Geotechnical Engineering Univ.- Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Ziegler. (Max Bögl) (Max Bögl)
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1 OPTIMIZATION OF ARTIFICIAL GROUND FREEZING APPLICATIONS SUBJECT TO WATER SEEPAGE Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Ziegler, RWTH Aachen University (Max Bögl) (Max Bögl) 1
2 Brine freezing Liquid nitrogen freezing ~ -196 C ~ -40 C (Bilfinger Berger) 2
3 (Bilfinger AG) (Max Bögl) Mobile freezing unit Freezing of a cross passage 3
4 (BVG, U55 Berlin) Widening of underground station for TBM driven tunnels 4
5 (Max Bögl) Freezing of an excavation pit wall 5
6 Common practice: Decoupled calculations Statics of frost body Freezing phase Frost body without flow Cross passage Outer lining 779 kn/m 2 Structural mechanics (after freezing phase) 6 t 1 t 2 >t 1 t 3 >t 2 Temperature development (freezing phase)
7 Micro-tunnel Existing tube Freeze pipes intended widening noozle frost-body Advantages - sealing and statically effective - applicable in almost all types of soil - always controllable - non-polluting - almost completely reversible Disadvantages - costly - Heave during freezing - high energy consumption - Restriction of the method in the case of high groúndwater velocity impervious layer Advantages and disadvantages of the ground freezing method 7
8 Direction of groundwater flow GW-Flow = Convective thermal impact Delay of frost propagation Freeze pipe Hindrance of frost body closure possible Frost body T=-1 C Frost body formation under influence of groundwater flow 8
9 Solar radiation at noon 900W/m 2 GW-heat flow = 900W/m 2 at v=1,5m/d and T=13 Effect of groundwater flow 9
10 Temperature development during freezing phase 1 day 5 days 15 days t 1 t 2 >t 1 t 3 >t 2 Time-dependent temperature field transient calculations Features of thermal freezing simulations 10
11 Thermal properties are temperature-dependent nonlinear calculation c, Ice Water Freezing range Heat capacity c(t) Thermal conductivity (T) frozen T S unfrozen T L Temperature T Release of latent heat during phase change Features of thermal freezing simulations 11
12 Course of unfrozen water content approximation ln 0,264 w 0,2618 0,5519 ln S 1,449 S ln T' u s s S Specific surface s n i 1 d i 6 s m,i unrealistic high values approximation w u T a T' b Simulation of freezing process 12
13 Frost front is a moving boundary for the flow field 2 days 15 days Coupled calculations of heat transfer and groundwater flow necessary Features of thermal freezing simulations 13
14 Programm SHEMAT SHEMAT (Simulator for Heat and Mass Transport) solution of thermodynamical problems with finite difference method C v T T t = x i T x i λ i C v,w T x i v f,i + q modular structure possibility of activation / deactivation originally: solution of geophysical problems (Prof. Clauser) advancement: moving boundary for groundwater flow (Prof. Clauser, Dr. Mottaghy, Dr. Rath) freezing -modul (Dr. Baier) phase change model / unfrozen water content temperature dependent soil parameters, c, k time-dependent boundary conditions 14
15 Example: Freezing of a cross passage symmetrical axis Geometry, elevation and freeze pipe arrangement 15
16 20 days v f = 0 m/d 20 days v f = 0,5 m/d 20 days v f = 1,0 m/d Influence of GW-flow on freezing process 16
17 total freezing time days v f = 0 m/d days v f = 0,5 m/d 20 days v f = 1,0 m/d Influence of flow velocity on freezing process 17
18 Basic system 1 day 20 days 28 days 50 days total freezing time Freezing process for basic system (v = 0.75 m/d) 18
19 Freezing process for basic system (v = 0.75 m/d) 19
20 n = const. Basic system Concentration in the upstream Concentration in the upstream 20
21 1 day 16 days 19 days 40 days total freezing time Concentration in the upstream (v = 0.75 m/d) 21
22 n = const. Basic system Concentration in the upstream +2 Additional pipes in upstream Additional pipes in the upstream 22
23 1 day 14 days 19 days 33 days total freezing time Additional pipes in the upstream (v = 0.75 m/d) 23
24 n = const. Basic system Concentration in the upstream +2 Additional pipes in upstream +2 Pre-cooling Pre-cooling 24
25 1 day 14 days 18 days 25 days total freezing time Pre-cooling (v = 0.75 m/d) 25
26 n = const. Basic system 50 days 40 days Concentration in the upstream days 25 days Additional pipes in upstream Pre-cooling Total freezing time for optimization systems 26
27 1 day steady - state 70 days excavation pit wall 27
28 1 day 5 days 30 days 60 days Pre-cooling of an excavation pit wall v = 1,0 m/d 28
29 Pre-cooling of an excavation pit wall v = 1,0 m/d 29 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
30 Further investigations: Optimization of artificial ground freezing applications with respect to freezing time energy consumption determination of refrigeration capacity (Max Bögl) 30
31 average refrigeration capactiy [kw/m] Estimation of refrigeration capacity with actual construction projects freezing phase average average refrigeration capacity approx. 0,29 kw/m 31
32 average refrigeration capactiy [kw/m] Estimation of refrigeration capacity with actual construction projects operating phase average average refrigeration capacity approx. 0,13 kw/m 45 % of freezing phase 32
33 Freeze-pipe structure return flow supply flow 33
34 SHEMAT - freezing -module simplified calculation approach for refrigeration capacity freeze-pipe temperature as Dirichlet boundary condition sum of heat flow 6 P = q i A i i=1 P = + (q left + q right ) y i z i + (q front + q back ) x i z i + (q top + q base ) x i y i 34
35 SHEMAT - freezrefcap -module separate module for determining heat transfer processes inside the freeze-pipe detailed input parameters: radial & thermal conductivity of down pipe, riser pipe and borehole, freeze-pipe length pump, supply temperature, refrigerant coupling with SHEMAT freezrefcap SHEMAT q t [W/m³] thermal resistances line source T soil [K] 35 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
36 RHEINISCH- WESTFÄLISCHE TECHNISCHE HOCHSCHULE AACHEN SHEMAT - freezrefcap -module thermal resistances of freeze-pipe components R outer / R inner conductive resistance depending on freeze-pipe component convective resistance depending on a refrigerant depending on Nu input Q [m³/s] and T supply [ C] results: temperatur distribution in freeze-pipe (down/up) refrigeration capacity heat flow Q s to soil coupling with SHEMAT (q t ) 36 Vereisung aktuelles Forschungsprojekt Geotechnik im Bauwesen
37 Laboratory test of ETH Zurich 37 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
38 temperature [ C] temperature [ C] simulation results freezrefcap - v = 0 m/d measured data t = 1h t = 5h t = 20h t = 40h measuring line y local [m] measuring line x local [m] 38 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
39 freezing capacity [kw] simulation results freezrefcap - v = 0 m/d measured data simulation freezing simulation freezrefcap time [h] clear difference between freezing and freezrefcap bad heat transfer due to the laminar flow 39 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
![temperature [ C] simulation results freezrefcap - v = 1,5 m/d measured data t = 1h t = 5h t = 20h t = 40h temperature [ C] 20 15 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20-25 -30 measuring line 2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.](/docs-images/85/91357826/images/40-0.jpg "5 y local [m] 20 15 10 5 0-5 -10-15 -20 measuring line 1-25 -30-0.5-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 x local [m] 40 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2.")
40 temperature [ C] simulation results freezrefcap - v = 1,5 m/d measured data t = 1h t = 5h t = 20h t = 40h temperature [ C] measuring line y local [m] measuring line x local [m] 40 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
41 freezing capacity [kw] simulation results freezrefcap - v = 1,5 m/d measured data simulation freezing simulation freezrefcap time [h] good representation of freezing prozess with freezing - and freezrefcap -module small underestimation of refrigeration capacity with freezing -module good representation of refrigeration capacity with freezrefcap -module 41 Energetische Einsparpotentiale beim Vereisungsverfahren 2. AGS Geotechnik im Bauwesen
42 Groundwater flow may not be neglected, particularly if barriers in the underground create a nozzle effect, leading to an increased velocity of the groundwater. Realistic assessment of ground freezing subject to groundwater flow requires numerical methods. Considerable cost saving potentials can be achieved by flow-optimized design and operating options Realistic determination of refrigeration capacity allows an energetic optimization including the operating phase 42
43 Thank you for your attention! 43
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