Physics at Accelerators
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1 Physics at Accelerators Course outline: The first 4 lectures covers the physics principles of accelerators. Preliminary plan: Lecture 1: Accelerators, an introduction. Acceleration principles. Lecture 2: Transverse beam dynamics. Lecture 3: Acceleration, longitudinal beam dynamics. Lecture 4: Beam instrumentation. Accelerators and beam lines. Case studies. Lecture 5: Electron cooling. Cryring. Lecture 6: Particle physics. Lecture 7: Nuclear physics. Lecture 8: Synchrotron radiation, Maxlab and X-fel. Material physics. Lecture 9: Atomic physics Lecture 10: ESS. Lecture 11: Antiprotons. Lecture 12: Transmutation. Lecture 13: Medical applications with accelerators. Lecture 14: Course summary. Two studies visits and a laboratory session is foreseen.
2 Introduction to Accelerators Some fields of physics experiments and qapplications need beams of particles Concerns: Particle type (e.g. e -, p, heavy ions, photons) Energy (energy and energy spread) intensity (flux, duty cycle, time structure, beam size) Basic principle the Lorentz force r r r r F = e( E + v B ) For v = c, B = 1 T, corresponds to E ~ V/m Magnets used for bending beams at high energies Bending in magnetic field momentum charge radius of curvature magnetic field p q ρ B p = q B ρ with unit charge and momentum in GeV p = 0.3 B ρ Example: Large Hadron Collider (LHC) p = GeV/c, ρ = m (27 km circumference) B 5.4 T Not all the tunnel is filled with bending magnets, so need a bit higher field: B 8.3 T
3 (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni)
4 (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni) (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni)
5 (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni) Cockroft & Walton 1932
6 Ernest Lawrence 1929 An early cyclotron
7 The GW-cyclotron at TSL Van de Graaffs
8 Linear Accelerators Wideroe linac. (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni)
9 (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni) (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni)
10 (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni) (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni)
11 (CERN Physics summer at Accelerators, student SH2307, lecture vt Bengt by Lund-Jensen S Gilardoni) Acceleration Use electric field. Constant potential not possible for very high energies Radiofrequency wave
12 Focusing using quadrupoles Quarupoles focus in one direction and defocus in the other Electrostatic By combining two quadrupoles with perpenducular focusing directions a net focusing is obtained Magnetic
13 even dipole magnets can be designed to help focusing
14 The CERN Large Hadron Collider, a new accelerator in the old LEP tunnel The LHC programme The LEP (Large Electron Positron) collider gave precision physics studies for more than a decade: There are 3 neutrino families Predicting the top quark mass The energy dependence of the coupling constants Grand Unification requires new physics Lower limits on Higgs boson mass and Supersymmetric particles A prediction of the Higgs boson mass. The Higgs boson still has to be found! (the last LEP data did not include real signs of the higgs) LEP was stopped in November 2000 to build LHC The King is dead, long live the King
15 The CERN Large Hadron Collider A top quark factory Required for the discovery of the Higgs boson. NEW PHYSICS!! Excellent for CP violation studies with B-hadrons! Parameters Circumference Dipole Field Collision energy Injection energy Stored beam energy Bunch spacing Number of bunches Particle per bunch Circulating current per beam Bunch radius Bunch length Beam lifetime Luminosity Luminosity lifetime Value 26.7 km 8.4T 7.0 TeV 450 GeV 332 MJ 25 ns ma 16 μm 75 μm 22 h cm -2 s h
16 Synchrotron radiation Particles in circular orbit emit synchrotron radiation Radiated energy per turn: 4π q E = 3ε β γ ρ For relativistic particle with energy E (= mγ) E ~ m -4 4 Electron with β 1 E = 88.5 E 4 /ρ ( kev, E in GeV) E.g. E = 1000 GeV, ρ = 1000 m E = 8.9 GeV/turn (not feasible to build e- accelerator for 100 GeV with such small radius)
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