A New Approach for Einstein s Theory of Relativity in the View of Absolute Theory

Transcription

1 A New Apprach fr Einsein s Thery f Relaiiy in he View f Abslue Thery E i z N A K A Z A * Absrac This paper inrduces a new dimensin in discussing Einsein s hery f relaiiy frm he iewpin f abslue hery. The physical cnceps f abslue hery are diamerically ppsie hse f Einsein s hery f relaiiy. Einsein s hery inrduces he principles f relaiiy and he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. Hweer, hese w principles appear be muually cnradicry. In cnras, abslue hery is cnsisen wih he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. In abslue hery, he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh is inrduced cnsruc hree-dimensinal crdinaes in a ming inerial reference frame ha beys he relain L = (L: lengh, : ime, : speed f ligh). The experimenal resul f Michelsn and Mrley are explained in erms f his mdified cncep and an abslue hery is cnsruced. In he discussin, he abslue res frame is emplyed as he basic reference frame fr inerial frames. Key Wrds:Special relaiiy, General relaiiy, Einsein, relaie elciy, abslue hery, abslue elciy, abslue ime, abslue sainary field. Inrducin Einsein s hery f relaiiy, which riginaed wih he special hery f relaiiy in 905, is currenly (er a cenury since is cncepin) uniersally acceped. Is cnceps culd nw be cnsidered be general knwledge. When we reflec n he pas and cnsider hw hse wih dubs abu he hery hae all bu disappeared, here seem be seeral pins ha we shuld learn frm his. Einsein s general hery f relaiiy indicaes ha all energy and mmenum (such as inerial frce and graiy) manifess iself as a curaure (r warping) f space; his is expressed by Riemannian gemery. T he auhr, his seems indicae ha mmenums, graiies, and elecrmagneic frces are prjeced n a single space, and ha here, all he frces are discussed in a unified manner. Thus, i seems imply he exisence f an abslue space ha funcins as a unified field. nsequenly, fr he auhr prpse a hery ha is he diamerically ppsie Einsein s hery surely raises a cerain leel f alarm. Hweer, he mre he auhr sudied Einsein s hery, he mre he fund ha geher wih a deep respec fr Einsein s ideas he began hae dubs abu wheher i was ruly apprpriae. This is he reasn fr him daring sae an argumen here. In he special hery f relaiiy, Einsein inrduced w principles: he principle f relaiiy and he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. These w principles are muually cnradicry: ne is based n relaiiy, whereas he her ne cnradics i by inrducing an abslue cnsan. Einsein himself ned his cnradicin. Acceped: Sepember 5, 00 *Deparmen f iil Engineering & Archiecure, Faculy f Engineering, Uniersiy f he Ryukyus This paper cnsiders he hery f relaiiy frm he perspecie f an abslue hery. In her wrds, i cnsiders a cncep ha Einsein clearly regarded as being superfluus physics, namely an abslue res frame as a unified field fr frce and min. We demnsrae ha all frces and min can be discussed in a unified manner n he abslue res frame. An aricle was recenly psed n he Inerne wih he ile Physiciss Finding Raises Relaiely Huge Quesin: Was Einsein Wrng? (Sepember 7, 00). This shcking aricle repred ha an Ausralian eam (Uniersiy f New Suh Wales) had discered ha he fine-srucure cnsan, which had hiher been cnsidered be a uniersal quaniy, aried wih spaial lcain and ime. I quesins wheher Einsein s general hery f relaiiy is wrng. Meanwhile, afer many years f debae regarding Einsein s special hery f relaiiy, Kshun Su saes ha here are

2 cases ha disagree wih he predicins f special relaiiy in Vilain f he Special Thery f Relaiiy as Pren by Synchrnizain f lcks (Physics Essays 3, 3, 00). In ha paper, Su saed ha fr w crdinae sysems ha are ming relaie each her, he relaie elciy is n he nly elciy ha is impran, bu ha i is als necessary accun fr he inlemen f an unknwn elciy ecr, which Einsein denied exised. He insiss ha presere he principle f relaiiy i is necessary cnsider an unknwn elciy ecr and simulaneusly inrduce he cncep f a deep sainary sysem (which Su refers as an unknwn sainary sysem). The abslue hery cnsidered in his paper inrduces he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. Einsein s special hery f relaiiy als inrduces his principle, bu i seems cnradic he principle f relaiiy. In cnras, he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh and he abslue hery appear be cnsisen wih each her. In his paper, we firs simply sae he differences beween he cneninal hery f relaiiy and he abslue hery prpsed here. We hen recnsider he MichelsnMrley experimen. Nex, we define an abslue res frame and he mehd f seing he space and ime in an inerial reference frame based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. We hen cnsider he resuls f he MichelsnMrley experimen. Fllwing ha, we discuss he rules fr cnering frm an inerial reference frame an abslue res frame. We incrprae accelerain and graiy and cnsider prper ime. Finally, we summarize he cnclusins f he discussin.. Einsein s hery f relaiiy and he flw f ime Einsein s special hery f relaiiy sipulaes he principle f relaiiy in he fllwing manner: if w bserers n w inerial reference frames ming relaie each her inerchange places wih ne anher, hen bh f hem will bsere exacly he same phenmena as preiusly. Newnian mechanics is based n he fac ha een if bserers inerchange he reference frames in which hey sand, he dynamics will remain cmpleely he same as befre. In he abslue hery presened in his paper, i is n permied inerchange bserers. Tha is, he direcin f bserain is fixed. We discuss his pin belw using a simple example. We cnsider w ming inerial reference frames (frames A and B) ha hae a relaie elciy f. Accrding Einsein s hery f relaiiy, when we bsere ne frame f reference (B) frm he her (A), he ime in frame B will be bsered as laer han he ime in frame A. We ake his be cnsiderain. nersely, when we bsere he ime in frame A frm frame B, frame A s clck will appear laer han frame B s clck. This is cnsiderain. This inerpreain can be cnsidered express he meaning f Einsein s principle f relaiiy. nsiderains and iniially appear be crrec. Hweer, by inerchanging he frames f reference f he bserers, hese cnsiderains permi ime run backwards. In Newnian mechanics, ime is defined as flwing uniersally s ha i is he same in any frame f reference. nsequenly, een if he bserers are exchanged beween he w frames f reference, hey shuld bsere exacly he same phenmena. Hweer, Einsein s special hery f relaiiy ensures ha he ime in he frame wih relaie elciy is bsered as being lae by he bserers. Therefre, when bserers are exchanged beween frames A and B, ime will appear g backwards he bserer wh was in frame A prir ming B. While i is pssible assume ha w elciies g in he ppsie direcins, we cann allw ime g backwards since he flw f ime is unidirecinal. Thus, he cnsiderains presened here lead he inference ha he principle f relaiiy des n hld rue in Einsein s special hery f relaiiy. 3. Differences beween he hery f relaiiy and abslue hery Einsein s special hery f relaiiy cmpleely discards he cncep f an abslue res frame and i emphasizes ha all memen beween inerial reference frames shuld be discussed nly in erms f he relaie elciy beween hem. In cnras, he abslue hery prpsed in his paper akes he exisence f an abslue res frame as fundainal fr discussing physical phenmena in a uniersal manner. I emphasizes he fac ha all memen mus be discussed in erms f is relainship abslue elciy and abslue ime. Fr example, when accelerain and graiy are n cnsidered, and here are w inerial reference frames wih a relaie elciy f, he memen beween hem is hugh be deermined by alne. This may be cnsidered be he physical wrld iew f Einsein s special hery f relaiiy. In cnras, he abslue hery prpsed in his paper emphasizes ha all inerial reference frames hae prper ime and space deermined by heir respecie abslue elciies and ha all physical phenmena relaed min and frce (such

3 as he mass f an bjec) is deermined by he prper ime and space wihin ha frame. Accrding he abslue hery, all bjecs in he inerial reference frame hae mechanical prperies wih a unique ideniy ha depends n he abslue elciies hey pssess. This implies ha here is n such hing as a uniersal physical cnsan ha is cmmn min and mechanics in all inerial reference frames. Viewed anher way, his means ha i is nly pssible accuraely cmpare physical phenmena in an abslue res frame; i is n pssible d s frm an inerial reference frame. Fr example, accrding he abslue hery, he relainship beween he ime n a rcke launched frm Earh and he ime n he surface f he plane is n deermined by heir relaie elciies. Raher, i insiss ha his relainship depends n he abslue elciies hey bh pssess. This eliminaes he facrs ha gie rise he win paradx. The abslue hery prpsed in his paper and he hery f relaiiy hae cmpleely differen physical wrld iews, een if we apply he same relainal expressins deried by Einsein. 4. Recnsidering he MichelsnMrley experimen The MichelsnMrley experimen fund ha here are n significan parameers ha aler he speed f ligh n Earh. T explain his, he experimenal equipmen used was iniially cnsidered be deficien, bu hese cncerns hae been excluded. Of he many heries prpsed, cnracin f ime and space by Lrenz is he ms ppular ne. Einsein esablished he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh based n experimenal resuls and predicins based n a hugh experimen abu Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism. He used i frmulae his special hery f relaiiy. Einsein s special hery f relaiiy explains Lrenz cnracin, which assers cnracin f ime and space. nsequenly, i can explain he resuls f he MichelsnMrley experimen. Einsein cncluded ha cnceps such as abslue res frame and abslue elciy, which peple had preiusly been seeking, were physically unnecessary and ha all he mechanics in an inerial reference frame ha des n cnsider accelerain culd be explained by he principle f relaiiy. The Lrenz s explanain f he MichelsnMrley experimen saed if i is like his, i can be explained, bu i did n explain why i is like his. Einsein s explanain was said ha if we inrduce he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh, hen we can explain why i is like ha. Hweer, ne prblem wih his apprach is ha he bjecie becmes he mehd. Hence, he explanains used explain he MichelsnMrley experimen d n appear describe why is i like his? Therefre, we are frced infer ha he MichelsnMrley experimen has n ye been adequaely explained. 5. Frmulain f he abslue hery A frmulain f he abslue hery is gien belw. Hweer, simplify he explanain, we iniially assume a special case in which accelerain and graiy d n perae. Hweer, his resricin is laer lifed and he explanain is generalized. 5. Definiin f abslue res frame We firs define an abslue res frame. Elecrmagneic waes such as ligh prpagae hrugh space. A his pin, i is n clear wheher space is filled wih a subsance like he eher ha permis elecrmagneic waes prpagae. Hweer, he fac is ha ligh is able prpagae hrugh space. In he fllwing argumen, space is assumed perfrm n her acin besides allwing elecrmagneic waes such as ligh prpagae. Nex, we assume ha here are sainary bserers lcaed a arbirary pins in his space. We als assume ha he bserers perfrm n her acin han bsering physical phenmena in space. The bserers are able define crdinaes measure he widh f space a any pin in he space ha hey are in. We define ime as he ime indicaed by heir waches. In space f his kind, ime can be uniersally se he imes f he bserers. Einsein s mehd is used cnfirm synchrnism. We assume ha here are n celesial bdies f any kind in his space; we assume ha nly he abe-menined elecrmagneic waes such as ligh prpagae a cnsan elciy. This kind f space differs frm he cncep f an abslue res frame required by Newnian mechanics, bu such a space is defined as an abslue res frame in his paper. We define he elciy measured by sainary bserers lcaed a arbirary lcains in his space as he abslue elciy. Furhermre, we define he ime indicaed by he waches f hse bserers as he abslue ime.

4 Naurally, Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism hlds in an abslue res frame. 5. Inrducing he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh and seing space and ime wihin an inerial reference frame In he abslue res frame defined abe, we can assume an inerial reference frame ha mes wih a cerain abslue elciy. A he same ime, we assume a sainary bserer in ha inerial reference frame. Jus as peple n he Earh s surface usually d, he bserers in ming frames perceie hemseles be in an abslue res frame. They can define crdinaes cenered n heir psiin and hey can define ime using he imes indicaed by heir waches. Hweer, jus as we nrmally d n Earh, when defining he crdinaes indicae he widh f space, he bserers can use elecrmagneic waes such as ligh and mark symbls n he crdinae axes based n heir wn ime. When ding s, he elciy f ligh is implicily assumed be cnsan in all direcins. In his way, a sainary bserer in a cerain inerial reference frame will perceie hemseles as being in an abslue res frame and based n heir ime, hey can define space by assuming he speed f ligh be isrpic and cnsan. This is defined as he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. Einsein als inrduced he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh when frmulaing he special hery f relaiiy. Een hugh i gies he same resuls, he appears inrduce i fr differen reasns han us. Based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh, an bserer in an inerial reference frame can independenly define space and ime in each frame. T such an bserer, i is an implici fac ha he frame ha hey are in is a abslue res. Hence, such an bserer will naurally beliee ha Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism hlds in he space ha hey define. nersely, his fac is als a cause fr hinking ha he elciy f ligh is fixed. 5.3 Objecie f he MichelsnMrley experimen Lcaed n he surface f he Earh (which is assumed be a single inerial reference frame ming wih an abslue elciy), we implicily hink f he space enelping us and ime as being defined based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. A his ime, a sainary bserer in an abslue res frame wuld perceie he Earh as n being a res; raher hey perceie i as ming wih an abslue elciy. Accrdingly, as lng as an bserer n Earh cnsiders himself be a res, hen he elciy f ligh mus be bsered a a relaie elciy he abslue elciy f he Earh. T peple n Earh fr whm he cnsancy f he speed f ligh has been implici unil nw, a change in he speed f ligh wuld undermine he fundains f space and ime and he fundain Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism. This is because he Galilean ransfrmain cann crrecly ransfrm Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism. Is i pssible fr a sainary bserer n Earh bsere changes in he speed f ligh? Tha is say, is i pssible fr us bsere he abslue elciy f he Earh? We use he MichelsnMrley experimen answer his quesin. In he MichelsnMrley experimen, i is assumed ha if we measure he lengh f a rigid rd wih is axis aligned in he direcin f rael f he Earh and an rhgnally aligned rigid rd wih he same lengh, hen a difference in he speed f ligh will manifes iself as a ime difference in he measuremen. 5.4 Space and ime f a sainary bserer n Earh Obserers n Earh can define heir wn space and ime based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. nsequenly, when he isrpic speed f ligh is aken be, hen he relainship beween he lengh f he rigid rd ha characerizes he space hey are in L and he ime required measure i is expressed by he fllwing expressin fr any direcin. L () 5.5 Measuremen f he lengh f a rigid rd wih is axis rhgnal he direcin f he abslue elciy f Earh We firs cnsider he siuain shwn in Fig.. In her wrds, we cnsider an inerial reference frame ha mes a an abslue elciy, as shwn in he ellipse in Fig.. The upper diagram in he ellipse represens he ligh pah bsered by an bserer wh perceies hemseles be a abslue res in ha inerial reference frame. In cnras, he diagram in he lwer par f he ellipse shws he ligh pah described by an bserer in an abslue sainary sysem. Meanwhile, he bserer uside he ellipse represens a sainary bserer in an abslue res frame. In cnras, a ming inerial reference frame cnsiss f he bserer and he

5 rd in he frame. Therefre, in all space wih hese remed ligh prpagaes a a cnsan elciy f. An bserer n Earh measures he lengh f he rd ha is erical in frn f hem be L y. Since we bsere he lengh f such a rd using he speed f ligh, we ake he measuremen ime be y. This is he same as calibraing he crdinae axis. T define hese cndiins, an bserer n Earh shines a ligh beam erically upward frm he Earh s surface measure he lengh f he rd ha is erically uprigh in frn f hem. This ime is aken be A. The ime fr he ligh reach he mirrr a he end f he ple and be refleced back is aken be B. The ime when he ligh reaches he Earh again is aken be AA. A his ime, he ime required by he ligh when measuring he rd is gien by: B A () The ime required fr is reurn is gien by: AA B (3) Einsein assumed ha when he ligh rael imes in ppsie direcins beween w differen pins are equal, hen he imes displayed by clcks lcaed a hse pins will als be he same. The fllwing expressin is a necessary and sufficien cndiin fr ensuring heir synchrnism: (4) r, O ligh res frame Ly AA A This measuremen ensures synchrnism. ligh A such a ime, a sainary bserer in an abslue res frame wuld infrm us ha he bserer n Earh is n in an abslue res frame bu is ming a an abslue elciy. O B ming L y b Ly Figure : Obserain in he direcin rhgnal he direcin f c he abslue elciy f he Earh a (5) Furhermre, he bserer n Earh did n acually measure he heigh f he rd in he erical direcin. Using ligh wih a speed ', he bserer measured he lengh L ' y in a diagnal direcin (he direcin ab in Fig. ). The bserer n Earh is cncerned wheher, in such a siuain, heir prir physical wrld iew (ha had been frmulaed based n he implici esablishmen f he speed f ligh as ) has been desryed. We cnsider his issue belw. Accrding he explanain f he sainary bserer in an abslue res frame, he relainships beween he alues n he riangle abc (which frms he righ-angled riangles in Fig. ) gies us he fllwing relainal expressins: L' Ly y y ' (6) (7) Ly y (8) A his ime, he ligh rael imes in bh direcins fr measuring he rd are equal, cnfirming synchrnism. Accrdingly, using he ligh pah lengh, he speed f ligh, and he abslue elciy f he earh gien by he sainary bserer in he abslue sainary sysem, he bserer n Earh recalculaes he ime required measure he lenghs in he erical direcin L, as: y ' y L' y Ly Therefre, he fllwing relain is bained: L' ' y y (9) Ly (0) The resuls indicaed by Eqs. (9) and (0) shw ha he speed f ligh is ulimaely he same regardless f wheher i is he speed f ligh in he space ha he bserer n Earh has defined (haing perceied hemseles as being in an abslue sainary sysem) r he speed f ligh measured wih he Earh ming a an abslue elciy. Hweer, his cnclusin is rue nly fr he direcin rhgnal he direcin f he abslue elciy f Earh. We refer his cnclusin belw as nclusin. 5.6 nsiderain f he elciy f ligh prpagaing in he direcin f he abslue elciy f Earh We nex discuss he measuremen f a rd ha is aligned in he direcin f rael f he Earh. When sainary n he surface f he Earh, which we regard as an inerial reference frame ming a a cnsan elciy, bserers wh perceie hemseles as being in an abslue y

6 sainary sysem hink ha ligh in he space enelping hem is prpagaing isrpically a a speed. A his ime, he relainship beween ime and space ha is cnsidered be crrec by he sainary bserer n he Earh s surface is expressed as: L L x y x y () An bserer wh lks frm an abslue sainary sysem a an bserer n Earh and perceies hemseles as being in a sae f abslue res hinks ha Earh is ming a a cnsan elciy. They hus hink ha if he bserer n Earh perceies ha hey are in a sae f abslue res, hen he speed f ligh will appear as a relaie elciy he abslue elciy f he Earh, s ha he speed f ligh mus be r. ligh abslue res frame ligh When he sainary bserer n Earh uses he speed f ligh described by he sainary bserer in an abslue res frame and remeasures he lengh f a sainary bjec in frn f hem in he same direcin as he memen f he Earh, hen he ime required fr ligh prpagae when measuring frm ne end f ha iem (he lef) he her end (he righ) is gien by (see Figure ): Lx () nersely, he ime required fr ligh refleced frm he righ end reach he lef is gien by: Lx (3) mparing hese w bserain imes, we can cnfirm ha synchrnism a he w pins des n hld. nsequenly, he same ime will n be shwn a w separaed pins n Earh. ligh - Lx ligh + x Figure : Obserain in he direcin f abslue elciy f he Earh L x (4) Hence, he difference beween he ime required g and he mean ime is gien by: Lx Lx Lx (5) Based n hese resuls, he bsered alue fr he ime required fr ligh rael frm he lef end he righ end is reised be: Hence, we bain. ' ' Lx (6) Lx Lx Lx (7) We can cnfirm ha his ime is equal he mean g and reurn ime, as shwn preiusly. I cnfirms he synchrnism f he w pins. The ime ha has been reised shw synchrnism may hae changed smewha mre han he riginal ime due he reisin, and he lengh may hae als changed. In fac, in Eq. (6), ime adjusmen is nly applied he ime when measuring he mmen ha he ligh reached he righ end f he rd. By ding his, i is assumed ha he riginal ime f he bserer and he ime afer adjusmen ' are relaed by: a' (8) where a is a prprinaliy cefficien. If we enaiely define he speed f ligh bsered when he bserer is ming a an abslue elciy ', hen he relainship beween he lengh l ' deermined using he adjused ime and he lengh l deermined using he crrec ime prir adjusmen is gien by: Therefre, l ' (9) l' ' ' ' (0) a al' l () Based n hese relainal expressins, expressin (7) can be ransfrmed as: Lx ' () A his ime, he bserer n Earh mus adjus he ime fllw Einsein and ensure synchrnism a he w pins. Firs, he mean imes required fr g and reurn are gien by: Tha is say, (3)

7 L' L (4) Frm he abe, he speed f ligh when i is assumed ha he effec f Earh ming a an abslue elciy alers he speed f ligh is gien by: L' L ' (5) ' This resul shws ha een when he Earh is assumed hae an abslue elciy, he speed f ligh in he direcin ha Earh is raelling is ulimaely cnsan. In addiin, he ime required fr he ligh measure he lengh f he rd is shwn be exacly he same as he ime measured by he bserer wh perceies he Earh as being a abslue res. We refer his as cnclusin. Frm cnclusins and, we cnclude ha n ime difference shuld ccur in he MichelsnMrley experimen. Based n he argumen presened here, in any inerial reference frame in which a sainary bserer in ha frame perceies ha hey are a res, he space and ime ha hey define by aking he speed f ligh be cnsan and expressed in hree-dimensinal aresian crdinaes in ha he relainship L is saisfied. In such a space, Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism is shwn be hld, irrespecie f he abslue elciies f he frames. nsequenly, i appears ha here was a prblem in he precndiins f he MichelsnMrley experimen, in he cnex f accmplishing f is bjecie. nersely, we can experimenally demnsrae ha he ime and space defined in each frame based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh causes Maxwell s hery f elecrmagneism hld wihin he frame. I shuld be ned ha he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh is n being used as an explanain. 5.7 nersin f physical quaniies bsered in an inerial reference frame an abslue res frame (unified field) Based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh, bserers in each inerial reference frame can independenly define space and ime. Hence, he arius phenmena bsered in hese frames can be bsered independenly using ligh. In his way, he physical phenmena bsered using prper ime and space in arius inerial reference frames are examined wih he prper ime and space in each f hse frames; when aemping cmpare by inrducing physical phenmena bsered in he respecie frames, i is essenial discuss he spaces and imes in all he frames f reference in a unified manner. T discuss he mechanics in he saes f abslue res and inerial min in a unified manner, i is cnenien ransfrm he mechanics in he sae f inerial min he abslue sainary sysem, and discuss hem as mechanics in ha sysem. Furhermre, elecrdynamics can als be discussed in a unified way in an abslue res frame. nsequenly, cnering he sysem f min an abslue sainary sysem makes i pssible discuss general mechanics and elecrdynamics in a unified manner. We refer he lcain a which we can discuss mechanics in a unified manner as a unified field. Accrdingly, we can als refer abslue res frame as a unified field fr general mechanics and elecrdynamics. When regarding ne f he inerial reference frames as a sainary sysem, he rule fr cnering ime and space wih anher inerial reference frame wih min relaie in i is gien by Einsein s special hery f relaiiy. We use ha resul here. If we regard a sainary sysem defined by Einsein as being an abslue sainary sysem and use he relaie elciy insead f he abslue elciy, hen we can bain he cnersin rules, which is ur bjecie. The lgic behind Einsein s hery f relaiiy and ha behind he abslue hery deelped here are exac ppsies, bu i is pssible use cmpleely unchanged relainal expressins by alering heir inerpreain accrdingly. Hweer, when deriing he equains, i is n necessary use he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh as a mehd. Using Einsein s cnersin frmula, he rule fr cnering frm an inerial reference frame wih an abslue elciy an abslue res frame is gien by: L x L x L L (6) y L y (7) z L z (8) (9) Here, he physical parameers n he righ-hand side represen he physical parameers in he ming inerial reference frame and he parameers n he lef-hand side represen hse in he

8 abslue res frame. In his case, he abslue elciy represens he abslue elciy f he ming inerial reference frame. Accrdingly, een in an inerial reference frame which has any kind f abslue elciy, he speed f ligh bsered by a sainary bserer wihin ha sysem is gien by he fllwing expressin. L L (30) Here, L Lz Ly Lz (3) I is n guaraneed ha his is gien in abslue erms like his fr any inerial reference frame. The bserers in inerial reference frames are limied cases when hey define he space and ime f heir sysem accrding he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. When spaces are cnered in his way, beween an inerial reference frame and he abslue res frame, he lume underges a ransfrmain as per he fllwing expressin. V x y z V (3) Here, V represens he lume in he ming inerial reference frame. Accrdingly, when he densiy f a maerial is isrpic in any frame, he cnersin f mass is gien by he fllwing relainal expressin. bsered n Earh can be apprximaed by abslue res frame, and furhermre, i is pssible regard an bserer n Earh as a sainary bserer in ha apprximae lcain. I is explained laer hw, in ime like his, an bserer n he surface f Earh will bsere he physical phenmena f her inerial reference frames. We can hyphesize an abslue res frame described by an bserer siing sill n Earh, which is regarded as an inerial reference frame. A his ime, we can define he rigin f he abslue res frame crdinaes a an arbirary pin in ha abslue res frame, in rder ha i is cnenien bsere bjecs n he plane surface. A a psiin x ', measured in a sraigh line in he direcin ha he plane is ming, we hae he righ end f he rd ha is placed n Earh (such ha i has is axis alng he direcin f rael). A his ime, he axis exending in he direcin f he pin x ' frm he rigin in he abslue res frame is defined as being he x' -crdinae in he abslue res frame. The x -axis f he crdinaes which represen he space n Earh is define be parallel he x' -axis f he abslue res frame, he rigin f which is defined as he lef end f he rd. The rd, which is n Earh, is parallel his axis. Fr his siuain, he fllwing relain hlds: x x Accrdingly, he lengh f he rd L is gien by: (36) L x (37) By cmbining Eqs. (6) (9) wih Eqs. (36) and (37), we bain: m m (33) x (38) Energy is cnered as per he fllwing expressin. m m (34) If, in hese relainal expressins, we se 0, we bain he fllwing. E m (35) This shws ha in an abslue sainary sysem, he exisence f mass is in fac he exisence f energy. This can be assumed as meaning ha mass is equialen energy. When he abslue elciy f Earh is sufficienly small in cmparisn he speed f ligh, hen he space and ime x x (39) The Earh, which we assume be an inerial reference frame, is relaed he abslue res frame by hese relainal expressins. nsequenly, any kind f celesial bdy des n simply rael in he Unierse; raher i is firmly cnneced wih an abslue res frame. The abe relainal expressins shw ha he ime, space and een he masses f all celesial bdies depend n he respecie abslue elciies f hse celesial bdies and ha hey exis as unique physical quaniies ha characerize each f hem. Accrdingly, i is inferred ha here are n uniersal physical quaniies cmmn he min and frces f all celesial

9 bdies. Expressed anher way, esablishing uniersal physical quaniies cmmn all sysems is nly pssible in an abslue res frame. 5.8 Time dilain effecs and prper ime Frm he discussin f he preius secin, he fllwing ime dilain effecs can be prediced. When we regard he Earh s surface as apprximaing an abslue res frame, hen an asrnau in a rcke launched frm he surface f he plane is in a empral enirnmen in which ime runs slwer han ha fr an bserer n Earh, which is regarded as apprximaing an abslue sainary sysem. If hey mee again afer a lng perid, he asrnau will see ha many years hae passed fr he Earh-bund bserer bu n fr him. This is referred as a ime dilain effec. The win paradx, which ccurs in Einsein s hery f relaiiy, cann ccur wih he ime dilain effec cnsidered here. In his insance, he rcke cann reurn Earh wihu urning arund hrugh 80. This urn is explained in erms f he abslue hery ha cnsiders accelerain. Here, he accelerain and decelerain f he rcke are n aken in accun and he scenari shuld be cnsidered wih cauin since i is limied he special cndiin f cnsan elciy. The relainship beween he abslue and prper imes in an inerial reference frame is gien by: (40) Therefre, when 0, ime flws equally. In cnras his abslue res frame, ime ha depends n he elciy f each respecie inerial reference frame is defined as prper ime. nsequenly, all he celesial bdies drifing hrugh he Unierse hae prper ime deermined by heir respecie abslue elciies. Furhermre, he bjecs wihin hese sysems are gerned by heir prper ime and he mechanical prperies ha he bjecs pssess are als assumed differ. 5.9 nersin f all frces abslue res frame (unified field) The discussin has hus far been based n he special case ha des n cnsider accelerain r graiy. Einsein inrduced he equialence principle and he general principle f relaiiy, which cnsider inerial mass and graiainal mass be he same, and his cmpleed his general hery f relaiiy. we use he Einsein ensr, warping f space described by Riemannian gemery is expressed by: G T (4) Here, G is he Einsein ensr and T is he energy mmenum ensr. In Einsein s general hery f relaiiy, he cefficien is aken be a cnsan. Fr a weak graiainal field, i is gien by: 8G 4 (4) where G is he uniersal graiainal cnsan. Hweer, accrding he abe discussin, in a pair f inerial reference frames ha hae differen abslue elciies, he frames may shw indiidual graiainal cnsans depending n each f he abslue elciies. The effecs f he abslue elciy f inerial reference frames ha d n cnsider he effecs f accelerain (which we hae discussed abe) are all manifes by sreching f a fur-dimensinal abslue res frame (including he ime axis). In cnras, sysems ha hae accelerain (such as a graiainal field) exhibi warping f spaceime, which is expressed using fur-dimensinal Riemannian gemery. Accrdingly, fields fr discussing he fields assciaed wih general mechanics, elecrmagneic frce, and graiy in a unified manner are inferred be in a fur-dimensinal abslue res frame, which is expressed by Riemannian gemery. 5.0 Apprximain field fr abslue res frame When he abslue elciy f Earh is sufficienly small cmpared he speed f ligh (i.e., when / ), hen i is pssible assume in apprximae erms, space and ime defined by a sainary bserer n Earh as an abslue res frame and an abslue ime. Fr his case, physical phenmenn in a ming inerial reference frame bsered frm Earh surface appear as cnracins f space and ime in fur-dimensinal aresian crdinaes (including he ime axis). Physical phenmena assciaed wih accelerain are all bsered as curaure f spaceime, which is expressed in fur-dimensinal Riemannian gemery. Fr example, he reasn why muns generaed by csmic rays shwering dwn n he Earh are bsered is explained by Einsein s hery f relaiiy as being due cnracin f prper ime and disance f he muns, which are greaer han hse n he Earh s surface. Hweer, he abslue hery gies an alernaie explanain, which is he ppsie he abe explanain. Tha is, he

10 mun as a ming sysem, when examined unifrmly in an apprximae abslue sainary sysem iewed by an bserer n he Earh s surface, appears as sreching f Earh ime and is bsered by he subsequen srech f disance. A his ime, a sainary bserer n he mun, which is a ming frame, will bsere an exremely shr half-life, which indicaes ha he mun has been generaed n he Earh s surface. The bsered ming disance is shr. 5. mpsie and abslue elciies The abslue elciy f a cerain inerial reference frame is aken be. Fr a sainary bserer in ha inerial reference frame, he cnsan elciy f a disan bjec in he direcin f memen f he inerial reference frame is aken be '. The abslue elciy when a sainary bserer in an abslue res frame bseres he disan bjec a a fixed speed he inerial reference frame is aken be u. In his case, Einsein s elciy cmbinain rules are gien by: u ' (43) u / nsequenly, Einsein s special hery f relaiiy saes ha physical phenmena are gerned nly by he relaie elciy ' gien abe. In cnras, frm he perspecie f abslue hery, unifrmly cnsider physical phenmena bsered in a sae f zer abslue elciy and in a ming inerial reference frame, an abslue res frame and an abslue argumen are essenial. Hweer, he abslue hery has he majr prblem ha n abslue elciy has been deermined ha can be classified as a fundamenal physical quaniy. T aid his prblem, i is hugh ha Einsein saed ha i is n necessary inrduce he cncep f an abslue res frame in he physical wrld. Hweer, as has been argued abe, an abslue res frame is essenial discuss memen and frces in a unified manner. This inference seems be a pin ha Su insiss upn, as menined abe. In he expressin fr he cmpsie elciy in Eq. (43), he w abslue elciies u and appear as unknwn quaniies. In cnras, he ime difference and relaie elciy ' are measurable quaniies. Frm heir relainship, we can assume i is pssible in hery deermine he abslue elciy. I may be pssible measure he abslue elciy frm he ariable quaniy f energy gien by Eq. (34) and he elecrmagneic waes ha are generaed. 6. nclusins In his paper, Einsein s special hery f relaiiy which has hus far been inerpreed as a principle f relaiiy under he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh was cnsidered frm he perspecie f an abslue principle ha is based n he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. Thus, is deelpmen prides us wih a physical wrld iew ha is cmpleely ppsie he ne ha Einsein gae us. Einsein s hery f relaiiy cnsiss f he principle f relaiiy and he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh, which appear be muually cnradicry. Thus, he hery appears cnain self-cnradicins. In cnras, he abslue hery appears be cnsisen wih he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh. This paper recnsiders Einsein s hery f relaiiy frm a cmpleely ppsie perspecie his hery (namely, i is an abslue hery). In Einsein s general hery f relaiiy he energy and mmenum f a ming sysem appear as curaure in Riemannian gemery ia cnersin. In he abslue hery prpsed here, a field ha has neiher mmenum nr mass is an abslue res frame ha is expressed by Euclidian gemery. Any mass in ha field appears as energy. In addiin, when we ry cnering a ming inerial reference frame in an abslue res frame, he presence f abslue elciy manifess iself in he abslue res frame as elngain f space and delay f ime. I is als eidenced in he frm f increased mass and energy. Einsein s general hery f relaiiy expresses accelerain and graiain as curaure f space and changes in ime. In is naural frm, abslue hery is incrpraed in Einsein s general hery f relaiiy. nsequenly, space cnsruced in Riemannian gemery by Einsein s general hery f relaiiy is esablished in an abslue res frame. Therefre, i is inferred ha a unified field fr min and mechanics may be in an abslue res frame. In his paper, we deelped Einsein s hery f relaiiy using a cmpleely ppsie hery. Een if his cncep were cmpleely wrng, he use f he principle f he cnsancy f he speed f ligh as a rule fr defining space and ime in a ming inerial reference frame and he applicain f an independen explanain fr he resuls f he Michelsn Mrley experimen may assis in undersanding Einsein s hery f relaiiy. we hae frequenly said ha misakes in expressins and exbk enries can be reised using jus an eraser and a pencil, ha here is n fear f failure, ha i is impran challenge a all imes, and ha d nhing is he bes way aid failing.

11 Hweer, he auhr feels ha hese aiudes hae allwed me pnder again he greaness f Einsein s cnceps expressed by his hery f relaiiy. References [] A. A. Michelsn and E. W. Mrley: On he Relaie Min f Earh and he Aluminiferus Eher, American Jurnal f Science, Third Series, Vl. 34, N. 03 (N), 887. [] K. Su: Vilain f he Special Thery f Relaiiy as Pren by Synchrnizain, Physics Essays 3, 3, pp. 559, 00. [3]hp:// -huge-quesin-was-einsei/96345 ] (Sep. 7, 00).