数値気道モデル内の対流熱伝達解析による人体熱モデルの改良

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1 環境系 709 号 カテゴリー Ⅰ 日本建築学会環境系論文集第 80 巻第 709 号, ,2015 年 ₃ 月 J. nviron. ng., AIJ, Vol. 80 No. 709, , ar., 2015 数値気道モデル内の対流熱伝達解析による人体熱モデルの改良 気道モデルを統合した数値人体モデルの開発 第 1 報 IPROVNT OF THRO-RGULATION ODL BY ONVTIV HAT TRANSFR ANALYSIS IN NURIAL RSPIRATORY TRAT ODL Developent of coputer siulated person with nuerical piratory tract odel Part 1 劉城準 * **, 伊藤一秀 Sung-Jun YOO Kazuhide ITO In a odern society where people spend ore than 90% of ir tie indoors, indoor air quality (IA) ral environent eated building greatly influences quality of life. Because people are staying indoors longer, iportance of IA issues is ineasing with regard to ling health ri of idents. The quality of indoor ral environent also affects huan ral sensation perforance; hence, a coprehensive prediction ethod that integrates indoor air quality ral environent assessent is needed to design/ eate a healthy, cofortae, productive indoor environent. The overarching objective of this study was to develop a coprehensive universal coputer-siulated person (SP) that integrates ro-regulation piratory tract odels for indoor environental quality assessent. This paper (part 1) reports external coupling procedure of virtual anikin nuerical piratory tract way of convective heat oisture transfer analyses also iproveent of ro-regulation odel detail nuerical analysis in nuerical piratory tract. Keywords : oputer Siulated Person, Nuerical Respiratory Tract, Thero-regulation odel, 1. (Virtual anikin) ( oputer Siulated Person ) 1,2,3,4) 5,6,7) (ulti-de) 4 * ** 九州大学大学院総合理工学府博士課程 修士 ( 工学 ) Ph. D. idate, IGSS, Kyushu Univ.,. Sci. 九州大学大学院総合理工学研究院准教授 博士 ( 工学 ) Assoc. Prof., IGSS, Kyushu Univ., Dr. ng

2 (Virtual Airway) (Virtual anikin) oputer Siulated Person ( 1 ) 8-12) (oputer Siulated Person) Fig.1 Outer geoetry eshes of Virtual anikin 2. (Virtual anikin) 7 2 (Virtual anikin) WB 13) Re k- Fig.1 y + <1 Fig.2 Geoetry eshes of Virtual Airway 3. (Virtual Airway) 14) ( 170c 70kg 40 ) T T (DIO ) T 150 1) DIO iics 4.0 (aterialise) T 3 STL AD 3-atic (aterialise) Gridgen (VINAS) Fig.2 2) y + <1 Fig.3 A unsteady breathing cycle odel Re k

3 14,15) 3.2 Gupta hen 16,17) V (inute volue) [L/in] RF (Respiration Frequency) [ties/in] TV (Tidal Volue) [L/1 breathing] H [] W[kg] BSA[ 2 ] 3 V BSA (1) V(RF in + RF ) TV = 2RF RF in RF H W (3) in RF H W (4) V BSA RF H Fig.4 Grid design of oputer Siulated Person details of nasal area W asin( t) a x xtv 2 (5) x RFx 30 (6) [L/in] [ties/in] x (in) () ) 1.9 sec 2.1 sec 1 4.0sec ( Fig L/s 0.27 L/s 4.2 (Virtual anikin) (Virtual anikin) (Virtual Airway) ( 1 ) ( 2 ) (Virtual Airway) FL(ourant-Friedrichs-Lewy) (oputer Siulated Person) Fig.4 65N JOS JOS-2 1) Stolwijk Fiala 2) U Berkely B 11,12) ultide (Virtual anikin) (Virtual Airway) oputer Siulated Person (SP) ulti-de ( 1 ) SP ulti-de

4 ( (( ( 1111 ) )) ) 1111Theral Theral Theral Theral huan huan huan huan Theral Theral Theral Theral Theral Theral Theral Theral Signal Signal Signal Signal Definition Definition Definition Definition sensation sensation sensation sensation Virtual Virtual Virtual Virtual anikin anikin anikin anikin 18) 18) 18) 18) 3)3) 3)3) (1) (1) (1) (1) ( (( ( SSSS ) )) ) SS SS r rrr SS SS ) )) ) ) )) ) 2222 KK ccpccp,p,p T T KK,, SS SS KKT T T ccpccp,p,p, T T KK, r rrr KKKK ccpccp,p,p, T T, r rrr 2]22]]2] 2]22]]2] 2]22]]2] ) )) ) r rr r ( (( ( 2]22]]2] ) ) ) ) 2]22]]2] 2]22]]2] 2]22]]2]SSSS 2]22]]2]SSSS KKKK 2]22]]2] ccp, cp, cp, p, 2s] 22s] 2s] [kg/ [kg/ [kg/ [kg/ s] ) )) ) cccc cccc ) )) ) [kg] [kg] [kg] [kg] [-] [-] [-] [-] 2]22]]2] AADAA [ [ DD[ D[ T T T SS S S SS SS [sec] [sec] [sec] [sec] 1111 cc c c AAD AA DDD cc c c AAD AA DDD dtdt dtdt dtdt dtdt (t+dt) (t+dt) (t+dt) (t+dt) T T T t((tt(t t )tt))t ) (t()(tt)()t ) ( T t((tt(t t )tt))t ) (t()(tt())t ) T( T T T AADAD ADDSS S S t tt t 1111 cccc AAD AA S S D DDSS t tt t c c c c T 232 T T T T, n,n, n bb bt,bt nb,bn bt,bt nb,bn, n bb esh esh esh esh Algorith Algorith Algorith Algorith Schee Schee Schee Schee 2]22]]2] ( (( ( t tt t T T T T, n Turbulence Turbulence Turbulence Turbulence odel odel odel odel SS S S KKT T T ccpccp,p,p, T T KK,, n T T, n T T, n T T T T, n T T T T, n,n, n T T T T, n bb bt,bt nb,bn Tb,bn bb bt,bn b b bt,bnt b, n,bn, n Tb,bn bb bt,bn War War War War xpansion xpansion xpansion xpansion (low), (low), (low), (low), shivering shivering shivering shivering War War War War Sweating Sweating Sweating Sweating in in in in in in in in (high) (high) (high) (high) War War War War xpansion xpansion xpansion xpansion Shivering Shivering Shivering Shivering 2222Analysis Analysis Analysis Analysis condition condition condition condition siulation siulation siulation siulation shiv shiv shiv shiv T T, n Skin Skin Skin Skin b bb b Node Node Node Node ore ore ore ore b bb b Low Low Low Low Re Re Re Re Nuber Nuber Nuber Nuber Type Type Type Type k-kk-k-odel odel odel odel (Abe(Abe(Abe(AbeKondohKondohKondohKondohNaga Naga Naga Naga odel, odel, odel, odel, 3D 3D 3D 3D al.) al.) al.) al.) Nuerical Nuerical Nuerical Nuerical Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Respiratory Tract Tract Tract Tract odel: odel: odel: odel: illion illion illion illion tetra tetra tetra tetra esh esh esh esh Analytical Analytical Analytical Analytical doain doain doain doain around around around around SP: SP: SP: SP: illion illion illion illionpris&tetra pris&tetra pris&tetra pris&tetra esh esh esh esh SIPL SIPL SIPL SIPL (Unsteady) (Unsteady) (Unsteady) (Unsteady) onvection onvection onvection onvection Ter: Ter: Ter: Ter: UIK UIK UIK UIK =in==7.5, =7.5, 7.5, 7.5, 15, 15, 15, 15, 20, 20, 20, 20, 30, 30, 30, 30, 40, 40, 40, 40, Liter/in Liter/in Liter/in Liter/in (steady) (steady) (steady) (steady) in inin =in==see =see see see Figure Figure Figure Figure 333(unsteady) 3(unsteady) (unsteady) (unsteady) in inin 2,22,,2, = 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/2 3/2 kkinkin=3/2 kin=3/2 =3/2 =3/2 (U (U (U (U 0.05) 0.05) 0.05) = = kin3/2 kin3/2 llininlin in inininin 0.05) ininin= in µ µµµ kk in inlin,air,,,ininin:in:feedback : feedback :feedback feedback SP SP SP SP siulation siulation siulation siulation air Tair Tair Velocity Velocity Velocity Velocity Inlet, Inlet, Inlet, Inlet,VV VV = ==0.1/s =0.1/s 0.1/s 0.1/s T T = ==298K, =298K, 298K, 298K, = ==50%RH =50%RH 50%RH 50%RH (Roo (Roo (Roo (Roo Boundary Boundary Boundary Boundary type type type type : :Psure : Psure :Psure Psure let let let let UU U U,,,, kk k k,,,, ( (Roo ( (Roo Roo Roo odel odel odel odel ) )) ) treatent treatent treatent treatent Teperature Teperature Teperature Teperature ; ;T; T ;wall Twall Twall : :: : wall 2-de 2-de 2-de 2-de odel(t odel(t odel(t odel(t ))) ) Huidity Huidity Huidity Huidity ; ;; ;wall ===99%RH =99%RH 99%RH 99%RH wall wall wall treatent treatent treatent treatent Teperature Teperature Teperature Teperature huidity huidity huidity huidity : :: : (Virtual (Virtual (Virtual (Virtual anikin) anikin) anikin) anikin) 2-de 2-de 2-de 2-de odel odel odel odel treatent treatent treatent treatent (Roo (Roo (Roo (Roo Teperature Teperature Teperature Teperature huidity: huidity: huidity: huidity: adiabatic adiabatic adiabatic adiabatic Radiation Radiation Radiation Radiation odel: odel: odel: odel: S2S S2S S2S S2S odel, odel, odel, odel, Ray Ray Ray Ray tracing tracing tracing tracing ethod ethod ethod ethod etabolic etabolic etabolic etabolic rate rate rate rate =75.5W/ =75.5W/ =75.5W/ =75.5W/ Ors Ors Ors Ors weight weight weight weight W=65kg W=65kg W=65kg W=65kg area area area area BSA= BSA= BSA= BSA= T ==== [ [[ [] ]] ] T T ===33.7 = [ [[ [] ]] ] (3) (3) (3) (3) T T 1111

5 (14) [/s] =0.1 (15) Front wall (Inlet, 0.1/s) Back wall (Outlet) 3.0 (3) w Virtual anikin 0 w w rsw dif rsw hfg dif ax e P, s P a e P, s P a (16) 2 ] ax 2 ] rsw 2 ] e 2 (1) Analytical doain Velocity distribution around SP Fig.5 Outline of Siulation 301 [ [kg/kg ] kpa] P,s [kpa] Pa [kpa] rsw [kg/ 2 s] hfg [=2430 kj/kg] diff 2 ] w=0.06 (16) diff rsw Fig.6 Teperature huidity distribution around SP,local 5, exp local rsw b (17) [/s] 2 [/s] 5.2 Fanger (18) 20) Ta P a (18) (18) 2 ] 2 ] 0 2 [/s] t = 0s 0 t = 1s(axiu inflow) 2 [/s] Ta ( Pa) ( 1 ) 0 0 (odel 2) t = 2s t = 3s(axiu flow) (odel 1) ( 2 ) Fig.7 Tie-series of velocity distributions in breathing area (Adopting unsteady breathing cycle odel, tie t=0, 1, 2 3 corpond with that in Fig. 3) Fig Re k- (Abe Kondoh Naga )

6 Avg Avg (1) ore teperature[ Skin teperature[ Avg Avg (3) Sensie heat flux 2 ] (4) Latent heat flux 2 ] 10.0 Fig.8 Result of Siulation integrated with Virtual Airway analysis UIK ( 1 ) 3.2 SIPL 3 3 ) 6.3 ( 1 ) (odel 2) Tin=25 in=50%rh ( kg/kg ) ( 3) TI 10% ( 3 3 ) Uin=0.1 /s TI=10% ( wall (airway)=

7 Avg Avg (1) ore teperature[ Skin teperature[ Avg Avg (3) Sensie heat flux 2 ] (4) Latent heat flux 2 ] 10.0 Fig.9 Result of Siulation that applied piratory heat loss with siple equation(eqn.18) 99%RH ) ( in (airway)= 99%RH (odel 2) 1 2 Tin(airway)=

8 (1) t = 0s t = 1s(axiu inflow) (3) t = 2s (4) t = 3s(axiu flow) (a) Scalar velocity distribution (1) t = 0s t = 1s(axiu inflow) (3) t = 2s (4) t = 3s(axiu flow) (b) Teperature distribution (1) t = 0s t = 1s(axiu inflow) (3) t = 2s (4) t = 3s(axiu flow) (c) Absolute huidity distribution Fig.10 Velocity, teperature huidity analysis ults inside Virtual Airway(1 breathing cycle) ANSYS/Fluent S2S 22) 7. Fig.6 Fig.8 Fig.9 T Fig.7 (18) Fig Fig.8 Fig.10 6L/in

9 4 8 W/ 2 K 21) 1.74W/ 2 K urakai 19) ulti-de 0.32W/ 2 (18) (=0.95W/ 2 ) 3 PIV 14, 15) (in vivo in vitro ) odel ulti-de 100%RH ( 2 ) (odel 1) ( ) 1) T T T =0 T =1000 T T = ) T ) 1) Yutaka Kobayashi Shin-ichi Tanabe, Developent of JOS-2 huan roregulation odel with detailed vascular syste, Building nvironent, Vol.66, pp.1 10, ) Dusan Fiala Kevin J. Loas artin Stohrer, oputer prediction of huan roregulatory teperature ponses to a wide range of environental conditions, Int J Bioeteorol, 45, pp , ) Shengwei Zhu, Shinsuke Kato, Ryozo Ooka, Toori Sakoi, Developent of a oputational Theral anikin Applicae in a Nonunifor Theral nvironent, Part 1: oupled siulation of convective, radiation, Sith s huan ral physiological odel for sensie heat transfer a seated huan in radiant environent, HVA& R Research, Vol.13, No.4, pp , ) Shengwei Zhu, Shinsuke Kato, Ryozo Ooka, Toori Sakoi, Kazuyo Tsuzuki, Developent of a oputational Theral anikin Applicae in a Nonunifor Theral nvironent, Part 2: oupled siulation using Sakoi s huan ral physiological odel, HVA& R Research, Vol.14, No.4, pp , ) 7 D-2 pp ) pp ( 9) 7) urakai S, Kato S, Zeng J. obined siulation of airflow, radiation oisture transport for heat release a huan, Building nvironent 35 (6), pp ) urakai S. Analysis design of io-cliate around huan with piration, Indoor Air 2004; 14 (Suppleent 7), pp ) Sorensen DN, Voigt LK. odeling flow heat transfer around a seated huan coputational fluid dynaics, Building nvironent, Vol.38, pp , ) Gao NP, Niu JL. study of ral environent around a huan, A review, Indoor Built nvironent, Vol.14, pp.5-16, ) Gao NP, Niu JP Zhang H. oupling huan roregulation odel for assessent of personalized ventilation, HVA&R Research, 12 (3), pp , ) Gao NP, Zhang H Niu JL. Investigating indoor air quality ral cofort using a nuerical ral anikin, Indoor Built nvironent, Vol.16 (1), pp.7-17, ) Virtual anikin No. 113 pp ) Nguyen Lu Phuong No.190 pp ) Nguyen Lu Phuong PIV No.207 pp ) Gupta, J.K., Lin,.-H., hen,. Flow dynaics characterization of a cough: Indoor Air 2009; 19: pp , ) Gupta, J.K., Lin,.-H., hen,. haracterizing exhaled airflow breathing talking: Indoor Air 2009; 20: pp.31-39, ), A.P., Fobelets, A.P. Berglund, L.G. A Stard Predictive Index of Huan Response to Theral nvironent, ASHRA Transactions 92, pp , ) urakai, S., Kato, S. Zeng, J. obined Siulation of Airflow, Radiation oisture Transport for Heat Release Huan, Building nvironent, Vol.35, pp , ) Fanger, P.O. Theral ofort, cgraw-hill Inc.,US, ) Takada S. et al odeling of oisture evaporation in, eye airway for evaluating sensation of dryness under low huidity environent, IBP Kyoto 22) ANSYS/ Fluent ver 14.0, User anual, 2014 D

10 IPROVNT OF THRO-RGULATION ODL BY ONVTIV HAT TRANSFR ANALYSIS IN NURIAL RSPIRATORY TRAT ODL Developent of coputer siulated person with nuerical piratory tract odel Part 1 Sung-Jun YOO * Kazuhide ITO ** * Ph. D. idate, IGSS, Kyushu Univ.,. Sci. ** Assoc. Prof., IGSS, Kyushu Univ., Dr. ng. In a odern society, indoor air quality (IA) ral environent greatly influences quality of life. Because people are staying indoors longer, iportance of IA issues is ineasing. The quality of indoor ral environent also affects huan ral sensation perforance; hence, a coprehensive prediction ethod that integrates indoor air quality ral environent assessent is needed to design/ eate a healthy, cofortae, productive indoor environent. The overarching objective of this study was to develop a coprehensive universal coputer-siulated person (SP) that integrates ro-regulation piratory tract odels for indoor environental quality assessent. Against this background, this paper (part 1) reports external coupling procedure of virtual anikin nuerical piratory tract way of convective heat oisture transfer analysis also iproveent of ro-regulation odel detail nuerical analysis in nuerical piratory tract. A virtual anikin, which reproduces actual shape of huan for siulation, was integrated with a ro-regulation odel which was proposed et al. to in teperature of huan. A piratory tract odel that reproduces detail geoetry breathing cycle was also integrated into virtual anikin. Two types of integration ethods for virtual anikin airway odel are proposed: (a) integration using nesting ethod way of stril (b) integration using a consecutive esh design huan to piratory tract. The forer is a nuerical technique for coupled siulation that uses virtual anikin piratory tract (airway) odel independently. As a first step to integrated nuerical siulation of piratory tract (airway virtual anikin with ro-regulation odel, (a) integration using nesting ethod way of stril was adopted in this study. For airway odel analysis, siulations were perfored to calculate airflow, teperature, oisture, heat ass transfer profiles under unsteady breathing condition. The flow, teperature huidity fields around huan were also analyzed with low Re-type k analysis was carried with S2S odel. An analytical doain with diensions of x = 3.0, y = 3.0, z = 3.0 was centered on a sting virtual anikin, siple unifor flow conditions with a supply inlet flow front wall exhaust let flow back wall were assued. oncerning siulation in nuerical airway odel, airflow in nasal cavity showed flow separation posterior to narrowest valve acceleration through iddle region of nasal cavity because of reduction in oss-sectional area, a relatively low teperature was observed at vestibule, air teperature in lower airway region becae well ixed. Thus, teperature distribution tended to be unifor pharynx to larynx. As for wall heat flux distributions in lower airway region, a relatively high wall heat flux appeared at posterior regions of oral pharynx where teperature gradients ineased. Skin teperature, sensie latest heat flux distributions on SP were also analyzed. In order to analyze piratory exposure in an indoor environent, reproducing piratory tract breathing cycle are itically iportant to developent of a SP. Heat ass transfer analysis feedback of se siulation ults also have great potential to help iprove ro-regulation odel of a SP. This paper siply pents a deonstration of a SP with piratory tract, which needs to be validated in future stage. (2014 年 ₈ 月 ₉ 日原稿受理,2014 年 11 月 28 日採用決定 )