DUNE: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. Mark Thomson University of Cambridge & Co-spokesperson of DUNE FAPESP, 1 st June 2017

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1 DUNE: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment Mark Thomson University of Cambridge & Co-spokesperson of DUNE FAPESP, 1 st June 2017

2 1. Introduction: What is DUNE? 2 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

3 1. Introduction: What is DUNE? The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE): is likely to be the next big global project in particle physics scientific flagship project of Fermilab aims to do for neutrinos what the LHC did for the Higgs potential for major discoveries in: neutrino physics and astroparticle physics (proton decay and supernova ns) 3 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

4 1. Introduction: What is DUNE? The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE): is likely to be the next big global project in particle physics scientific flagship project of Fermilab aims to do for neutrinos what the LHC did for the Higgs potential for major discoveries in: neutrino physics and astroparticle physics (proton decay and supernova ns) There are two connected projects: LBNF / DUNE The long baseline neutrino facility (LBNF) is the US-hosted neutrino beam and conventional facilities The deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) is the international scientific collaboration: builds the detectors 4 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

5 International from day one US-hosted but truly international Model for international partnerships: LBNF/DUNE developed as an international partnership Governance model follows closely that of the LHC: Facility: LHC LBNF Experiment: ATLAS/CMS DUNE International Funding Model: LBNF: US-hosted project with international contributions (aim: ~75% US, ~25% international = non US) DUNE: an international science collaboration (aim: ~25% US, ~75% international) 5 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

LBNF / DUNE LBNF / DUNE will consist of A powerful (MW) neutrino beam fired from Fermilab A massive (70,000 t) underground detector in the Homestake mine, South Dakota A large near detector complex

6 LBNF / DUNE LBNF / DUNE will consist of A powerful (MW) neutrino beam fired from Fermilab A massive (70,000 t) underground detector in the Homestake mine, South Dakota A large near detector complex (100s of millions of n interactions) 1300 km South Dakota Chicago Barrel RPCs Magnet Coils Forward ECAL End RPCs n m n m & n e FD Barrel ECAL STT Module Backward ECAL End RPCs ND 6 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

7 LBNF/DUNE Fermilab in /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

8 LBNF/DUNE Fermilab in /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

9 2. DUNE Science Unprecedented precision utilizing a massive Liquid Argon TPC n A neutrino interaction in the ArgoNEUT detector at Fermilab 9 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

CP Violation in the leptonic sector Big Bang: matter & antimatter created in equal amounts

10 CP Violation CPV remains an open question in science Why is there a matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe? CP Violation in the leptonic sector Big Bang: matter & antimatter created in equal amounts As Universe cools down matter and antimatter then annihilate All things being equal, no matter/antimatter remains, just light e e /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

11 CP Violation CPV remains an open question in science Why is there a matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe? CP Violation in the leptonic sector Big Bang: matter & antimatter created in equal amounts As Universe cools down matter and antimatter then annihilate All things being equal, no matter/antimatter remains, just light This is not what happened there is matter left in the Universe Fundamental difference between matter and antimatter CP symmetry violation (CPV) Neutrinos: key to a good bet* for how this happened leptogenesis 11 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

12 CP Violation CPV remains an open question in science Why is there a matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Universe? CP Violation in the leptonic sector Big Bang: matter & antimatter created in equal amounts As Universe cools down matter and antimatter then annihilate All things being equal, no matter/antimatter remains, just light This is not what happened there is matter left in the Universe Fundamental difference between matter and antimatter CP symmetry violation (CPV) Neutrinos: key to a good bet* for how this happened leptogenesis *not proof, need to connect low-scale n CPV physics to the high-scale N CPV physics 12 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

13 2.1 Primary Science Programme Focus on fundamental open questions in particle physics and astroparticle physics: 1) Neutrino Oscillation Physics Discover CP Violation in the leptonic sector Mass Hierarchy Precision Oscillation Physics: e.g. parameter measurement, q 23 octant, testing the 3-flavor paradigm 2) Nucleon Decay e.g. targeting SUSY-favored modes, 3) Supernova burst physics & astrophysics Galactic core collapse supernova, sensitivity to n e 13 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

14 2.1 Primary Science Programme Focus on fundamental open questions in particle physics and astroparticle physics: 1) Neutrino Oscillation Physics Discover CP Violation in the leptonic sector Mass Hierarchy Precision Oscillation Physics: e.g. parameter measurement, q 23 octant, testing the 3-flavor paradigm 2) Nucleon Decay e.g. targeting SUSY-favored modes, 3) Supernova burst physics & astrophysics Galactic core collapse supernova, sensitivity to n e 14 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

15 2.2 Neutrino Oscillations Measure neutrino spectra at 1300 km in a wide-band beam n m n m & n e FD Barrel RPCs Magnet Coils Forward ECAL End RPCs Barrel ECAL STT Module Backward ECAL End RPCs ND Near Detector at Fermilab: measurements of n m unoscillated beam Far Detector at SURF: measure oscillated n m & n e neutrino spectra 15 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

16 2.2 Neutrino Oscillations then repeat for antineutrinos Compare oscillations of neutrinos and antineutrinos Direct probe of CPV in the neutrino sector n m n m & n e FD Barrel RPCs Magnet Coils Forward ECAL End RPCs Barrel ECAL STT Module Backward ECAL End RPCs ND Near Detector at Fermilab: measurements of n m unoscillated beam Far Detector at SURF: measure oscillated n m & n e neutrino spectra 16 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

17 Broad n oscillation programme Measure neutrino spectra at 1300 km in a wide-band beam Determine MH and q 23 octant, probe CPV, test 3-flavor paradigm and ddsearch for new physics (e.g. NSI) in a single experiment Muon Neutrino Disappearance n m n t Electron Neutrino Appearance E ~ few GeV m n m n e n m / n m disappearance n e / n e appearance e Events/0.25 GeV Events/0.25 GeV Events/0.25 GeV Events/0.25 GeV DUNE n e appearance 150 kt-mw-yr n mode Normal MH, d CP =0 2 sin (q23 )=0.45 (n e +n e ) (n +n ) e e NC (nt +n t (nm +n m Reconstructed Energy (GeV) DUNE n e appearance 150 kt-mw-yr n mode Normal MH, d CP =0 2 sin (q23 )=0.45 (n e +n e ) (n +n ) e e NC (nt +n t (nm +n m Reconstructed Energy (GeV) DUNE n m disappearance 150 kt-mw-yr n mode 2 sin Signal n m CC (q23 )=0.45 Bkgd n m CC NC (nt +n t ) CC CDR Reference Design Optimized Design Reconstructed Energy (GeV) DUNE n m disappearance 150 kt-mw-yr n mode 2 sin (q23 )=0.45 Signal n m CC NC (nt +n t ) CC Bkgd n m CC CDR Reference Design Optimized Design Reconstructed Energy (GeV) 17 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

18 Neutrino Oscillation Summary Nail the Mass Hierarchy - 5s in 2 5 years 75 % coverage for 3s CPV discovery - although it could take time Best case, CPV reaches 3s (5s) in 3-4 (6-7) years Measure d CP - 7 o 13 o in 10 years Wide-band beam + long baseline - Unique tests of 3-flavour paradigm - Sensitivity to BSnM effects, e.g. NSI, steriles,... On-axis beam: potential to tune beam spectrum - Further studies at second oscillation maximum - Study tau appearance? 18 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

19 2.3 Proton Decay Proton decay is expected in most new physics models But lifetime is very long, experimentally t > years Watch many protons with the capability to see a single decay Can do this in a liquid argon TPC For example, look for kaons from SUSY-inspired GUT p-decay modes such as cathode E ~ O(200 MeV) time kaon decay muon decay wire no. 0.5 m 19 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

2.3 Proton Decay Proton decay is expected in most new physics models But lifetime is very long, experimentally t > 10 33 years Watch many protons with the capability to see a single decay Can do this

20 2.3 Proton Decay Proton decay is expected in most new physics models But lifetime is very long, experimentally t > years Watch many protons with the capability to see a single decay Can do this in a liquid argon TPC cathode cathode For example, look for kaons from SUSY-inspired GUT p-decay modes such as Clean signature very low backgrounds time time time Remove kaon incoming decay kaon decay particle muon cathode muon decay cathode cathode decay kaon decay kaon decay kaon decay muon muon decay decay simulated muon dec p-decay 0.5 m time time wire wire no. no. 0.5 m 1 Mt.yr wire wire no. no. wire no. 0.5 m 0.5 m 0.5 m 20 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

2.4 Supernova ns A core collapse SN produces an intense burst of neutrinos Would see about 10000 neutrinos from a SN in our galaxy Over a period of 10 seconds In argon (uniquely) the largest

21 2.4 Supernova ns A core collapse SN produces an intense burst of neutrinos Would see about neutrinos from a SN in our galaxy Over a period of 10 seconds In argon (uniquely) the largest sensitivity is n Time (seconds) Highlights include: Possibility to see neutron star formation stage Even the potential to see black hole formation! Events per bin n e Ar 40 n e Ar Infall Neutronization Accretion Cooling ES time 21 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

22 2.5 DUNE Science Summary DUNE physics: Game-changing programme in Neutrino Physics Definitive 5s determination of mass ordering Probe leptonic CPV Precisely test 3-flavor oscillation paradigm any suprises? NSI, steriles, Potential for major discoveries in astroparticle physics Discover or extend sensitivity to nucleon decay Unique measurements of supernova neutrinos (if one should occur in lifetime of experiment) 22 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

23 3. The DUNE Far Detector 23 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

underground) Davis Campus: LUX Majorana demo.

24 Going underground DUNE Far Detector site Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), South Dakota Four caverns on 4850 level (~ 1 mile underground) Davis Campus: LUX Majorana demo. LZ Ross Campus: CASPAR DUNE Green = new construction commences in /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

25 DUNE Design = Far detector: 70,000 tonne LAr-TPC = 4 x 17 kt detectors Two detector designs could be deployed Single-phase readout & dual-phase readout 25 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

26 58 m into page 12 m First 17-kt Far Detector Module A modular implementation of Single-Phase LAr TPC Record ionization in LAr volume 3D image Anode planes Cathode planes A C A C A C A 3.6 m 14.4 m Steel Cryostat 26 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

27 58 m into page 12 m First 17-kt Far Detector Module A modular implementation of Single-Phase LAr TPC Record ionization in LAr volume 3D image Anode planes Cathode planes A C A C A C A 3.6 m 14.4 m Steel Cryostat 27 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

28 Why Argon? Inert since need to avoid anything electronegative In pure argon, ionization electrons can drift long distances (metres) Good dielectric properties, supports high-voltages/fields: 500 V/cm An excellent scintillator (128 nm) and transparent at this wavelength Argon is cheap and readily available (1% of atmosphere) 28 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

29 Why Argon? Inert since need to avoid anything electronegative In pure argon, ionization electrons can drift long distances (metres) Good dielectric properties, supports high-voltages/fields: 500 V/cm An excellent scintillator (128 nm) and transparent at this wavelength Argon is cheap and readily available (1% of atmosphere) 29 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE 35

30 4. Far Detector Prototypes 30 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

Far Detector Prototypes Don t just build a 17000-t LAr-TPC Design is well advanced evolution from ICARUS (2x300 t) Supported by strong development program at Fermilab ArgoNEUT/LArIAT 35-t prototype

31 Far Detector Prototypes Don t just build a t LAr-TPC Design is well advanced evolution from ICARUS (2x300 t) Supported by strong development program at Fermilab ArgoNEUT/LArIAT 35-t prototype (ran in early 2016) MicroBooNE (operational since 2015) SBND (start of operation in 2018/2019) Full-scale prototypes with ProtoDUNE cat the CERN Neutrino Platform Engineering prototype (~450 t) 6 full-sized drift cells c.f. 150 in the far det. Approved experiment at CERN Aiming for operation mid-2018 Andrzej s talk Ornella s talk Flavio s talk 31 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE 5

32 CERN Neutrino Platform CERN support of international neutrino programme Focus is on protodune: Major investment by CERN to support DUNE New building: EHN1 extension in the North area Two tertiary charged-particle beam lines Two large (8x8x8m 3 ) cryostats & cryogenic systems /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

33 CERN Neutrino Platform CERN support of international neutrino programme Focus is on protodune: Major investment by CERN to support DUNE New building: EHN1 extension in the North area Two tertiary charged-particle beam lines Two large (8x8x8m 3 ) cryostats & cryogenic systems + ProtoDUNE: a major step to FD construction: engineering risk mitigation setting up production processes design validation physics calibration data 33 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE 45 30

34 5. The DUNE Collaboration 34 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

35 The DUNE Collaboration As of today: >60 % non-us 970 collaborators from 164 institutions in 31 nations Armenia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, CERN, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, USA DUNE has broad international support and is growing brought together by the exciting science. 35 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

36 The DUNE Collaboration As of today: >60 % non-us 970 collaborators from 164 institutions in 31 nations Armenia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, CERN, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Greece, India, Iran, Italy, Japan, Madagascar, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, USA DUNE has broad international support and is growing brought together by the exciting science. 36 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

37 Realizing DUNE DUNE is a massive undertaking Requires: Large international scientific community High-level international support DUNE is going ahead! 2016: CD-3A approval in US 2017: start of construction in South Dakota contracts are being signed now ground-breaking ceremony at SURF this summer! 2018: operation of two large-scale prototypes at CERN 2021: installation of first 10-kt far detector module 2024: commissioning/operation of first far detector 2026: start of beam operation (1.2 MW) 37 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

38 Brazil and Latin America in DUNE LBNF/DUNE is a billion-dollar-scale project For this level of investment need: a very strong scientific motivation large international community interested in the science Believe strongly that this scale of investment brings a responsibility to use DUNE to provide opportunities to develop physics and across the globe Potential for a regional contribution from Latin America? Potential for very high impact (in many ways) Potential for Brazilian leadership of DUNE Photon Detection System (detection of scintillation light): Critical and challenging system a major part of the far detector Intellectual leadership in Brazil Builds on existing (FAPESP) investment Interest in forming broad partnerships, e.g. Colombia, 38 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE 50

39 5.1 The road to DUNE Identifying likely construction responsibilities and potential DUNE funding matrix is on the critical path - Will be an iterative process, but has to start now - The Technical Design Report in 2019 is a major milestone: Scope is the first two far detector modules Working backwards - Q3 2019: agreements on responsibilities and funding (FA sign-off) - Q2 2019: Technical Design Report reviewed by LBNC - Q1 2019: Presentation of funding-matrix to RRB (FA reps) sanity check - Q4 2018: Decision on design of first two FD modules - Q2 2018: Technical Proposal: costs & planned division of responsibilities - Q4 2017: Presentation of aspirations for consortia responsibilities to RRB 39 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

40 5.1 The road to DUNE Identifying likely construction responsibilities and potential DUNE funding matrix is on the critical path - Will be an iterative process, but has to start now - The Technical Design Report in 2019 is a major milestone: Scope is the first two far detector modules Working backwards - Q3 2019: agreements on responsibilities and funding (FA sign-off) - Q2 2019: Technical Design Report reviewed by LBNC - Q1 2019: Presentation of funding-matrix to RRB (FA reps) sanity check - Q4 2018: Decision on design of first two FD modules - Q2 2018: Technical Proposal: costs & planned division of responsibilities - Q4 2017: Presentation of aspirations for consortia responsibilities to RRB 40 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

41 6. Summary 41 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

42 Summary DUNE has potential for game-changing science Neutrinos and much more DUNE is going ahead Ground-breaking imminent International commitments a next on the agenda DUNE has a strong and focused team International collaboration has been working very effectively Brazilian and other Latin American groups are key partners is an incredibly important time for DUNE ProtoDUNE operation at CERN Writing the Technical Proposal and then the TDR Building the funding matrix for the first two FD modules DUNE approval by funding agencies by end of /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

43 Muito Obrigado - questions? 43 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

44 A. Current Knowledge 44 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

45 Combination from oscillation experiments Two aspects Look at consistency of experiments Combined current knowledge of neutrino osc. parameters: Putting aside sterile neutrinos a consistent picture emerges... NH NuFIT /6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

46 CP and MH : Combined knowledge NH 1 s 90% C.L. 2 s 99% C.L. IH 3 s 46 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

47 CP and MH : Combined knowledge NH 1 s 90% C.L. 2 s 99% C.L. IH 3 s 47 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

48 CP and MH : Combined knowledge NH 1 s 90% C.L. 2 s 99% C.L. IH 3 s 48 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

49 B. Comparison* with HK HK based on plan at ICHEP - 2 tanks staged + JPARC upgrades DUNE schedule based on LBNF/DUNE RLS & funding model 10 years (staged) HK DUNE d resolution CP violation 3s coverage 78% 74% 5s coverage 62% 54% Mass Hier. sens. range 5 s 7 s 8 s 20 s octant s 5.1s 5s outside of [0.46, 0.56] [0.45, 0.57] p decay p n K + >2.8e34 yrs >3.6e34 yrs (90% C.L.) p e + 0 >1.2e35 yrs >1.6e34 yrs SNB n e 130k evts supernova n SNB n e 5k evts (10 kpc or relic) relic n e 100 evts, 5s relic n e 30 evts, 6s NSI (90% C.L.) me <0.34 <0.05 mt <0.27 <0.08 te <0.98 <0.25 Similar for CP DUNE wins for MH Similar for nsm Decay-mode dependent Complementarity HK has more events DUNE gets n e DUNE has much better BnSM sensitivity * many caveats but gives the general picture of 10-year sensitivities at ±10% level 49 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

50 C. Planning assumptions Assumed timeline for DUNE (and LBNF) reviews - Mid-2018 (?): Technical Proposal for DUNE (+costs, responsibilities) - Jan/Feb 2019: RRB for to provide funding status - April 2019: LBNF and DUNE internal/external TDR reviews - July 2019: LBNC review of TDRs Review of international DUNE construction project - Sept 2019: RRB to confirm funding status for construction validation of international funding model - October 2019: DOE CD-2 Review of LBNF/DUNE & CD-3 review for far site and two far detector modules - August 2020: DOE CD-3 for near facilities and near detector In just over two years - Need technical designs and understanding of funding model 50 1/6/2017 Mark Thomson DUNE

Neutrino Oscillations Physics at DUNE

Neutrino Oscillations Physics at DUNE for the DUNE Collaboration Neutrino Oscillation Workshop September 6, 2016 You Inst Logo DUNE: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment dunescience.org DUNE has broad