informationThe Electromagnetic Radiation and Gravity
International Journal of Theoretial and Mathematial Physis 016, 6(3): 93-98 DOI: 10.593/j.ijtmp.0160603.01 The Eletromagneti Radiation and Gravity Bratianu Daniel Str. Teiului Nr. 16, Ploiesti, Romania
More informationChapter 35. Special Theory of Relativity (1905)
Chapter 35 Speial Theory of Relatiity (1905) 1. Postulates of the Speial Theory of Relatiity: A. The laws of physis are the same in all oordinate systems either at rest or moing at onstant eloity with
More informationDesign of an Adaptive Neural Network Controller for Effective Position Control of Linear Pneumatic Actuators
Researh Artile International Journal of Current Engineering and Tehnology E-ISSN 77 406, P-ISSN 347-56 04 INPRESSCO, All Rights Reserved Available at http://inpresso.om/ategory/ijet Design of an Adaptive
More informationThe Lorenz Transform
The Lorenz Transform Flameno Chuk Keyser Part I The Einstein/Bergmann deriation of the Lorentz Transform I follow the deriation of the Lorentz Transform, following Peter S Bergmann in Introdution to the
More informationUTC R170. Modeling of Composite Hydrogen Storage Cylinders Using Finite Element Analysis. K. Chandrashekhara
Modeling of Composite Hydrogen Storage Cylinders Using Finite Element Analysis by K. Chandrashekhara UC R7 A University ransportation Center Program at Missouri University of Siene & ehnology Dislaimer
More informationTesting of the External Turning Tool Holder Equipped With Alternate Bars in Its Construction
ISSN 1392 1320 MATERIALS SCIENCE (MEDŽIAGOTYRA). Vol. 21, No. 3. 2015 Testing of the External Turning Tool Holder Equipped With Alternate Bars in Its Constrution Marten MADISSOO 1, Argo ROSSNER 1, Jüri
More informationMATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CYLINDER PRESSURE IN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
1. Camelia PINCA BRETOTEAN, 2. Sorin RAȚIU, 3. iana STOICA MATHEMATICAL MOEL FOR CYLINER PRESSURE IN A SPARK IGNITION ENGINE 1 3. UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA OF TIMISOARA, ROMAN ABSTRACT: The work is done drawing
More informationWhere as discussed previously we interpret solutions to this partial differential equation in the weak sense: b
Consider the pure initial value problem for a homogeneous system of onservation laws with no soure terms in one spae dimension: Where as disussed previously we interpret solutions to this partial differential
More informationSTUDY OF INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR OF CNT/POLYMER COMPOSITE BY CFE METHOD
THE 19TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS STUDY OF INTERFACIAL BEHAVIOR OF CNT/POLYMER COMPOSITE BY CFE METHOD Q. S. Yang*, X. Liu, L. D. Su Department of Engineering Mehanis, Beijing University
More informationMillennium Relativity Acceleration Composition. The Relativistic Relationship between Acceleration and Uniform Motion
Millennium Relativity Aeleration Composition he Relativisti Relationship between Aeleration and niform Motion Copyright 003 Joseph A. Rybzyk Abstrat he relativisti priniples developed throughout the six
More informationRESEARCH ON RANDOM FOURIER WAVE-NUMBER SPECTRUM OF FLUCTUATING WIND SPEED
The Seventh Asia-Paifi Conferene on Wind Engineering, November 8-1, 9, Taipei, Taiwan RESEARCH ON RANDOM FORIER WAVE-NMBER SPECTRM OF FLCTATING WIND SPEED Qi Yan 1, Jie Li 1 Ph D. andidate, Department
More informationPREDICTION OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
PREDICTION OF CONCRETE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH Dunja Mikuli (1), Ivan Gabrijel (1) and Bojan Milovanovi (1) (1) Faulty o Civil Engineering, University o Zagreb, Croatia Abstrat A ompressive strength o onrete
More informationEFFECTS OF COUPLE STRESSES ON PURE SQUEEZE EHL MOTION OF CIRCULAR CONTACTS
-Tehnial Note- EFFECTS OF COUPLE STRESSES ON PURE SQUEEZE EHL MOTION OF CIRCULAR CONTACTS H.-M. Chu * W.-L. Li ** Department of Mehanial Engineering Yung-Ta Institute of Tehnology & Commere Ping-Tung,
More informationThe Nonlinear Accuracy Model of Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator
The Nonlinear Auray Model of Eletro-Hydrostati Atuator Rongjie Kang, Zongxia Jiao, Shuai Wu Yaoxing Shang Shool of Automation Siene and Eletrial Engineering Beihang University Beijing, China E-mail: angrongjie@vip.163.om
More informationExtending LMR for anisotropic unconventional reservoirs
Extending LMR for anisotropi unonventional reservoirs Maro A. Perez Apahe Canada Ltd Summary It has beome inreasingly advantageous to haraterize rok in unonventional reservoirs within an anisotropi framework.
More informationKINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Kineti Theory of Gases 10 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES As you have studied in the previous lessons, at standard temperature and pressure, matter exists in three states solid, liquid and gas. These are omposed
More informationImprovements in the Modeling of the Self-ignition of Tetrafluoroethylene
Exerpt from the Proeedings of the OMSOL onferene 010 Paris Improvements in the Modeling of the Self-ignition of Tetrafluoroethylene M. Bekmann-Kluge 1 *,. errero 1, V. Shröder 1, A. Aikalin and J. Steinbah
More informationENVIRONMENTAL ZONATION FOR DURABILITY ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN CHINA
ENVIRONMENTAL ZONATION FOR DURABILITY ASSESSMENT AND DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN CHINA Qinghua Huang (1), Ning Xu (1), Xinglin Gu (1), Xianyan Jin (2), Weiping Zhang (1) and Nanguo Jin
More informationMATHEMATICAL AND NUMERICAL BASIS OF BINARY ALLOY SOLIDIFICATION MODELS WITH SUBSTITUTE THERMAL CAPACITY. PART II
Journal of Applied Mathematis and Computational Mehanis 2014, 13(2), 141-147 MATHEMATICA AND NUMERICA BAI OF BINARY AOY OIDIFICATION MODE WITH UBTITUTE THERMA CAPACITY. PART II Ewa Węgrzyn-krzypzak 1,
More information10.2 The Occurrence of Critical Flow; Controls
10. The Ourrene of Critial Flow; Controls In addition to the type of problem in whih both q and E are initially presribed; there is a problem whih is of pratial interest: Given a value of q, what fators
More informationStabilization of the Precision Positioning Stage Working in the Vacuum Environment by Using the Disturbance Observer
Proeedings of the 4th IIAE International Conferene on Industrial Appliation Engineering 216 Stabilization of the Preision Positioning Stage Working in the Vauum Environment by Using the Disturbane Observer
More informationPart G-4: Sample Exams
Part G-4: Sample Exams 1 Cairo University M.S.: Eletronis Cooling Faulty of Engineering Final Exam (Sample 1) Mehanial Power Engineering Dept. Time allowed 2 Hours Solve as muh as you an. 1. A heat sink
More informationTest of General Relativity Theory by Investigating the Conservation of Energy in a Relativistic Free Fall in the Uniform Gravitational Field
Test of General Relatiity Theory by Inestigating the Conseration of Energy in a Relatiisti Free Fall in the Uniform Graitational Field By Jarosla Hyneek 1 Abstrat: This paper inestigates the General Relatiity
More informationSample Teaching Sequence (Hong Kong Secondary 4 6 Chemistry)
Revised (1 Sept 009 Sample Teahing Suene (Hong Kong Seondary 4 6 Chemistry Topi: Chemial Equilibrium Teahing Suene Content 1.1 Reversible reations Examples of reversible reation; forward reation; reverse
More informationVerka Prolović Chair of Civil Engineering Geotechnics, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Niš, R. Serbia
3 r d International Conferene on New Developments in Soil Mehanis and Geotehnial Engineering, 8-30 June 01, Near East University, Niosia, North Cyprus Values of of partial fators for for EC EC 7 7 slope
More informationThe Material Traces Determination and Significance of Reprinted Belt Conveyor Gui-Yu LIN 1,a*, Zhao-Yong LI 2,b, Yu ZHOU 3,c, Chao ZHANG 1,d
International Conferene on Mehanis and Ciil Enineerin (ICMCE 014) The Material Traes Determination and Sinifiane of Reprinted Belt Coneyor Gui-Yu LIN 1,a*, Zhao-Yon LI,b, Yu ZHOU 3,, Chao ZHANG 1,d 1 Liaonin
More informationarxiv:gr-qc/ v2 6 Feb 2004
Hubble Red Shift and the Anomalous Aeleration of Pioneer 0 and arxiv:gr-q/0402024v2 6 Feb 2004 Kostadin Trenčevski Faulty of Natural Sienes and Mathematis, P.O.Box 62, 000 Skopje, Maedonia Abstrat It this
More informationIN-PLANE VIBRATIONS OF CURVED BEAMS WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SECTIONS CARRYING ADDITIONAL MASS
11 th International Conferene on Vibration Problems Z. Dimitrovová et al. (eds.) Lisbon, Portugal, 9-1 September 013 IN-PLANE VIBRATIONS OF CURVED BEAMS WITH VARIABLE CROSS-SECTIONS CARRYING ADDITIONAL
More informationTECH BULLETIN. SIP No. Subject: Engineering Properties. Date: March 2011 (Revised January 2015)
TECH BULLETIN SI No. 075 Subjet: Engineering roperties Date: Marh 011 (Reised January 015) R-Control SI hae been long reognized as a strutural omponent for use a wall, roof, or floor panels that resist
More information2. Mass transfer takes place in the two contacting phases as in extraction and absorption.
PRT 11- CONVECTIVE MSS TRNSFER 2.1 Introdution 2.2 Convetive Mass Transfer oeffiient 2.3 Signifiant parameters in onvetive mass transfer 2.4 The appliation of dimensional analysis to Mass Transfer 2.4.1
More informationJournal of Theoretics Vol.4-4
Journal of Theoretis ol.4-4 Cherenko s Partiles as Magnetons Dipl. Ing. Andrija Radoić Nike Strugara 3a, 3 Beograd, Yugoslaia Eail: andrijar@eunet.yu Abstrat: The artile will show that the forula for Cherenko
More informationAcoustic Waves in a Duct
Aousti Waves in a Dut 1 One-Dimensional Waves The one-dimensional wave approximation is valid when the wavelength λ is muh larger than the diameter of the dut D, λ D. The aousti pressure disturbane p is
More informationPerformance of an irreversible Diesel cycle under variable stroke length and compression ratio
Marsland Press Journal of Amerian Siene 00;6():58-6 Performane of an irreversible iesel yle under variable stroke length and ompression ratio epartment of Agriulture Mahine Mehanis, Shahrekord University,
More informationA Novel Process for the Study of Breakage Energy versus Particle Size
Geomaterials, 2013, 3, 102-110 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/gm.2013.33013 Published Online July 2013 (http://www.sirp.org/journal/gm) A Novel Proess for the Study of Breakage Energy versus Partile Size Elias
More informationSimplified Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Brushless Direct Current Motors for Sensorless Operation
Amerian Journal of Applied Sienes 9 (7): 1046-1054, 2012 ISSN 1546-9239 2012 Siene Publiations Simplified Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Permanent Magnet Brushless Diret Current Motors for Sensorless
More informationChapter 3. Volumetric Properties of Pure Fluids
Chapter 3. olumetri roperties of ure Fluids Introdution hermodynami properties (U, H and thus Q, W) are alulated from data data are important for sizing vessels and pipelines Subjets behavior of pure fluids
More informationModulus of elasticity for service and accident conditions
Materials and Strutu / Matériaux et Construtions, Vol. 37, Marh 2004, pp 139-144 RILEM C 129-MH: est methods for mehanial properties of onrete at high temperatu Modulus of elastiity for servie and aident
More informationNeuro-Fuzzy Modeling of Heat Recovery Steam Generator
International Journal of Mahine Learning and Computing, Vol. 2, No. 5, Otober 202 Neuro-Fuzzy Modeling of Heat Reovery Steam Generator A. Ghaffari, A. Chaibakhsh, and S. Shahhoseini represented in a network
More informationOn the quantitative effects
International Journal of Modern Physis and Appliation 4; (): 8-4 Published online September, 4 (http://www.aasit.org/journal/ijmpa) On the quantitatie effets Chang-Wei Hu Beijing Relatiity Theory Researh
More informationDetermination of the reaction order
5/7/07 A quote of the wee (or amel of the wee): Apply yourself. Get all the eduation you an, but then... do something. Don't just stand there, mae it happen. Lee Iaoa Physial Chemistry GTM/5 reation order
More informationDrift Capacity of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Columns
Australian Earthquake Engineering Soiety Conferene, Perth, Western Australia Drift Capaity of ightly Reinfored Conrete Columns A Wibowo, J Wilson, NTK am, EF Gad,, M Fardipour, K Rodsin, P ukkunaprasit
More informationThe Special Theory of Relativity
The Speial Theory of Relatiity Galilean Newtonian Relatiity Galileo Galilei Isaa Newton Definition of an inertial referene frame: One in whih Newton s first law is alid. onstant if F0 Earth is rotating
More information3.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials Tuesday 05/08/07 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE I LECTURE 22: THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NANOINDENTATION
3.052 Nanomehanis of Materials and Biomaterials Tuesday 05/08/07 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE I LECTURE 22: THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF NANOINDENTATION Outline : REVIEW LECTURE #21 : EXPERIMENTAL SINGLE MACROMOLECULE
More informationDeveloping Excel Macros for Solving Heat Diffusion Problems
Session 50 Developing Exel Maros for Solving Heat Diffusion Problems N. N. Sarker and M. A. Ketkar Department of Engineering Tehnology Prairie View A&M University Prairie View, TX 77446 Abstrat This paper
More informationHomework Set 4. gas B open end
Homework Set 4 (1). A steady-state Arnold ell is used to determine the diffusivity of toluene (speies A) in air (speies B) at 298 K and 1 atm. If the diffusivity is DAB = 0.0844 m 2 /s = 8.44 x 10-6 m
More informationWavetech, LLC. Ultrafast Pulses and GVD. John O Hara Created: Dec. 6, 2013
Ultrafast Pulses and GVD John O Hara Created: De. 6, 3 Introdution This doument overs the basi onepts of group veloity dispersion (GVD) and ultrafast pulse propagation in an optial fiber. Neessarily, it
More informationDEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATIC MODEL OF GAS-TURBINE UNIT COMBUSTION CHAMBER FUNCTIONING
ENVIRONENTA PROBES 77 Vol., No., 06 DEVEOPENT OF ATHEATIC ODE OF GAS-TURBINE UNIT COBUSTION CHABER FUNCTIONING Oleh andryk, Yuliya ykhailiuk Ivano-Frankivsk national tehnial university of oil and gas,
More informationA model of crack based on dislocations in smectic A liquid crystals. School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology
A model of rak based on disloations in smeti A liquid rystals Tian You Fan, Zhi Yi Tang Shool of Physis, Beijing Institute of Tehnology Beijing 100081, China Abstrat A plasti rak model for smeti A liquid
More informationCalculation of Magnetic Field of Two Coaxially Located Circular Permanent Magnets Using a Method of Physical Analogies
World Applied Sienes Journal 3 (): 345-35, 3 ISSN 88-495 IDOSI Puliations, 3 DOI: 589/idosiwasj3335 Calulation of Magneti Field of Two Coaxially Loated Cirular Permanent Magnets Using a Method of Physial
More informationResearch Article Preliminary Research on Rotating Icing Test Scaling Law
esearh Journal of Applied ienes, Engineering and Tehnology 8(6): 803-810, 014 DOI:10.1906/raset.8.1037 IN: 040-7459; e-in: 040-7467 014 Maxwell ientifi Publiation Corp. ubmitted: June 11, 014 Aepted: July
More informationIMPEDANCE EFFECTS OF LEFT TURNERS FROM THE MAJOR STREET AT A TWSC INTERSECTION
09-1289 Citation: Brilon, W. (2009): Impedane Effets of Left Turners from the Major Street at A TWSC Intersetion. Transportation Researh Reord Nr. 2130, pp. 2-8 IMPEDANCE EFFECTS OF LEFT TURNERS FROM THE
More information4 Puck s action plane fracture criteria
4 Puk s ation plane frature riteria 4. Fiber frature riteria Fiber frature is primarily aused by a stressing σ whih ats parallel to the fibers. For (σ, σ, τ )-ombinations the use of a simple maximum stress
More informationFIBER/MATRIX DEBONDING CRITERIONS IN SIC/TI COMPOSITE. NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS
FIBER/MATRIX DEBONDING CRITERIONS IN SIC/TI COMPOSITE. NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS A. Thionnet 1, J. Renard 1 1 Eole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris - Centre des Matériaux P. M. Fourt BP
More informationEFFECTIVE STRESS LAW FOR THE PERMEABILITY OF CLAY-RICH SANDSTONES
SCA22-5 1/6 EFFECTIVE STRESS LAW FOR THE PERMEABILITY OF CLAY-RICH SANDSTONES Widad Al-Wardy and Robert W. Zimmerman Department of Earth Siene and Engineering Imperial College of Siene, Tehnology and Mediine
More informationIs classical energy equation adequate for convective heat transfer in nanofluids? Citation Advances In Mechanical Engineering, 2010, v.
Title Is lassial energy equation adequate for onvetive heat transfer in nanofluids? Authors Wang, L; Fan, J Citation Advanes In Mehanial Engineering, 200, v. 200 Issued Date 200 URL http://hdl.handle.net/0722/24850
More informationTHE EFFECT OF CONSOLIDATION RATIOS ON DYNAMIC SHEAR MODULUS OF SOIL
Otober 12-17, 28, Beijing, China THE EFFECT OF CONSOLIDATION RATIOS ON DYNAMIC SHEAR MODULUS OF SOIL J. Sun 1 and X.M. Yuan 2 1 Assoiate Professor, Institute of Civil Engineering, Heilongjiang University,
More information