Appendix A2. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France.

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Appendix A2. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France."

Transcription

1 Appendix A. Particle Accelerators and Detectors The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in Geneva, Switzerland on the Border of France. Prepared by: Arash Akbari-Sharbaf

2 Why Build Accelerators? Probe deeper From the uncertainty principle large momentum transfers correspond to small distances. h / p Find new particles Some fundamental particles are short lived and have enormous masses Ex. Top quark has a life time of 5x10-5 s and a mass of ~173GeV/c (~184u)

3 Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator The key is to establish a very large voltage A belt carries charge from a source and places it onto the outer surface of a hollow conductor. Ions from an ion source accelerate towards the charged surface and enter the hollow conductor. Inside the hollow conductor the ion beam passes through a stripper foil (ie., carbon foil) and becomes positively ionized. The beam leaves the interior of the conductor and gets accelerated further. This device can achieve a potential of about 30-40MeV for singly-charged ions. It is the most common DC accelerator used. Belt Voltage Source Conducting Brush Ion Beam Ion Source Stripper Hollow Conductor Vacuum Tube

4 The Cyclotron Accelerator The cyclotron shown consists of two d- shaped hollow conductors with an r.f. Source connected between them. Particles are injected into the center of the apparatus where the electric field in the gap causes them to accelerate. Charges are constrained to move in nearcircular orbits due to a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of motion. The r.f. source is synced with the cyclotron frequency (ω = qb/m for nonrelativistic motion) to insure the right polarity of the dees. The largest cyclotron accelerator is 18m in diameter located at the university of British Columbia (TRIUMF) and can produce protons with energies of 500MeV.

5 AC Linear Accelerator Ion Source Ion Beam Drift Tubes -V -V V V rf Vacuum Pipe Particles pass through a series of metal pipes called drift tubes, located in a vacuum vessel. The drift tubes are successively connected to alternate terminals of an r.f. source. The r.f. frequency is adjusted such that when the ions come into the gap between two drift tubes, the potential on both tubes accelerate the ion forward. The increasing length of the tubes insures that the ions reach the gap in-sync with the r.f. frequency as the ions pick up speed. The largest electron linear accelerator (SLAC) in Stanford, USA is 3km long and can attain maximum energy of 50GeV.

6 Synchrotron Accelerator Synchrotron accelerators work much like linear accelerators except that the beam path is circular. This is done by arrays of dipole magnets called bending magnets. Acceleration is achieved as the beam repeatedly traverses one or more cavities placed in the ring. Particles traveling in a circular orbit continuously emit radiation (synchrotron radiation) and thus continuously lose energy. The amount of energy radiated per turn by a relativistic particle of mass m is proportional to 1/m 4. For electrons the losses are severe. Reducing the curvature of the ion beam reduces energy lose due to radiation. The largest synchrotron accelerator is in Geneva on the border of France and Switzerland. It is 7km in circumference and can produce protons with energy 7TeV and lead nuclei with energy 574TeV

7 Cyclotron Frequency of Relativistic Particles To find the cyclotron frequency we set the centripetal force equal to the Lorentz force p qv B Using the expression for the relativistic momentum we have v m qb 0 where 1/ 1 v / c f qb m qb m 1 v / c Note that the cyclotron frequency now depends on the speed of the particle. Since the particle is being accelerated the r.f. frequency must be reduced with time or the magnetic field must be increased to keep in sync.

8 Available Energy for producing new particles In particle collision we often want to know what is the available energy for producing new particles. A simple method for finding this value is by considering the following scalar quantity s E E P P 1 1 c Where 4 E m c P c is the total relativistic energy of the particle. This scalar quantity is the same in all inertial reference frame. If we consider the center of mass frame, where the total momentum of the two colliding particles is zero, we have s E CM E 1 CM Note that in this frame all the energy can be used to produce new particles since the momentum after the collision is zero (no energy is needed to conserve momentum). s / c We see that colliding particles. can be regarded as the rest mass or invariant mass of the two

9 Example consider a collision involving a projectile colliding with a fix target particle as observed in the laboratory reference frame. Writing down s in this frame we get Which can be re-expressed as s E The invariant mass is therefore, s E m c P 1 1 c mc me1c P1 c m1 c mc s m E c 4 4 / c m1 c mc me1c / c For high energies of the incident particle the expression reduces to s / c ~ me1c / c This is the mass available for converting into new particles. It depends on The rest of the incident energy is used to conserve momentum. To maximize the available energy for producing new particles, beams of equal and opposite momentum are used. 1 E 1

10 Particle Detectors Atlas, one of four detector at the LHC in Geneva, Switzerland.

11 Gas Detectors (Cloud Chamber) Particles directed into a cloud chamber collide with supersaturated vapours such as water or alcohol and produce ions. These ions act as condensation centers, around which a mist forms, because the mixture is at the point of condensation. The mist allows an observer to visualize the trajectory of particles. This apparatus is typically placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the plane of motion in order to extract particle momentum from the curvature of its path. This was discuss during cyclotron motion. Apart from the observed curvature, different particles have distinctive track features. For instance alpha particles have thicker tracks as a result of scattering effects.

12 Gas Detectors (Multiwire Proportional Counter) These detectors consist of arrays of wires with a large potential across them. Incoming particles ionize inert gas (ex. Ar) atoms in the chamber creating electronion pairs. The electric potential on the anodes accelerate the ions and electrons which then collide into other inert atoms causing secondary ionization (Townsend avalanche). The large number of ions produced registers a measurable current on nearby anodes. The output signal at the anode is proportional to the energy lost by the original particle. The trajectory of the particle can be found by noting the locations of the activated anodes. MWPC have spatial resolution of 00μm or less, and time resolutions of about 3ns. Particle Trajectory Anode Wire

13 Scintillation Counters Particle traversing through suitable materials excite a small fraction of atoms within the medium. Subsequently these atoms de-excite emitting light, which can then be detected by a photo detector. One of the most important examples of a photo detector is the photomultiplier tube shown below. An in coming photon strikes a cathode ejecting an electron due to the photoelectric effect. A large electric potential is set up across a series of dynodes accelerate the electron which then collides with the first dynode producing more electrons as a result of the gained energy. These electron are then accelerated to a second dynode and so on producing an avalanche of electrons, which can then be detected by an ammeter. The most efficient PMTs can detect a single Photon. A scintillation counter can even detect a neutron if the appropriate material is used n B Li He 5 3

14 Identifying Particles Typically, particles are identified by their mass. A particle s mass can be determined by the simultaneous measurement of its momentum together with some other quantity, such as velocity or energy. The momentum of a particle is usually determined from the curvature of its track in an applied magnetic field. such an apparatus is called a spectrometer. A simple means of measuring the particles velocity is measuring the time of flight of the particle between two points. This can be done by using two scintillation counters placed a distance L apart. The more common apparatus used for measuring velocities of particle is called the Cerenkov counter. When a charged particle with velocity v traverses a dispersive medium faster than the speed of light in that medium, the medium radiates at a characteristic angle θ with respect to the direction of motion. This angle of radiation is related to the velocity of the particle by cos(θ) = c/vn, where n is the refractive index of the medium. An apparatus that detects particle energy is called a calorimeter. Scintillation counters and multiwired proportional counters can be used as calorimeter since these devices can measure energy losses. Calorimeter can also measure energies of neutral particles.

15 Neutrino Detectors Neutrinos can be detected with extreme difficulty because they interact only weakly with matter. Electron neutrinos and antineutrinos of sufficient energy can be detected by observing the inverse β-decay processes. The probability of these processes occurring is extremely small. The mean free path of a 1MeV neutrino in matter is 10 6 km. The Super Kamiokande detector is a tank containing about metric tons of very pure water buried deep under a mountain in Japan. This protect the detector from cosmic ray muons. The walls of the tank are lined with photomultipliers, which detect the presence of electron and muons produced in the weak interaction by detecting the light from Cerenkov radiation. n e e n p p p e e p n n

PARTICLE ACCELERATORS

PARTICLE ACCELERATORS VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE PARTICLE ACCELERATORS Particle accelerators are used to accelerate elementary particles to very high energies for: Production of radioisotopes Probing the structure of matter There

More information

PHYS 3446 Lecture #12

PHYS 3446 Lecture #12 PHYS 3446 Lecture #12 Wednesday, Oct. 18, 2006 Dr. 1. Particle Detection Ionization Detectors MWPC Scintillation Counters Time of Flight 1 Announcements Next LPCC Workshop Preparation work Each group to

More information

Why do we accelerate particles?

Why do we accelerate particles? Why do we accelerate particles? (1) To take existing objects apart 1803 J. Dalton s indivisible atom atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other element to make compounds, e.g. water is made of

More information

PHYS 3446 Lecture #15

PHYS 3446 Lecture #15 PHYS 3446 Lecture #15 Monday, Oct. 30, 2006 Dr. 1. Particle Accelerators Electro-static Accelerators Cyclotron Accelerators Synchrotron Accelerators 2. Elementary Particle Properties Forces and their relative

More information

Particle Detectors. How to See the Invisible

Particle Detectors. How to See the Invisible Particle Detectors How to See the Invisible Which Subatomic Particles are Seen? Which particles live long enough to be visible in a detector? 2 Which Subatomic Particles are Seen? Protons Which particles

More information

Section 4 : Accelerators

Section 4 : Accelerators Section 4 : Accelerators In addition to their critical role in the evolution of nuclear science, nuclear particle accelerators have become an essential tool in both industry and medicine. Table 4.1 summarizes

More information

Particle Detectors for Hadron Physics Experiments. WS 2011/12 Fr. 12:15 13:45 Jim Ritman, Tobias Stockmanns

Particle Detectors for Hadron Physics Experiments. WS 2011/12 Fr. 12:15 13:45 Jim Ritman, Tobias Stockmanns Particle Detectors for Hadron Physics Experiments WS 2011/12 Fr. 12:15 13:45 Jim Ritman, Tobias Stockmanns James Ritman Raum NB 2-125 Tel. 23556 J.Ritman@ep1.rub.de Contacts Tobias Stockmanns Tel. 02461-61-2591

More information

A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.)

A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.) Physics 557 Lecture 7 A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.) First came the study of the debris from cosmic rays (the God-given particle

More information

Particle physics experiments

Particle physics experiments Particle physics experiments Particle physics experiments: collide particles to produce new particles reveal their internal structure and laws of their interactions by observing regularities, measuring

More information

Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications

Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications Particle Detectors A brief introduction with emphasis on high energy physics applications TRIUMF Summer Institute 2006 July 10-21 2006 Lecture I measurement of ionization and position Lecture II scintillation

More information

Particle Energy Loss in Matter

Particle Energy Loss in Matter Particle Energy Loss in Matter Charged particles loose energy when passing through material via atomic excitation and ionization These are protons, pions, muons, The energy loss can be described for moderately

More information

Particle Acceleration

Particle Acceleration Nuclear and Particle Physics Junior Honours: Particle Physics Lecture 4: Accelerators and Detectors February 19th 2007 Particle Beams and Accelerators Particle Physics Labs Accelerators Synchrotron Radiation

More information

Particle Detectors Tools of High Energy and Nuclear Physics Detection of Individual Elementary Particles

Particle Detectors Tools of High Energy and Nuclear Physics Detection of Individual Elementary Particles Particle Detectors Tools of High Energy and Nuclear Physics Detection of Individual Elementary Particles Howard Fenker Jefferson Lab May 31, 2006 Outline of Talk Interactions of Particles with Matter Atomic

More information

electrons out of, or ionize, material in their paths as they pass. Such radiation is known as

electrons out of, or ionize, material in their paths as they pass. Such radiation is known as Detecting radiation It is always possible to detect charged particles moving through matter because they rip electrons out of, or ionize, material in their paths as they pass. Such radiation is known as

More information

EP228 Particle Physics

EP228 Particle Physics EP8 Particle Physics Topic 3 Department of Engineering Physics University of Gaziantep Course web page www.gantep.edu.tr/~bingul/ep8 Dec 01 Page 1 Outline 1. Introduction. Electrostatic (DC) Accelerators

More information

Direct-Current Accelerator

Direct-Current Accelerator Nuclear Science A Teacher s Guide to the Nuclear Science Wall Chart 1998 Contemporary Physics Education Project (CPEP) Chapter 11 Accelerators One of the most important tools of nuclear science is the

More information

Experimental Methods. 4.1 Overview

Experimental Methods. 4.1 Overview 4 Experimental Methods In earlier chapters we have discussed the results of a number of experiments, but said almost nothing about how such experiments are done. In this chapter we will take a brief look

More information

Theory English (Official)

Theory English (Official) Q3-1 Large Hadron Collider (10 points) Please read the general instructions in the separate envelope before you start this problem. In this task, the physics of the particle accelerator LHC (Large Hadron

More information

17/01/17 F. Ould-Saada

17/01/17 F. Ould-Saada Chapter 3 3.1 Why Do We Need Accelerators? 3.1.1 The Center-of-Mass (c.m.) System 3.1.2 The Laboratory System 3.1.3 Fixed Target Accelerator and Collider 3.2 Linear and Circular Accelerators 3.2.1 Linear

More information

EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection

EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection EEE4106Z Radiation Interactions & Detection 2. Radiation Detection Dr. Steve Peterson 5.14 RW James Department of Physics University of Cape Town steve.peterson@uct.ac.za May 06, 2015 EEE4106Z :: Radiation

More information

PHYS 3446 Lecture #18

PHYS 3446 Lecture #18 PHYS 3446 Lecture #18 Monday, Nov. 7, 2016 Dr. Jae Yu Particle Accelerators Electro-static Accelerators Cyclotron Accelerators Synchrotron Accelerators Elementary Particle Properties Forces and their relative

More information

1.5. The Tools of the Trade!

1.5. The Tools of the Trade! 1.5. The Tools of the Trade! Two things are required for material analysis: excitation mechanism for originating characteristic signature (radiation) radiation detection and identification system (spectroscopy)

More information

Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics

Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics PHY-30 Dr. E. Rizvi Lecture 4 - Detectors Binding Energy Nuclear mass MN less than sum of nucleon masses Shows nucleus is a bound (lower energy) state for this configuration

More information

Interaction of particles in matter

Interaction of particles in matter Interaction of particles in matter Particle lifetime : N(t) = e -t/ Particles we detect ( > 10-10 s, c > 0.03m) Charged particles e ± (stable m=0.511 MeV) μ ± (c = 659m m=0.102 GeV) ± (c = 7.8m m=0.139

More information

1.4 The Tools of the Trade!

1.4 The Tools of the Trade! 1.4 The Tools of the Trade! Two things are required for material analysis: excitation mechanism for originating characteristic signature (radiation) radiation detection and identification system (spectroscopy)

More information

Particles and Universe: Particle accelerators

Particles and Universe: Particle accelerators Particles and Universe: Particle accelerators Maria Krawczyk, Aleksander Filip Żarnecki March 24, 2015 M.Krawczyk, A.F.Żarnecki Particles and Universe 4 March 24, 2015 1 / 37 Lecture 4 1 Introduction 2

More information

MEASURING THE LIFETIME OF THE MUON

MEASURING THE LIFETIME OF THE MUON B6-1 MEASURING THE LIFETIME OF THE MUON Last Revised September 19, 2006 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED What is the lifetime τ of a muon? INTRODUCTION AND THEORY Muons are a member of a group of particles

More information

EP228 Particle Physics

EP228 Particle Physics EP8 Particle Physics Topic 4 Particle Detectors Department of Engineering Physics University of Gaziantep Course web page www.gantep.edu.tr/~bingul/ep8 Oct 01 Page 1 Outline 1. Introduction. Bubble Chambers

More information

Particle Energy Loss in Matter

Particle Energy Loss in Matter Particle Energy Loss in Matter Charged particles, except electrons, loose energy when passing through material via atomic excitation and ionization These are protons, pions, muons, The energy loss can

More information

Exam Results. Force between charges. Electric field lines. Other particles and fields

Exam Results. Force between charges. Electric field lines. Other particles and fields Exam: Exam scores posted on Learn@UW No homework due next week Exam Results F D C BC B AB A Phy107 Fall 2006 1 Particles and fields We have talked about several particles Electron,, proton, neutron, quark

More information

The achievements of the CERN proton antiproton collider

The achievements of the CERN proton antiproton collider The achievements of the CERN proton antiproton collider Luigi DiLella Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy Motivation of the project The proton antiproton collider UA1 and UA2 detectors Discovery of the

More information

PHYS 3446 Lecture #18

PHYS 3446 Lecture #18 PHYS 3446 Lecture #18 Tuesday April 21, 2015 Dr. Brandt Cherenkov Silicon Calorimeter Dzero Upgrade Accelerator Tuesday April 21, 2015 PHYS 3446 Andrew Brandt 1 Projects 1 UA1 Higgs (non) discovery/carlo

More information

Concepts of Event Reconstruction

Concepts of Event Reconstruction August 3, 2007 Directly Detectable Particles electrons, positrons: e ±, lightest charged lepton photons: γ, gauge boson for electromagnetic force pions: π ±, lightest mesons kaons: K ±, K L, lightest strange

More information

Chapter 4. Accelerators and collider experiments. 4.1 Particle accelerators: motivations

Chapter 4. Accelerators and collider experiments. 4.1 Particle accelerators: motivations Chapter 4 Accelerators and collider experiments This chapter gives an introduction to particle accelerators and detectors as well as to data analysis tools relevant in this context. This involves the definition

More information

What detectors measure

What detectors measure What detectors measure As a particle goes through matter, it releases energy Detectors collect the released energy and convert it to electric signals recorded by DAQ Raw event record is a collection of

More information

John Ellison University of California, Riverside. Quarknet 2008 at UCR

John Ellison University of California, Riverside. Quarknet 2008 at UCR Cosmic Rays John Ellison University of California, Riverside Quarknet 2008 at UCR 1 What are Cosmic Rays? Particles accelerated in astrophysical sources incident on Earth s atmosphere Possible sources

More information

The interaction of radiation with matter

The interaction of radiation with matter Basic Detection Techniques 2009-2010 http://www.astro.rug.nl/~peletier/detectiontechniques.html Detection of energetic particles and gamma rays The interaction of radiation with matter Peter Dendooven

More information

Ionization Energy Loss of Charged Projectiles in Matter. Steve Ahlen Boston University

Ionization Energy Loss of Charged Projectiles in Matter. Steve Ahlen Boston University Ionization Energy Loss of Charged Projectiles in Matter Steve Ahlen Boston University Almost all particle detection and measurement techniques in high energy physics are based on the energy deposited by

More information

Particles and Waves Final Revision Exam Questions Part 1

Particles and Waves Final Revision Exam Questions Part 1 Particles and Waves Final Revision Exam Questions Part 1 Cover image: cutaway diagram of CERN, CERN Version 2013 P&W: Exam Questions Part 1 Version 2013 Contents Section 1: The Standard Model 1 Section

More information

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 25. Particle Detectors

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 25. Particle Detectors PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics Lecture 25 Particle Detectors http://pdg.lbl.gov/2006/reviews/contents_sports.html S(T ) = dt dx nz = ρa 0 Units for energy loss Minimum ionization in thin solids Z/A

More information

The T2K Neutrino Experiment

The T2K Neutrino Experiment The T2K Neutrino Experiment Tokai to Kamioka TPC-Group, Institute 3b Achim Stahl, Stefan Roth, Karim Laihem, Dennis Terhorst, Jochen Steinmann 03.09.2009, Bad Honnef 2009-09-03 1 Overview 1. Neutrinos

More information

7 Particle Identification. Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria

7 Particle Identification. Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria 7 Particle Identification Detectors for Particle Physics Manfred Krammer Institute of High Energy Physics, Vienna, Austria 7.0 Content 7.1 Methods for Particle Identification 7.2 Mass of Charged Particles

More information

Magnetic force and magnetic fields

Magnetic force and magnetic fields magnetar Magnetic force and magnetic fields Feb 28, 2012 Magnetic field Iron filings may be used to show the pattern of the magnetic field lines. A compass can be used to trace the field lines. The lines

More information

CfE Higher Physics. Particles and Waves

CfE Higher Physics. Particles and Waves Wallace Hall Academy CfE Higher Physics Particles and Waves Exam Questions Part 1 Cover image: cutaway diagram of CERN, CERN P&W: Exam Questions Part 1 Version 2013 Contents Section 1: The Standard Model

More information

Experimental Particle Physics

Experimental Particle Physics Experimental Particle Physics Particle Interactions and Detectors 20th February 2007 Fergus Wilson, RAL 1 How do we detect Particles? Particle Types Charged (e - /K - /π - ) Photons (γ) Electromagnetic

More information

pp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker

pp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker 3. PP TH 03/04 Accelerators and Detectors 1 pp physics, RWTH, WS 2003/04, T.Hebbeker 2003-12-16 1.2.4. (Inner) tracking and vertexing As we will see, mainly three types of tracking detectors are used:

More information

Guest Lecture PHY 7361: Harnessing Cherenkov Radiation SteveSekula, 13 April 2010 (created 9 April 2010)

Guest Lecture PHY 7361: Harnessing Cherenkov Radiation SteveSekula, 13 April 2010 (created 9 April 2010) Physics Notebook - 2010 Steve Sekula's Analysis Notebook Physics Notebook - 2010 Steve Sekula's Analysis Notebook Guest Lecture PHY 7361: Harnessing Cherenkov Radiation SteveSekula, 13 April 2010 (created

More information

Information about the T9 beam line and experimental facilities

Information about the T9 beam line and experimental facilities Information about the T9 beam line and experimental facilities The incoming proton beam from the PS accelerator impinges on the North target and thus produces the particles for the T9 beam line. The collisions

More information

9/27 JUNE 2003 SUMMER STAGE PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH CERENKOV AND SCINTILLATION COUNTER AND THE CEBAF EXPERIMENT

9/27 JUNE 2003 SUMMER STAGE PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH CERENKOV AND SCINTILLATION COUNTER AND THE CEBAF EXPERIMENT 9/27 JUNE 2003 SUMMER STAGE PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH CERENKOV AND SCINTILLATION COUNTER AND THE CEBAF EXPERIMENT Students: Riccardo Falcione, Elisa Paris Liceo Scientifico Statale Farnesina Tutor:

More information

Beam diagnostics: Alignment of the beam to prevent for activation. Accelerator physics: using these sensitive particle detectors.

Beam diagnostics: Alignment of the beam to prevent for activation. Accelerator physics: using these sensitive particle detectors. Beam Loss Monitors When energetic beam particles penetrates matter, secondary particles are emitted: this can be e, γ, protons, neutrons, excited nuclei, fragmented nuclei... Spontaneous radiation and

More information

Modern Accelerators for High Energy Physics

Modern Accelerators for High Energy Physics Modern Accelerators for High Energy Physics 1. Types of collider beams 2. The Tevatron 3. HERA electron proton collider 4. The physics from colliders 5. Large Hadron Collider 6. Electron Colliders A.V.

More information

GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY

GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY GLOSSARY OF BASIC RADIATION PROTECTION TERMINOLOGY ABSORBED DOSE: The amount of energy absorbed, as a result of radiation passing through a material, per unit mass of material. Measured in rads (1 rad

More information

Tools of Particle Physics I Accelerators

Tools of Particle Physics I Accelerators Tools of Particle Physics I Accelerators W.S. Graves July, 2011 MIT W.S. Graves July, 2011 1.Introduction to Accelerator Physics 2.Three Big Machines Large Hadron Collider (LHC) International Linear Collider

More information

Homework 2: Forces on Charged Particles

Homework 2: Forces on Charged Particles Homework 2: Forces on Charged Particles 1. In the arrangement shown below, 2 C of positive charge is moved from plate S, which is at a potential of 250 V, to plate T, which is at a potential of 750 V.

More information

Particle accelerators

Particle accelerators Particle accelerators Charged particles can be accelerated by an electric field. Colliders produce head-on collisions which are much more energetic than hitting a fixed target. The center of mass energy

More information

Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta

Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta Last Lecture 1) Silicon tracking detectors 2) Reconstructing track momenta Today s Lecture: 1) Electromagnetic and hadronic showers 2) Calorimeter design Absorber Incident particle Detector Reconstructing

More information

Cherenkov Detector. Cosmic Rays Cherenkov Detector. Lodovico Lappetito. CherenkovDetector_ENG - 28/04/2016 Pag. 1

Cherenkov Detector. Cosmic Rays Cherenkov Detector. Lodovico Lappetito. CherenkovDetector_ENG - 28/04/2016 Pag. 1 Cherenkov Detector Cosmic Rays Cherenkov Detector Lodovico Lappetito CherenkovDetector_ENG - 28/04/2016 Pag. 1 Table of Contents Introduction on Cherenkov Effect... 4 Super - Kamiokande... 6 Construction

More information

The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider HEP101-4 February 20, 2012 Al Goshaw 1 HEP 101 Today Introduction to HEP units Particles created in high energy collisions What can be measured in

More information

Elementary Particle Physics Glossary. Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016

Elementary Particle Physics Glossary. Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016 Elementary Particle Physics Glossary Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016 1 Contents 1 Terms A-C 5 1.1 Accelerator.............................. 5 1.2 Annihilation..............................

More information

Introduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012

Introduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012 Introduction to accelerators for teachers (Korean program) Mariusz Sapiński (mariusz.sapinski@cern.ch) CERN, Beams Department August 9 th, 2012 Definition (Britannica) Particle accelerator: A device producing

More information

Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics I

Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics I Physics 56400 Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics I Lecture 9 Fall 2018 Semester Prof. Matthew Jones Particle Accelerators In general, we only need classical electrodynamics to discuss particle

More information

The HERMES Dual-Radiator Ring Imaging Cerenkov Detector N.Akopov et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A479 (2002) 511

The HERMES Dual-Radiator Ring Imaging Cerenkov Detector N.Akopov et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A479 (2002) 511 The HERMES Dual-Radiator Ring Imaging Cerenkov Detector N.Akopov et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A479 (2002) 511 Shibata Lab 11R50047 Jennifer Newsham YSEP student from Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

More information

Neutron Transport Calculations Using Monte-Carlo Methods. Sean Lourette Fairport High School Advisor: Christian Stoeckl

Neutron Transport Calculations Using Monte-Carlo Methods. Sean Lourette Fairport High School Advisor: Christian Stoeckl Neutron Transport Calculations Using Monte-Carlo Methods Sean Lourette Fairport High School Advisor: Christian Stoeckl Laboratory for Laser Energetics University of Rochester Summer High School Research

More information

Experimental Particle Physics

Experimental Particle Physics Experimental Particle Physics Particle Interactions and Detectors Lecture 2 2nd May 2014 Fergus Wilson, RAL 1/31 How do we detect particles? Particle Types Charged (e - /K - /π - ) Photons (γ) Electromagnetic

More information

Saptaparnee Chaudhuri. University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy

Saptaparnee Chaudhuri. University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy Saptaparnee Chaudhuri University of South Carolina Dept. of Physics and Astronomy 1 WORKING OF LAWRENCE S CYCLOTRON APPLICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS OF CYCLOTRON THE SYNCHROCYCLOTRON THE SYNCHROTRON 2 LAWRENCE

More information

The Development of Particle Physics. Dr. Vitaly Kudryavtsev E45, Tel.:

The Development of Particle Physics. Dr. Vitaly Kudryavtsev E45, Tel.: The Development of Particle Physics Dr. Vitaly Kudryavtsev E45, Tel.: 0114 2224531 v.kudryavtsev@sheffield.ac.uk Discovery of the muon and the pion Energy losses of charged particles. This is an important

More information

Particles and Universe: Particle detectors

Particles and Universe: Particle detectors Particles and Universe: Particle detectors Maria Krawczyk, Aleksander Filip Żarnecki March 31, 2015 M.Krawczyk, A.F.Żarnecki Particles and Universe 5 March 31, 2015 1 / 46 Lecture 5 1 Introduction 2 Ionization

More information

Examples for experiments that can be done at the T9 beam line

Examples for experiments that can be done at the T9 beam line Examples for experiments that can be done at the T9 beam line Example 1: Use muon tomography to look for hidden chambers in pyramids (2016 winning proposal, Pyramid hunters) You may know computer tomography

More information

Selected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007

Selected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007 Selected Topics in Physics a lecture course for 1st year students by W.B. von Schlippe Spring Semester 2007 Lecture 7 1. Relativistic Mechanics Charged particle in magnetic field 2. Relativistic Kinematics

More information

Physics 663. Particle Physics Phenomenology. April 23, Physics 663, lecture 4 1

Physics 663. Particle Physics Phenomenology. April 23, Physics 663, lecture 4 1 Physics 663 Particle Physics Phenomenology April 23, 2002 Physics 663, lecture 4 1 Detectors Interaction of Charged Particles and Radiation with Matter Ionization loss of charged particles Coulomb scattering

More information

Accelerator Physics, BAU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh).

Accelerator Physics, BAU, First Semester, (Saed Dababneh). Accelerator Physics 501503746 Course web http://nuclear.bau.edu.jo/accelerators/ edu or http://nuclear.dababneh.com/accelerators/ com/accelerators/ 1 Grading Mid-term Exam 25% Projects 25% Final Exam 50%

More information

Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation

Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation Radioactivity and Ionizing Radiation QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013 1 Recent History Most natural phenomena can be explained by a small number of simple rules. You can determine what these rules

More information

Physics 736. Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics. - Accelerator Techniques: Introduction and History -

Physics 736. Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics. - Accelerator Techniques: Introduction and History - Physics 736 Experimental Methods in Nuclear-, Particle-, and Astrophysics - Accelerator Techniques: Introduction and History - Karsten Heeger heeger@wisc.edu Homework #8 Karsten Heeger, Univ. of Wisconsin

More information

Detection methods in particle physics

Detection methods in particle physics Detection methods in particle physics in most modern experiments look for evidence of quite rare events - creation of new particles - decays particles have short life times and move rapidly need detectors

More information

PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH SCINTILLATION COUNTER

PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH SCINTILLATION COUNTER 14-25 JUNE 2004 SUMMER STAGE PARTICLES REVELATION THROUGH SCINTILLATION COUNTER by Flavio Cavalli and Marcello De Vitis Liceo Scientifico Statale Farnesina Tutor: Marco Mirazita 1) COSMIC RAYS - The Muons

More information

Accelerators Ideal Case

Accelerators Ideal Case Accelerators Ideal Case Goal of an accelerator: increase energy of CHARGED par:cles Increase energy ΔE = r 2 F dr = q ( E + v B)d r The par:cle trajectory direc:on dr parallel to v ΔE = increase of energy

More information

Experimental Particle Physics

Experimental Particle Physics Experimental Particle Physics Particle Interactions and Detectors Lecture 2 17th February 2010 Fergus Wilson, RAL 1/31 How do we detect particles? Particle Types Charged (e - /K - /π - ) Photons (γ) Electromagnetic

More information

Summer Student Lectures. Oliver Brüning SL/AP. ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1

Summer Student Lectures. Oliver Brüning SL/AP. ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1 Accelerators Summer Student Lectures 2002 Oliver Brüning SL/AP ttp://bruening.home.cern.ch/bruening/summer school/lecture1 Particle Accelerators Physics of Accelerators: High power RF waves Cryogenics

More information

Y2 Neutrino Physics (spring term 2017)

Y2 Neutrino Physics (spring term 2017) Y2 Neutrino Physics (spring term 2017) Lecture 5 Discoveries of the leptons Dr E Goudzovski eg@hep.ph.bham.ac.uk http://epweb2.ph.bham.ac.uk/user/goudzovski/y2neutrino Previous lecture In 1940s, nuclear

More information

LHC Detectors and their Physics Potential. Nick Ellis PH Department, CERN, Geneva

LHC Detectors and their Physics Potential. Nick Ellis PH Department, CERN, Geneva LHC Detectors and their Physics Potential Nick Ellis PH Department, CERN, Geneva 1 Part 1 Introduction to the LHC Detector Requirements & Design Concepts 2 What is the Large Hadron Collider? Circular proton-proton

More information

Summary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success

Summary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success Summary of lecture 1 and 2: Main ingredients in LHC success LHC LHC Tevatron Tevatron s=1.8tev Energy 10 times higher cross section than Tevatron and integrated luminosity already ½ at end of 2011! 1 Lectures

More information

PMT Signal Attenuation and Baryon Number Violation Background Studies. By: Nadine Ayoub Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University August 5, 2011

PMT Signal Attenuation and Baryon Number Violation Background Studies. By: Nadine Ayoub Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University August 5, 2011 PMT Signal Attenuation and Baryon Number Violation Background Studies By: Nadine Ayoub Nevis Laboratories, Columbia University August 5, 2011 1 The Standard Model The Standard Model is comprised of Fermions

More information

Introduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics

Introduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics Introduction to Longitudinal Beam Dynamics B.J. Holzer CERN, Geneva, Switzerland Abstract This chapter gives an overview of the longitudinal dynamics of the particles in an accelerator and, closely related

More information

Lectures on accelerator physics

Lectures on accelerator physics Lectures on accelerator physics Lecture 3 and 4: Examples Examples of accelerators 1 Rutherford s Scattering (1909) Particle Beam Target Detector 2 Results 3 Did Rutherford get the Nobel Prize for this?

More information

The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider

The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider The ATLAS Experiment and the CERN Large Hadron Collider HEP101-2 April 5, 2010 A. T. Goshaw Duke University 1 HEP 101 Plan March 29: Introduction and basic HEP terminology March 30: Special LHC event:

More information

Particles and Universe: Particle detectors

Particles and Universe: Particle detectors Particles and Universe: Particle detectors Maria Krawczyk, Aleksander Filip Żarnecki April 12, 2016 M.Krawczyk, A.F.Żarnecki Particles and Universe 5 April 12, 2016 1 / 49 Lecture 5 1 Introduction 2 Ionization

More information

Particle Detectors. Summer Student Lectures 2010 Werner Riegler, CERN, History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics

Particle Detectors. Summer Student Lectures 2010 Werner Riegler, CERN, History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics Particle Detectors Summer Student Lectures 2010 Werner Riegler, CERN, werner.riegler@cern.ch History of Instrumentation History of Particle Physics The Real World of Particles Interaction of Particles

More information

Experimental Methods of Particle Physics

Experimental Methods of Particle Physics Experimental Methods of Particle Physics (PHY461) Fall 015 Olaf Steinkamp 36-J- olafs@physik.uzh.ch 044 63 55763 Overview 1) Introduction / motivation measurement of particle momenta: magnetic field early

More information

PHYS 5326 Lecture #6. 1. Neutrino Oscillation Formalism 2. Neutrino Oscillation Measurements

PHYS 5326 Lecture #6. 1. Neutrino Oscillation Formalism 2. Neutrino Oscillation Measurements PHYS 5326 Lecture #6 Wednesday, Feb. 14, 2007 Dr. 1. Neutrino Oscillation Formalism 2. Neutrino Oscillation Measurements 1. Solar Neutrinos 2. Atmospheric neutrinos 3. Accelerator Based Oscillation Experiments

More information

Physics 610. Adv Particle Physics. April 7, 2014

Physics 610. Adv Particle Physics. April 7, 2014 Physics 610 Adv Particle Physics April 7, 2014 Accelerators History Two Principles Electrostatic Cockcroft-Walton Van de Graaff and tandem Van de Graaff Transformers Cyclotron Betatron Linear Induction

More information

Figure 1 Overview of the T2K experiment

Figure 1 Overview of the T2K experiment Figure 1 Overview of the T2K experiment The proton beams extracted from the main ring synchrotron at J-PARC are directed in a westward direction through the T2K primary beam line. The beams strike a target

More information

Unit 2 - Particles and Waves Part 1

Unit 2 - Particles and Waves Part 1 THE STANDARD MODEL Unit - Particles and Waves Part. Orders of Magnitude The range of orders of magnitude of length from the very small (subnuclear) to the very large (distance to furthest known celestial

More information

Physics for Scientists & Engineers 2

Physics for Scientists & Engineers 2 Review Physics for Scientists & Engineers 2 Spring Semester 2005 Lecture 21 The force that a magnetic field exerts on a charge moving with velocity v is given by! F B = q v!! B! The magnitude of the force

More information

(Total for Question = 5 marks) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(Total for Question = 5 marks) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Rutherford designed an experiment to see what happened when alpha particles were directed at a piece of gold foil. Summarise the observations and state the conclusions Rutherford reached about the structure

More information

Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1

Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Introduction to Accelerator Physics Part 1 Pedro Castro / Accelerator Physics Group (MPY) Introduction to Accelerator Physics DESY, 28th July 2014 Pedro Castro / MPY Accelerator Physics 28 th July 2014

More information

Introduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C

Introduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C Introduction to Particle Accelerators & CESR-C Michael Billing June 7, 2006 What Are the Uses for Particle Accelerators? Medical Accelerators Create isotopes tracers for Medical Diagnostics & Biological

More information

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 24. Exam 2 Particle Detectors

PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics. Lecture 24. Exam 2 Particle Detectors PHY492: Nuclear & Particle Physics Lecture 24 Exam 2 Particle Detectors Exam 2 April 16, 2007 Carl Bromberg - Prof. of Physics 2 Exam 2 2. Short Answer [4 pts each] a) To describe the QCD color quantum

More information

3. Particle accelerators

3. Particle accelerators 3. Particle accelerators 3.1 Relativistic particles 3.2 Electrostatic accelerators 3.3 Ring accelerators Betatron // Cyclotron // Synchrotron 3.4 Linear accelerators 3.5 Collider Van-de-Graaf accelerator

More information

Chapter test: Probing the Heart of Matter

Chapter test: Probing the Heart of Matter PRO dditional sheet 5 Chapter test: Probing the Heart of Matter 40 marks total nswer LL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. The marks for individual questions

More information

An electron follows a circular path when it is moving at right angles to. uniform electric and magnetic fields which are perpendicular.

An electron follows a circular path when it is moving at right angles to. uniform electric and magnetic fields which are perpendicular. Q1.Which one of the following statements is correct? n electron follows a circular path when it is moving at right angles to D a uniform magnetic field. a uniform electric field. uniform electric and magnetic

More information