Angular Motion Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed

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Cecily Erin Collins
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1 Motion Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed

2 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle Joint Linear Speeds 3 Joint Linear Speeds 2 Joint 3 Velocity Joint Linear Speeds 4 Joint Linear Speeds 1 Joint 2 Velocity Joint 3 Torque Joint 4 Velocity Joint Linear Speeds5 Joint 1 Velocity Joint 2 Torque Joint 4 Torque Joint 5 Velocity Joint 1 Torque Slide 3 of 6 Joint 5 Torque Slide 2 of 6 Slide 4 of 6 Slide 1 of 6 External s Slide 5 of 6 Cleat Friction Slide 6 of 6 Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction

3 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed (Slide 1 of 6) Joint Linear Speeds 1 Joint 1 Velocity Joint 1 Torque

4 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed (Slide 2 of 6) Joint Linear Speeds 2 Joint 2 Velocity Joint 2 Torque

5 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed (Slide 3 of 6) Joint Linear Speeds 3 Joint 3 Velocity Joint 3 Torque

6 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed (Slide 4 of 6) Joint Linear Speeds 4 Joint 4 Velocity Joint 4 Torque

7 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed (Slide 5 of 6) Linear Speed Velocity Principle Joint Linear Speeds 5 Impulse um Principle Joint 5 Velocity Joint Torque Principle Joint 5 Torque Principle

8 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed (Slide 6 of 6) Action- Reaction Principle s External s Principle External s Cleat = Friction Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction Friction Principle

9 Biomechanical Model Mo3on (Slide 1 of 6) Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle Joint Linear Speeds 1 Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Joint Linear Speeds 2 Joint Linear Speeds 3 Joint Linear Speeds 4 Joint Linear Speeds 5

10 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Linear Speed Velocity Principle Joint Linear Speed s = ωr rt Joint Velocity

11 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Impulse um Principle Joint Velocity ω = Tt I Joint Torque

12 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Joint Torque Principle Joint Torque T J = F d M

13 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Principle 2 I = mr rs

14 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Action Reaction Principle External s

15 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed External s Principle External s Cleat Vertical Ground Reaction Friction

16 Biomechanical Analysis: Mo3on Max. Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Friction Principle Friction F = µf FR VGR Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction

17 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Linear Hand Speed for a Baseball Throw Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Joint Linear Speed of the SH Girdle & All Joints Lateral to the Spine The increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Joint Linear Speed of the RT Shoulder & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the RT Upper Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the LT Hip & All Joints Superior to the LT Hip Joint Linear Speed of the RT Wrist & All Joints Distal to the RT Wrist Joint Velocity SH Girdle LR Torque Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the LT Hip & All Joints Medial to the Longitudinal Axis of LT Upper Leg Joint Velocity RT Shoulder IR Torque LT Hip FL Torque Joint Velocity RT Wrist FL Torque LT Hip IR Torque External s Cleat Friction Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction

18 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Linear Hand Speed for a Baseball Throw The coordinated increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed The increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Joint Linear Speed of the SH Girdle & All Joints Lateral to the Spine Joint Linear Speed of the RT Shoulder & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the RT Upper Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the LT Hip & All Joints Superior to the LT Hip Joint Linear Speed of the RT Wrist & All Joints Distal to the RT Wrist Joint Velocity SH Girdle LR Torque Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the LT Hip & All Joints Medial to the Longitudinal Axis of LT Upper Leg Joint Velocity RT Shoulder IR Torque LT Hip FL Torque Joint Velocity RT Wrist FL Torque LT Hip IR Torque Allows to be exerted External s to push against Cleat Friction Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction

19 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Linear Clubhead Speed for a Golf Swing The coordinated increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed The increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Joint Linear Speed of the LT Shoulder & All Joints Distal to the Anterior-Posterior Axis of the LT Shoulder Joint Linear Speed of the LT Forearm & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the LT Forearm Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the SH Girdle & All Joints Lateral to the Spine Joint Linear Speed of the RT Forearm & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the RT Forearm Joint Velocity LT Shoulder ABD Torque Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the LT Hip & All Joints Medial to the Longitudinal Axis of LT Upper Leg Joint Velocity LT Forearm SUP Torque SH Girdle LR Torque Joint Velocity RT Forearm PRO Torque LT Hip IR Torque Allows to be exerted External s to push against Cleat Friction Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction

20 Biomechanical Model: Mo3on Maximum Linear Foot Speed for a Soccer Goal Kick The coordinated increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Hand, Foot, or Equipment Linear Speed Joint Linear Speed of the LT Forearm & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the LT Forearm The increase in joint linear speeds distal to the Joint Linear Speed of the LT Forearm & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the LT Forearm Joint Velocity Joint Linear Speed of the LT Forearm & All Joints Lateral to the Longitudinal Axis of the LT Forearm Joint Velocity RT Hip FL Torque Joint Velocity LT Hip IR Torque RT Knee EXT Torque Allows to be exerted External s to push against Cleat Friction Vertical Ground Reaction Coefficient of Friction

21 Locomotion Minimum Movement Time Fundamental Biomechanical Principles

22 Sum of Joint Linear Speeds Principle A body s total linear speed is the result of an optimal combination of individual joint linear speeds. The identification of this optimal combination of joint linear speeds is a skill that all individuals interested in understanding human movement must develop

23 Linear Speed Velocity Principle (r rt ) The straight- line distance from a joint/body axis of rotation to a point on a body segment Unit of measurement meters (m) Linear Speed (s) This is the straight- line speed of a point on a body segment (i.e., the hand, the foot, the torso, the head, etc.) Unit of measurement meters per second (m/s)

24 Linear Speed Velocity Principle Angle (θ) An angle is formed by the intersection of two lines Unit of Measurement Radians (rad) Velocity (ω) How fast does an angle s value (Δθ) change The speed of joint/body rotation Unit of measurement Radians per second (rad/s)

25 Linear Speed Velocity Principle Real- World Application An increase in linear speed (s) of a point on a rotating body segment is caused by an increase in the body segment s angular velocity (ω) and/or an increase the radius of rotation (r rt ). s = ωr rt

26 Time 2 location s 21 Time 1 location s 22 s 11 s 21 Δθ rotation (r RT ) Axis of rotation

27 90 degrees 135 degrees 180 degrees π 2 radians 3π 4 radians π radians Conversion Factor 180 degrees = π radians Example: (ππ 90 degrees = (90) = 180 π 2 radians

28 Impulse- um Principle Newton s 2 nd Law of Motion () If a net torque is exerted on an object, the object will angularly accelerate in the direction of the net torque, and its angular acceleration will be proportional to the net torque and inversely proportional to its angular inertia The equation for Newton s 2nd Law of Motion () is ΣT = Iα

29 Impulse- um Principle The Impulse- um Principle is derived from Newton s 2 nd Law of Motion () ΣT = Iα ΣT = I Δω t ΣTt = I( Δω)

30 Impulse- um Principle ΣTt is known as angular impulse Unit of measurement Newton- meter- sec (N- m- s) I(Δω) is known as the change in angular momentum Unit of measurement kilogram meter squared per second (kg- m2/s)

31 Impulse- um Principle Real- World Application An increase in angular velocity of a body segment is caused by an increase in the joint torque, and/or an increase in the application time of the joint torque and/ or a decrease in the body segment s angular inertia. Δω = ΣTt I

32 Iner3a Principle The property of an object to resist changes in its angular momentum The smaller the body segment s angular inertia; the easier it is for the body segment to rotate quickly Factors Influencing mass (m) radius of resistance (r rs ) the linear distance from the body segment s axis of rotation to the center of mass of the body segment

33 Iner3a Principle Real- World Application A decrease in a body segment s angular inertia is caused by a decrease in the body segment s mass (m) and/or a decrease in the radius of resistance. 2 I = mr rs Unit of measurement kilogram meter squared (kg- m2)

34 Iner3a Principle An object may have more than one moment of inertia an object may rotate about more than one axis of rotation Body movements may change the distribution of mass about a specific axis of rotation, thus changing the angular inertia about that axis A human's angular inertia about any axis is variable Examples Figure Skating Diving

37 Joint Torque Principle What is a Torque? It is the effect of a muscle force to cause a joint rotation forces are caused by muscle contractions These contractions pull on bones forces are known as eccentric forces An eccentric force is a force that does not pass through the joint connecting two body segments

38 Joint Torque Principle Torque is directly related to the size of the muscle force that creates it The larger the muscle force, the larger the torque Torque is also influenced by The distance from the line of action of the muscle force relative to the axis of rotation of the joint This distance is called the moment arm (d ) See Figure 5.6

39 Joint Torque Principle Real- World Application An increase in joint torque is caused by an increase in a muscle force pulling on the bones that are held together at the joint and/or an increase in the moment arm. The line of pull of the muscle force is determined by connecting a line between the attachments (origin and insertion) of the muscle into bones held together at the joint. T J = FM d

40 muscle force axis of rotation d moment arm

41 Ac3on Reac3on Principle This principle is derived from Newton s 3rd Law of Motion (Linear) For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction This principle may be interpreted in several different ways. For this Biomechanical Model, the principle is interpreted as follows: for any muscle to create its greatest amount of muscle force, an oppositely directed external force of equal magnitude must exist.

42 External s Principle This principle may be interpreted in several different ways. For this Biomechanical Model, the principle is interpreted as follows: Whenever the body is in contact with the ground, there are two ground reaction forces (one vertical and one horizontal) that can oppose the muscle forces create inside the body.

43 Fric3on Principle Friction The horizontal ground reaction force between your foot and the ground F FR = µf VGR

44 Fric3on Principle Real- World Application An increase in friction force is caused by an increase in the coefficient of friction (µ) and/or an increase in the vertical ground reaction force The coefficient of friction is a number that represents the material properties of a surface that influence friction force: hardness/softness smoothness/roughness Friction force does not increase if the contact area increases!

Biomechanics Module Notes

Biomechanics Module Notes Biomechanics: the study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems o Study of movements in both qualitative and quantitative Qualitative: