A brief history of Particle Accelerators. and Future By Nawin Juntong 4 March 2014
|
|
- Brook Rose
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A brief history of Particle Accelerators and Future By Nawin Juntong 4 March 2014
2 A brief history of Particle Accelerators A.W. Chao, W. Chou, Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology Volume 1, World Scientific
3 DC acceleration 1895 Philipp von Lenard, Electron scattering on gases (Nobel prize 1905 for his work on cathode rays). < 100 kev electrons 1906 Rutherford bombards mica sheet with natural alphas and develops the theory of atomic scattering. Natural alpha particles of several MeV 1911 Rutherford publishes theory of atomic structure 1913 Franck and Hertz excited electron shells by electron bombardment (proved Niels Bohr's theory, Nobel prize 1925 for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom). Wimshurst-type machines 1919 Rutherford induces a nuclear reaction with natural alphas..rutherford believes he needs a source of many MeV to continue research on the nucleus. This is far beyond the electrostatic machines then existing, but Gamov predicts tunneling and perhaps 500 kev would suffice Cockcroft and Walton start designing an 800 kv generator encouraged by Rutherford 1932 Generator reaches 700 kv and Cockcroft and Walton split lithium atom with only 400 kev protons. They received the Nobel prize in 1951 for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles Three separate roots Resonant acceleration 1924 Ising proposes time-varying fields across drift tubes. This is resonant acceleration, which can achieve energies above the given highest voltage in the system Wideroe demonstrates Ising s principle with 1 MHz, 25 kv oscillator to make 50 kev potassium ions Lawrence, inspired by Wideroe and Ising, conceives the cyclotron Livingston demonstrates the cyclotron by accelerating hydrogen ions to 80 kev Lawrence s cyclotron produces 1.25 MeV protons and he also splits the atom just a few weeks after Cockcroft and Walton (Lawrence received the Nobel prize in 1939 for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements) Betatron mechanism 1923 Wideroe, a young Norwegian student, draws in his laboratory notebook the design of the betatron with the well-known 2-to-1 rule. Two year later he adds the condition for radial stability but does not publish Later in Aachen, Wideroe make a model betatron, but it does not work. Discouraged he changes course and builds the linear acceleration mentioned in Table Kerst re-invents the betatron and builds the first working machine for 2.2 MeV electrons Kerst builds the world s largest betatron of 300 MeV. P.J. Bryant, A brief history and review of accelerator, CERN
4 The birth of an era Ernest Rutherford discovers the nuclear disintegration by bombarding nitrogen with alpha particles from natural radioactive substances. Later he calls for a copious supply of particles more energetic than those from natural sources. The particle accelerator era is born. In this equipment, nitrogen atoms were converted into oxygen atoms, when in collision with alpha particles from a source in inside the horizontal enclosed tube. Protons ejected by nitrogen when forming oxygen were detected at the rectangular window at the end of the tube Rutherford's transmutation apparatus Hunterian Museum & Art Gallery collections, catalogue number GLAHM
5 Rutherford s statement in address to the Royal Society (1927) A few years later in 1927 Rutherford, in his presidential address to the Royal Society, made a strong request for higher energy nuclear probes. It has long been my ambition to have available for study a copious supply of atoms and electrons which have an individual energy far transcending that of the α and β particles from radioactive bodies. I am hopeful that I may yet have my wish fulfilled. Rutherford s statement became a challenge to invent higher energy particle accelerators A race for higher energy particle accelerators involved an early competition between electrostatic machines, but electric breakdown was a fundamental limitation to high voltages. Meanwhile, it had already been realized by a few that another solution that avoided very high voltages was to use time-dependent accelerating fields.
6 Gustav Ising published an linear accelerator concept Gustav Ising (1924) published an accelerator concept with voltage waves propagating from a spark discharge to an array of drift tubes Voltage pulses arriving sequentially at the drift tubes produce accelerating fields in the sequence of gaps. But Ising was unable to demonstrate the concept.
7 World s first accelerator Rolf Wideroe, Norwegian graduate student at Aachen University discovered Ising s 1924 publication in the university library Four year after Ising s concept, Rolf Wideroe builds the world s first linac in an 88-cm long glass tube in Aachen, Germany. Wideroe simplified Ising s concept by replacing the spark gap with an ac oscillator For his PhD thesis Wideroe built and demonstrated a simple linac, which had one drift tube between two accelerating gaps
8 World s first accelerator Wideroe applied a 25-KV, 1 MHz AC voltage to the drift tube between two grounded electrodes. The beam experienced an accelerating voltage in both gaps. He accelerated Na and K beams to 50 kev kinetic energy equal to twice the applied voltage. This is not possible using electrostatic voltages My little machine was a primitive precursor of this type of accelerator which today is called a linac for short. However, I must now emphasize one important detail. The drift tube was the first accelerating system which had earthed potential on both sides, i.e. at both the particles entry and exit, and was still able to accelerate the particles exactly as if a strong electric field was present. Rolf Wideroe (From The Infancy of Particle Accelerators, Life and Work of Rolf Wideroe ed. Pedro Waloschek )
9 Van de Graaff generator Robert Van de Graaff invents the Van de Graaff generator at Princeton University. He also constructs the first tandem accelerator (two generators in series) in 1959 at Chalk River. 1931, the large Van de Graaff generator was constructed
10 Cyclotron Inspired by Rolf Wideroe's linac in a vacuum tube, Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. He and his student Stanley Livingston build a cyclotron only 4 inches in diameter Lawrence s cyclotron produces 1.25 MeV protons and he also splits the atom just a few weeks after Cockcroft and Walton
11 1932- Cockcroft-Walton accelerator John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton invent the Cockcroft-Walton electrostatic accelerator at the Cavendish Laboratory. This accelerator produces the first man-made nuclear reaction. Cockcroft, Rutherford, and Walton in 1932, shortly after they accelerated protons against a lithium target, splitting the lithium nucleus into two alpha particles, i.e., helium nuclei. This demonstrated not only the transmutation of elements, but also Einstein's formula E=mc 2, since a slight loss of mass produced energetic alpha particles
12 Klystron Russell and Sigurd Varian and William Hasen invent the kystron, a highfrequency amplifier for generating microwaves, at Stanford University. A similar device is proposed by Agnesa Arsenjewa-Heil and Oskar Heil in In 1948 they founded Varian Associates (along with Hansen and Ginzton) to market the klystron and other inventions Varian Semiconductor Equipment Associates Varian Medical Systems Varian, Inc Sold the Electron Device Business and formed Communications & Power Industries, Inc (CPI) acquired by Agilent Technologies
13 Betatron Donald Kerst at the University of Illinois constructs the first betatron, proposed by Joseph Slepian and others in the 1920s Kerst builds the world s largest betatron of 300 MeV. 2 nd 25 MeV 300 MeV 1 st 2.3 MeV
14 1943 Synchrotron 1944 Phase stability Marcus Oliphant develops the concept for a new type of accelerator, later named the synchrotron by Edwin McMillan Vladimir Veksler at the Lebedev Institute of Physics and later Edwin McMillan at the University of California, Berkeley, independently discover the principle of phase stability, a cornerstone of modern accelerators. The principle is first demonstrated on a modified cyclotron in 1946 at Berkeley.
15 Technical difficulty Ising and Wideroe established principle of resonance acceleration Particles can gain arbitrarily high kinetic energy from successive traversals through the same accelerating fields with moderate voltages. Particles acquire a small energy increment with each traversal No basic limit to maximum kinetic energy. Method can be applied to linear accelerators (linac) or to circular accelerators (cyclotron or synchrotron). But with low (1-MHz) frequencies available at that time, linacs for faster protons and electrons had impractically large gap-to-gap spacings. The gap-to-gap spacing is v/2f so high-velocity particles require high oscillator frequency to obtain satisfactory energy gain per gap. At least a few hundred MHz were wanted, but RF frequencies available then were no more than 10 MHz. Higher frequency microwave sources were unavailable until after WWII, a benefit of radar developments for the war. The first proton and electron linacs were built after WWII
16 World War II
17 1946 Electron linac William Walkinshaw and his team at Malvern in the U.K. build the first traveling wave electron linac powered by a magnetron. William Webster Hansen and his team independently build a similar electron linac at Stanford University a few months later based on klystron and GeV energy.
18 1946 Synchrotron radiation Frank Goward constructs the first electron synchrotron in the U.K. This is followed by one built by General Electric in the U.S. where synchrotron radiation is first observed, open a new era of accelerator-based light sources. Langmuir is credited as recognizing it as synchrotron radiation or, as he called it, "Schwinger radiation." Subsequent measurements by the GE group began the experimental establishment of its spectral and polarization properties. Characterization measurements were also carried out in the 1950s at a 250-MeV synchrotron at the Lebedev Institute in Moscow The radiation is seen as a small spot of brilliant white light by an observer looking into the vacuum tube 350 University of Glasgow
19 1947 Drift tube linac Luis Alvarez builds the first drift tube linac for accelerating protons at the University of California, Berkeley. L. Alvarez and coworkers at the Lawrence Berkeley Radiation Laboratory developed a proton linear accelerator based on injection of 200 MHz RF wave into a resonant metallic cylindrical cavity containing the wideroe-type drift tube arrangement. - the linac is injected with a 4 MeV electrostatic accelerator - protons are accelerated up to 32 MeV in the Alvarez structure DTLs are nowadays currently used as primary injection stages in hadron linac chains, or as injectors into synchrotrons
20 1952 Strong focusing Ernest Courant, Stanley Livingston and Hartland Snyder at Brookhaven National Laboratory and, independently Nicholas Christofilos earlier in 1950 in Greece discover the principle of strong focusing. Strong focusing and phase stability form the foundation of all modern high-energy accelerator. Weak focusing
21 Kyoto University Research Reactor Institute (KURRI), Osaka, Japan FFAG The first Fixed-Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) accelerator is commissioned at the Midwestern University Research Association. The concept is invented independently by Tihiro Ohkawa, Andrei Kolomensky and Keith Symon. An earlier variation is conceived by Llewellyn Thomas in 1938.
22 1959 Modern Synchrotron The first two proton synchrotrons using strong focusing PS at CERN and AGS at BNL are built. An electron synchrotron using strong focusing is built earlier in 1954 at Cornell University Milton Livingston builds a Synchrotron capable of accelerating protons to 6.2 GeV called the Bevatron Donald Kerst investigates the collision of particle beams at relativistic energies Scientists at Dubna USSR build a Synchrotron capable of accelerating protons to 10GeV called the Synchrophasotron Scientists at CERN, Geneva, using Alternating - Gradient focusing build a Synchrotron capable of accelerating protons to 28 GeV called the Proton Synchrotron (PS) Scientists at Brookhaven build a Synchrotron capable of accelerating protons to 33GeV called the Alternating - Gradient Synchrotron (AGS). Bevatron Synchrophasotron CERN - PS John Adams with vodka bottle
23 Collider AdA, the first electron-positron collider, is built at Frascati, Italy. It is followed by two electronelectron colliders: Priceton Stanford Collider in the U.S. and VEP-1 in Russia, leading to a continuing evolution of electron-positron colliders and factories around the world The Austrian physicist, Bruno Touschek builds the first storage ring, an electron - positron storage ring, in Italy called Aneii di Accumulazione (AdA), but is too small to be of experimental use.
24 1964 Induction linac Astron, the first induction linac proposed ny Nicholas Christofilos for nuclear fusion, is built at a branch of the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, later renamed the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. the main advantage of induction linacs is their ability to accelerate long-pulse (tens of ns to µs) high-intensity (multi-ka) beams. Another specific feature is the total electrical insulation of the apparatus, the high voltage appearing only inside the induction cells.
25 Beam cooling 1966 Gersh Budker invents electron beam cooling at the Institute for Nuclear Physics in Russia Simon van der Meer invents stochastic beam cooling, a technique enabling cooling of antiproton beams. The proton-antiproton collisions in the SppS in 1981 at CERN lead to the discovery of the Z and W bosons The Dutch physicist Simon van der Meer proposes stochastic cooling. Researchers at SLAC carry out deep inelastic scattering experiments of protons and neutrons and discover the up, down and strange quarks. electron cooling is used to shrink the size of electron beams without removing any particles from the beam, increasing luminosity in hadron colliders.
26 ISR Intersecting Storage Ring, the first large proton-proton collider begins at CERN. Scientists at CERN build the Intersecting Storage Ring (ISR) on the CPS where 26 GeV proton beams are collided. ISR at CERN. (a) Layout of proton synchrotron and two intersecting storage rings: (PS) proton synchrotron, (SR) storage ring, (1) (8) points of intersection of storage rings, (C1) and (C2) channels through which protons (p) are fed into the storage rings. Preliminary acceleration of the protons is carried out in the booster; In the storage rings the protons are additionally accelerated to 31.4 GeV. The arrows indicate the direction of motion of the protons. The proton beams collide in the intersection zones of the storage rings. (b) Detail of intersection of proton beams between sections A and A : (1) structural elements of magnet focusing the proton beams.
27 1970 -RFQ Vladimir Teplyakov and Ilya Kapchinskii invent the radio frequency quadrupole linacs. The first RFQ is built in 1972 at the Institute of High Energy Physics in Russia.
28 FEL John Madey invents and builds the first free electron laser at Stanford University
29 1983 Superconducting magnet technology The Tevatron, the first large accelerator using superconducting magnet technology, is commissioned at Fermilab.
30 1989 Linear collider SLC, the first linear collider proposed by Burton Ritcher, is built at SLAC. The linear collider concept is developed by Maury Tigner in 1965.
31 Desertron 40 TeV, 87 km 1993 Rise and fall of SSC Construction of the Superconducting Super Collider, planned to be the largest accelerator in the world, begin in The project is canceled by the U.S. Congress in The United States had planned the SSC on its own but asked other countries to get involved when the cost began to expand beyond initial expectations. Understandably, other countries were reluctant to fund a project in which they felt no sense of ownership, not having served as designer or host. Congress pulled funding for the SSC in The Department of Energy pulled together a panel to discuss the future. In the end, they decided to throw their weight behind the LHC. The global physics community has kept the lessons of the SSC and the LHC in mind while planning for the next international accelerator project. This time, countries are working together from the beginning. Physicists have already demonstrated this attitude in developing three proposed accelerators: the International Linear Collider, the Compact Linear Collider and a muon collider. At a relatively modest scale, Fermilab has embarked on this path with its proposed new accelerator, Project X. If Congress had not cancelled the US-built Superconducting Super Collider project in 1993, this tunnel in Waxahatchie, Texas, would have held the collider and its superconducting magnets, such as the one shown below at Fermilab. A failure to secure international partners to design and build the project is among the reasons for the SSC's demise.
32 1994 Superconducting RF technology CEBAF, the first large accelerator using superconducting radio frequency technology, is built at the facility later named Jefferson Laboratory.
33 2005 X-ray FEL FLASH, the first VUV and soft x-ray free electron laser user facility is built at DESY in Germany.
34 LHC The Large Hadron Collider at CERN, with 27 km circumference, begins operation.
35 Future Advanced concepts Plasma and laser acceleration tantalizes one s imagination. An acceleration gradient 1000 times higher than that of conventional means has been demonstrated. These advanced concepts challenge future accelerator builders. Leemans/Esarey(2009):Laser-driven plasma-wave electron accelerators.physicstoday
36 There are many more to come Thank you
37 References A.W. Chao, W. Chou, Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology Volume 1, World Scientific P.J. Bryant, A brief history and review of accelerator, CERN E. J. N. Wilson, FIFTY YEARS OF SYNCHROTRONS, CERN Matt Luffoni, The history and revolution of Synchrotron radiation sources Thomas Wangler, Linear Accelerators Principles, History, and Applications. John P. Wefel, Cosmic Rays and High Energy Physics. Ron Ruth, Man-Made Accelerators (Earth-Based), SLAC. Sergei Nagaitsev, Electron Cooling, Physics 598ACC lectures, 2007 Summer Term, Fermi. Eugene S. Evans, Brief Overview of Wakefield Acceleration, University of California, Berkeley. F. M eot, An introduction to particle accelerators. Shinji Machida, Fixed Field Alternating Gradient (FFAG) Accelerator J. de Mascureau, INDUCTION LINACS Leemans/Esarey(2009):Laser-driven plasma-wave electron accelerators.physicstoday Alessandra Lombardi, Radio Frequency Quadrupole Peter Schm user, Free Electron Lasers
Historical developments. of particle acceleration
Historical developments of particle acceleration Y.Papaphilippou N. Catalan-Lasheras USPAS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 20 th June 1 st July 2005 1 Outline Principles of Linear Acceleration Electrostatic
More informationKoji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai. Second Term, JFY2011. Oct.
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators I : Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai
More informationParticles and Universe: Particle accelerators
Particles and Universe: Particle accelerators Maria Krawczyk, Aleksander Filip Żarnecki March 24, 2015 M.Krawczyk, A.F.Żarnecki Particles and Universe 4 March 24, 2015 1 / 37 Lecture 4 1 Introduction 2
More informationDirect-Current Accelerator
Nuclear Science A Teacher s Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 1998 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 11 Accelerators One of the most important tools of nuclear science is the
More informationLectures on accelerator physics
Lectures on accelerator physics Lecture 3 and 4: Examples Examples of accelerators 1 Rutherford s Scattering (1909) Particle Beam Target Detector 2 Results 3 Did Rutherford get the Nobel Prize for this?
More informationFundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators I : Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology. Koji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators I : Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai
More informationPhysics of Accelerators-I. D. P. Mahapatra Utkal University, Bhubaneswar
Physics of Accelerators-I D. P. Mahapatra Utkal University, Bhubaneswar Introduction Brief history of developments in NP, Requirement of accelerators, Lorntz force and acceleration principles, Acceleration
More informationhttps://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/engines.pdf Engines of Discovery
https://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/engines.pdf Contents I. Electrostatic Machines II. Cyclotrons III. Linacs IV. Betatrons V. Synchrotrons VI. Colliders VII. Synchrotron Radiation
More informationIntroduction to Elementary Particle Physics I
Physics 56400 Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics I Lecture 9 Fall 2018 Semester Prof. Matthew Jones Particle Accelerators In general, we only need classical electrodynamics to discuss particle
More informationWhy do we accelerate particles?
Why do we accelerate particles? (1) To take existing objects apart 1803 J. Dalton s indivisible atom atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other element to make compounds, e.g. water is made of
More informationAccelerator Basics. Abhishek Rai IUAC
Accelerator Basics Abhishek Rai IUAC School on Accelerator Science and Technology May 7-18, 2018 Some basics Charge on an electron(e) = 1.6 10-19 Coulomb (1 unit of charge) 1 Atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.66
More informationIntroduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C
Introduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C Michael Billing June 7, 2006 What Are the Uses for Particle Accelerators? Medical Accelerators Create isotopes tracers for Medical Diagnostics & Biological
More informationLinear and circular accelerators
Linear and circular accelerators Ion Accelerator Physics and Technology Oliver Boine-Frankenheim, Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI), Darmstadt Tel. 06159 712408, O.Boine-Frankenheim@gsi.de o
More informationSummary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success
Summary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success LHC LHC Tevatron Tevatron s=1.8tev Energy 10 times higher cross section than Tevatron and integrated luminosity already ½ at end of 2011! 1 Lectures
More informationPhysics 663. Particle Physics Phenomenology. April 9, Physics 663, lecture 2 1
Physics 663 Particle Physics Phenomenology April 9, 2002 Physics 663, lecture 2 1 History Two Principles Electrostatic Cockcroft-Walton Accelerators Van de Graaff and tandem Van de Graaff Transformers
More informationPhysics 610. Adv Particle Physics. April 7, 2014
Physics 610 Adv Particle Physics April 7, 2014 Accelerators History Two Principles Electrostatic Cockcroft-Walton Van de Graaff and tandem Van de Graaff Transformers Cyclotron Betatron Linear Induction
More informationLecture 1 - Overview of Accelerators I ACCELERATOR PHYSICS MT E. J. N. Wilson
Lecture 1 - Overview of Accelerators I ACCELERATOR PHYSICS MT 2011 E. J. N. Wilson Lecture 1 - E. Wilson 13-Oct 2011 - Slide 1 Links Author s e-mail: ted.wilson@cern.ch Engines of Discovery : http://www.worldscibooks.com/physics/6272.html
More informationIntroduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012
Introduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński (mariusz.sapinski@cern.ch) CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012 Definition (Britannica) Particle accelerator: A device producing
More informationAccelerators Ideal Case
Accelerators Ideal Case Goal of an accelerator: increase energy of CHARGED par:cles Increase energy ΔE = r 2 F dr = q ( E + v B)d r The par:cle trajectory direc:on dr parallel to v ΔE = increase of energy
More informationACCELERATORS AND MEDICAL PHYSICS
ACCELERATORS AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1 Ugo Amaldi University of Milano Bicocca and TERA Foundation EPFL 1-28.10.10 - U. Amaldi 1 Short history of Medical Physics with radiations (*) In physics radiation is
More informationThe Spectrum of Particle Accelerators
The Spectrum of Particle Accelerators JAI Accelerator Physics Course Lecture 1 Dr. Suzie Sheehy University of Oxford and ASTeC/STFC/RAL My contact details: suzie.sheehy@physics.ox.ac.uk Twitter: @suziesheehy
More informationSaptaparnee Chaudhuri. University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Saptaparnee Chaudhuri University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 1 WORKING OF LAWRENCE S CYCLOTRON APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF CYCLOTRON THE SYNCHROCYCLOTRON THE SYNCHROTRON 2 LAWRENCE
More informationSection 4 : Accelerators
Section 4 : Accelerators In addition to their critical role in the evolution of nuclear science, nuclear particle accelerators have become an essential tool in both industry and medicine. Table 4.1 summarizes
More informationPHYS 3446 Lecture #18
PHYS 3446 Lecture #18 Monday, Nov. 7, 2016 Dr. Jae Yu Particle Accelerators Electro-static Accelerators Cyclotron Accelerators Synchrotron Accelerators Elementary Particle Properties Forces and their relative
More information1 Accelerator Physics for an ERL x-ray Source
1 Accelerator Physics for an ERL x-ray Source 1. History of Accelerators 2. Synchrotron Radiation Sources 3. Linear Beam Dynamics 4. Emittances 5. Radiative Beam Dynamics 6. Photo Emission Guns 7. Space
More informationMan-Made Accelerators (Earth-Based) Ron Ruth SLAC
Man-Made Accelerators (Earth-Based) Ron Ruth SLAC Introduction History of Particle Acceleration Basic Principles What are the forces? Acceleration and radiation Synchronism Basic device ideas, linear
More informationParticle Accelerators. The Electrostatic Accelerators
Particle Accelerators The Electrostatic Accelerators References K. Wille The Physics of Particle Accelerator, Oxford University press pag 1-29 H. Wiedeman Particle accelerator physics volume 1, chapter
More informationLongitudinal dynamics Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU CERN
Longitudinal dynamics Yannis PAPAPHILIPPOU CERN United States Particle Accelerator School, University of California - Santa-Cruz, Santa Rosa, CA 14 th 18 th January 2008 1 Outline Methods of acceleration
More informationEngines of Discovery
Engines of Discovery R.S. Orr Department of Physics University of Toronto Berkley 1930 1 MeV Geneva 20089 14 TeV Birth of Particle Physics and Accelerators 1909 Geiger/Marsden MeV a backscattering - Manchester
More informationHigh Energy Physics. QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013
High Energy Physics QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013 1 The Birth of Particle Physics In 1896, Thompson showed that electrons were particles, not a fluid. In 1905, Einstein argued that photons
More informationOverview of Accelerators Experimental tools in Physics
Lecture 1 Overview of accelerators Jan Pallon, Nov 7, 2012 Lecture 2 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Kristina Stenström, Nov 27 (Tuesday) tasks distributed. Lecture 3 Electrostatic accelerators Jan
More informationPhysics 736. Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics. - Accelerator Techniques: Introduction and History -
Physics 736 Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics - Accelerator Techniques: Introduction and History - Karsten Heeger heeger@wisc.edu Homework #8 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin
More informationFundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators V : Future of the High Energy Accelerators. Koji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators V : Future of the High Energy Accelerators Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai
More informationFuture Accelerators. DESY -MPY- Maria Laach Part I
Future Accelerators Lutz.Lilje@desy.de DESY -MPY- Maria Laach 2007 Part I References (Real Paper ) Accelerator Physics Courses Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger und Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen, Klaus Wille,
More informationAccelerator Physics Weak Focussing. A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, and T. Zolkin Jefferson Lab Colorado State University Lecture 2
Accelerator Physics Weak Focussing A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, and T. Zolkin Jefferson Lab Colorado State University Lecture 2 Betatrons 25 MeV electron accelerator with its inventor: Don Kerst. The earliest
More informationLecture 1 The development of accelerator concepts
Lecture 1 The development of accelerator concepts William A. Barletta Director, Dept. of Physics, MIT & UCLA Economics Faculty, University of Ljubljana Motivations: Why does anyone care about accelerators?
More informationParticle physics experiments
Particle physics experiments Particle physics experiments: collide particles to produce new particles reveal their internal structure and laws of their interactions by observing regularities, measuring
More informationAccelerator Physics Weak Focusing. S. A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, S. DeSilva, R. Gamage Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2
Accelerator Physics Weak Focusing S. A. Bogacz, G. A. Krafft, S. DeSilva, R. Gamage Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2 Betatrons 25 MeV electron accelerator with its inventor: Don Kerst. The
More informationParticle Accelerators for Research and for Medicine
Particle Accelerators for Research and for Medicine Prof. Ted Wilson (CERN and Oxford University) based on the book: ISBN-013 978-981-270-070-4 http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/ This talk: http://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/spring13/
More informationINTRODUCTION TO ACCELERATORS
INTRODUCTION TO ACCELERATORS (Presented in 2 lectures) CAS Granada, October 2012 P.J. Bryant CAS_12- P.J. Bryant - History and Applications of Accelerators - 2 lectures - Slide 1 Contents Comment on accelerators
More informationPHYS 3446 Lecture #15
PHYS 3446 Lecture #15 Monday, Oct. 30, 2006 Dr. 1. Particle Accelerators Electro-static Accelerators Cyclotron Accelerators Synchrotron Accelerators 2. Elementary Particle Properties Forces and their relative
More informationContents. LC : Linear Collider. µ-µ Collider. Laser-Plasma Wave Accelerator. Livingston Chart 6 References
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators V : Future of the High Energy Accelerators VI : References Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator
More informationSummer Student Lectures. Oliver Brüning SL/AP. ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1
Accelerators Summer Student Lectures 2002 Oliver Brüning SL/AP ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1 Particle Accelerators Physics of Accelerators: High power RF waves Cryogenics
More informationAccelerators. Acceleration mechanism always electromagnetic Start with what s available: e - or p Significant differences between accelerators of
Accelerators Acceleration mechanism always electromagnetic Start with what s available: e - or p Significant differences between accelerators of e - : Always ultra-relativistic, therefore constant speed
More informationParticle Accelerators for Research and for Medicine
Particle Accelerators for Research and for Medicine Prof. Ted Wilson (CERN and Oxford University) based on the book: ISBN-013 978-981-270-070-4 http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/ This talk: http://acceleratorinstitute.web.cern.ch/acceleratorinstitute/tt2012/
More informationPhysics at Accelerators
Physics at Accelerators Course outline: The first 4 lectures covers the physics principles of accelerators. Preliminary plan: Lecture 1: Accelerators, an introduction. Acceleration principles. Lecture
More informationLinac JUAS lecture summary
Linac JUAS lecture summary Part1: Introduction to Linacs Linac is the acronym for Linear accelerator, a device where charged particles acquire energy moving on a linear path. There are more than 20 000
More informationMedical Linac. Block diagram. Electron source. Bending magnet. Accelerating structure. Klystron or magnetron. Pulse modulator.
Block diagram Medical Linac Electron source Bending magnet Accelerating structure Pulse modulator Klystron or magnetron Treatment head 1 Medical Linac 2 Treatment Head 3 Important Accessories Wedges Dynamic
More informationFundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators V: Future of the High Energy Accelerators VI: References. Koji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai
.... Fundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators V: Future of the High Energy Accelerators VI: References Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator
More informationPARTICLE PHYSICS :Higher Level Long Questions
PARTICLE PHYSICS :Higher Level Long Questions Particle Accelerators (including Cockcroft and Walton experiment) 2013 Question 10 (a) In 1932 J.D. Cockroft and E.T.S. Walton accelerated protons to energies
More informationA short history of accelerators CHESS & LEPP. 4πε. 1919: Rutherford produces first nuclear reactions with natural 4 He 14
17 A short history of accelerators 1911: Rutherford discovers the nucleus with 7.7MeV 4 He from 14 Po alpha decay measuring the elastic crossection of 197 Au + 4 He! 197 Au + 4 He. 14 Po 4 He 197 Au E
More informationEP228 Particle Physics
EP8 Particle Physics Topic 3 Department of Engineering Physics University of Gaziantep Course web page www.gantep.edu.tr/~bingul/ep8 Dec 01 Page 1 Outline 1. Introduction. Electrostatic (DC) Accelerators
More informationIntroduction and Overview of Accelerators
Introduction and Overview of Accelerators Fanglei Lin Center for Advanced Studies of Accelerators, Jefferson Lab 29th Annual Hampton University Graduate Studies Program HUGS 2014, Jefferson Lab, June 2-20,
More informationM d e i di l ca A pplilli t ca i ttions o f P arti ttic ti l P e h Physics Saverio Braccini INSEL
Medical la Applications of Particle Physics Saverio Braccini INSELSPITALSPITAL Department of Medical Radiation Physics University Hospital, Berne, Switzerland Rome - 14-15.06.07 - SB - 1/5 Saverio.Braccini@cern.ch
More informationAccelerator Physics WS 2012/13
Lecture: Accelerator Physics Heidelberg WS 2012/13 Prof. A. Schöning Physikalisches Institut der Universität Heidelberg Introduction 1 Goal of this Lecture Introduction to Accelerator Physics: experimental
More informationCLASS 32. NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY
CLASS 3. NUCLEAR BINDING ENERGY 3.. INTRODUCTION Scientists found that hitting atoms with alpha particles could induce transformations in light elements. (Recall that the capture of an alpha particle by
More informationA brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.)
Physics 557 Lecture 7 A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.) First came the study of the debris from cosmic rays (the God-given particle
More informationIntroduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1
Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY) Introduction to Accelerator Physics DESY, 28th July 2014 Pedro Castro / MPY Accelerator Physics 28 th July 2014
More informationParticle Acceleration
Nuclear and Particle Physics Junior Honours: Particle Physics Lecture 4: Accelerators and Detectors February 19th 2007 Particle Beams and Accelerators Particle Physics Labs Accelerators Synchrotron Radiation
More informationCAS_08- P.J. Bryant - History and Applications of Accelerators - 2 lectures - Slide 1
HISTORY AND APPLICATIONS OF ACCELERATORS (Presented in 2 lectures) CAS Frascati, November 2008 P.J. Bryant CAS_08- P.J. Bryant - History and Applications of Accelerators - 2 lectures - Slide 1 Contents
More informationIntroduction to Accelerator Physics CHESS & LEPP
1 Introduction to Accelerator Physics Content 1. A History of Particle Accelerators 2. E & M in Particle Accelerators 3. Linear Beam Optics in Straight Systems 4. Linear Beam Optics in Circular Systems
More informationIntroduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1
Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY) Introduction to Accelerator Physics DESY, 27th July 2015 Pedro Castro / MPY Introduction to Accelerator Physics
More informationExperimental Techniques
Experimental Techniques Accelerators History Techniques Current Facilities Detectors Fundamental principles Detector concepts Current and recent experiments J. Brau Physics 662, Chapter 11 1 Accelerators
More informationPARTICLE ACCELERATORS
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Particle accelerators are used to accelerate elementary particles to very high energies for: Production of radioisotopes Probing the structure of matter There
More informationShort Introduction to CLIC and CTF3, Technologies for Future Linear Colliders
Short Introduction to CLIC and CTF3, Technologies for Future Linear Colliders Explanation of the Basic Principles and Goals Visit to the CTF3 Installation Roger Ruber Collider History p p hadron collider
More informationWelcome to DESY. What is DESY and what kind of research is done here?
Welcome to DESY. What is DESY and what kind of research is done here? Michael Grefe DESY Press and Public Relations (PR) What is DESY? > Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (German electron synchrotron) DESY
More informationApplications of Accelerators from Basic Science to Industrial Use
Applications of Accelerators from Basic Science to Industrial Use December 13 th, 2016 Kiyokazu Sato TOSHIBA Corporation Keihin Product Operations 2016 Toshiba Corporation 1 /23 Contents 1. Applications
More informationGraduate Accelerator Physics. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 1
Graduate Accelerator Physics G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 1 Course Outline Course Content Introduction to Accelerators and Short Historical Overview Basic Units and Definitions
More informationA 8 ECTS credit course autumn opintoviikon kurssi sysksyllä 2008
Introduction A 8 ECTS credit course autumn 2008 8 opintoviikon kurssi sysksyllä 2008 http://www.helsinki.fi/~www_sefo/accelerators/ lectures Mon 12-14, Tue 14-16 in D116 weeks 38-42, 44-50 (no lectures
More informationX = Z H + N n TBE. X = d 1 Z 2 + d 2 Z d 3 + d + d 4, where d i = f (Ci, A) 75 Se 75 Br. 75 Zn. 75 Ga. 75 Kr. 75 Ge 75 As
1 Lecture 4 : Beta stability, the LD Mass Formula, and Accelerators Simplest form of LD Mass Formula TBE = C 1 A C 2 A 2/3 C 3 Z 2 /A 1/3 C 4 (N-Z) 2 /A 2 + C 6 /A 1/2 = C 1 C 2 A 1/3 C 3 Z 2 /A 4/3
More informationAppendix A2. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France.
Appendix A. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France. Prepared by: Arash Akbari-Sharbaf Why Build Accelerators? Probe deeper From
More informationAccelerator Physics, BAU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh).
Accelerator Physics 501503746 Course web http://nuclear.bau.edu.jo/accelerators/ edu or http://nuclear.dababneh.com/accelerators/ com/accelerators/ 1 Grading Mid-term Exam 25% Projects 25% Final Exam 50%
More informationOffice of Science Perspective
Office of Science Perspective Symposium on Accelerators for America s Future October 26, 2009 Dr. William F. Brinkman Director, Office of Science U.S. Department of Energy A Rich Heritage of Advancement
More informationAn Introduction to Plasma Accelerators
An Introduction to Plasma Accelerators Humboldt University Research Seminar > Role of accelerators > Working of plasma accelerators > Self-modulation > PITZ Self-modulation experiment > Application Gaurav
More informationPhysics 417/517 Introduction to Particle Accelerator Physics. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Jefferson Lab Professor of Physics Old Dominion University
Physics 417/517 Introduction to Particle Accelerator Physics G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Jefferson Lab Professor of Physics Old Dominion University Methods of Acceleration Acceleration by Static Electric
More informationLaboratory for Nuclear Science
The Laboratory for Nuclear Science (LNS) provides support for research by faculty and research staff members in the fields of particle, nuclear, and theoretical plasma physics. This includes activities
More informationAccelerators. The following are extracts from a lecture course at Nikhef (Amsterdam).
Accelerators The following are extracts from a lecture course at Nikhef (Amsterdam). You are not required to know this information for this course, but you will find it interesting as background information
More informationAccelerator Physics. G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2
Accelerator Physics G. A. Krafft Jefferson Lab Old Dominion University Lecture 2 Four-vectors Four-vector transformation under z boost Lorentz Transformation v ' v v v v 0 0 3 ' 1 1 ' v v 2 2 v ' v v 3
More informationAccelerator Physics and Technologies for Linear Colliders University of Chicago, Physics 575
Accelerator Physics and Technologies for Linear Colliders University of Chicago, Physics 575 Lecture 1: S. D. Holmes, An Introduction to Accelerators for High Energy Physics I. Introduction to the Course
More informationS.Y. Lee Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. June 10, 2011
Preface Accelerator science took off in the 20th century. Accelerator scientists invent many innovative technologies to produce and manipulate high energy and high quality beams that are instrumental to
More informationHigh Power Accelerators
High Power Accelerators Carlo Pagani Univ. & INFN Milano LASA carlo.pagani@mi.infn.it Alex C. Mueller CNRS/IN2P3 - IPN Orsay mueller@ipno.in2p3.fr Frédéric Joliot/Otto Hahn Summer School in Reactor Physics
More informationNon-Scaling Fixed Field Gradient Accelerator (FFAG) Design for the Proton and Carbon Therapy *
Non-Scaling Fixed Field Gradient Accelerator (FFAG) Design for the Proton and Carbon Therapy * D. Trbojevic 1), E. Keil 2), and A. Sessler 3) 1) Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA 2)
More informationFrontier Particle Accelerators
AAAS February 2005 Frontier Particle Accelerators For Elementary Particle Physics Together with Cosmology and Astrophysics, Elementary Particle Physics seeks understanding of the basic physical character
More informationIntroduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics
Introduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics B.J. Holzer CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This chapter gives an overview of the longitudinal dynamics of the particles in an accelerator and, closely related
More informationIntroduction to Accelerators. Scientific Tools for High Energy Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Research
Introduction to Accelerators. Scientific Tools for High Energy Physics and Synchrotron Radiation Research Pedro Castro Introduction to Particle Accelerators DESY, July 2010 What you will see Pedro Castro
More informationPARTICLE ACCELERATORS
Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 09 Page 1 of 14 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Prehistory: α-particles cosmic rays Early ideas: Cockcroft-Walton Van de Graaff Linear accelerator Cyclotrons Synchrotrons:
More informationAppendices 193 APPENDIX B SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS
Appendices 193 APPENDIX B SCATTERING EXPERIMENTS Scattering experiments are used extensively to probe the properties of atoms, nuclei and elementary particles. As described in Chapter 1, these experiments
More informationInnovation Was Not Enough; The History of the Midwestern Universities Research Association
Innovation Was Not Enough; The History of the Midwestern Universities Research Association Lawrence W. Jones University of Michigan American Physical Society Denver, CO; May 4, 2009 This talk is a summary
More informationNeutron Sources Fall, 2017 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University
Neutron Sources Fall, 2017 Kyoung-Jae Chung Department of Nuclear Engineering Seoul National University Neutrons: discovery In 1920, Rutherford postulated that there were neutral, massive particles in
More informationParticle accelerators
Particle accelerators Charged particles can be accelerated by an electric field. Colliders produce head-on collisions which are much more energetic than hitting a fixed target. The center of mass energy
More informationAccelerator Details: the Antiproton Source
1 di 6 10/05/2006 9.23 Return to Fermilab's Chain of Accelerators (movie clip) Fermilab's Chain of Accelerators Return to Accelerator Details Main Page Why use antiprotons? A collider has an enormous advantage
More informationFundamental Concepts of Particle Accelerators. Koji TAKATA KEK. Accelerator Course, Sokendai, Second Term, JFY2010
Koji TAKATA KEK koji.takata@kek.jp http://research.kek.jp/people/takata/home.html Accelerator Course, Sokendai, Second Term, JFY2010 Oct. 28, 2010 Contents The Dawn of Particle Accelerator Technology The
More informationIntroduction to Accelerators Part 1
Introduction to Accelerators Part 1 Director, ASTeC Daresbury Campus Cockcroft Institute Basic Acceleration Principle A voltage drop accelerates charged particles Electrostatic acceleration in cathode
More informationParticle accelerators. Dr. Alessandro Cianchi
Particle accelerators Dr. Alessandro Cianchi Particle accelerators: instructions 48 hrs lectures (Wednesday 6, Friday 6 9:00) All the documentation is available via web in pdf @ http://people.roma2.infn.it/~cianchi/didattica.html
More informationFFAG Accelerators. CERN Introductory Accelerator School Prague, September 2014
FFAG Accelerators CERN Introductory Accelerator School Prague, September 2014 Dr. Suzie Sheehy ASTeC Intense Beams Group STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, UK Many thanks to Dr. S. Machida for his advice
More informationWeak focusing I. mv r. Only on the reference orbit is zero
Weak focusing I y x F x mv r 2 evb y Only on the reference orbit is zero r R x R(1 x/ R) B y R By x By B0y x B0y 1 x B0 y x R Weak focusing (II) Field index F x mv R 2 x R 1 n Betatron frequency 2 Fx mx
More informationOccupational Radiation Protection at Accelerator Facilities: Challenges
Occupational Radiation Protection at Accelerator Facilities: Challenges Haridas.G Health Physics Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre INDIA Int. Conf. on Occupational Radiation Protection: Enhancing
More informationParticle Detectors for Hadron Physics Experiments. WS 2011/12 Fr. 12:15 13:45 Jim Ritman, Tobias Stockmanns
Particle Detectors for Hadron Physics Experiments WS 2011/12 Fr. 12:15 13:45 Jim Ritman, Tobias Stockmanns James Ritman Raum NB 2-125 Tel. 23556 J.Ritman@ep1.rub.de Contacts Tobias Stockmanns Tel. 02461-61-2591
More information3. Particle accelerators
3. Particle accelerators 3.1 Relativistic particles 3.2 Electrostatic accelerators 3.3 Ring accelerators Betatron // Cyclotron // Synchrotron 3.4 Linear accelerators 3.5 Collider Van-de-Graaf accelerator
More informationEngines of Discovery
http://www.enginesofdiscovery.com/ Synchrotron Light Sources Spring 8, a synchrotron light source located in Japan. This intricate structure of a complex protein molecule structure has been determined
More information