The Large Hadron Collider, a marvel of technology Lyn Evans. Royal Institution of South Wales St David s day lecture, 16 th March 2017
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1 The Large Hadron Collider, a marvel of technology Lyn Evans Royal Institution of South Wales St David s day lecture, 16 th March 2017
2 CERN was founded 1954: 12 European States Science for Peace Today: 20 Member States ~ 2300 staff ~ 1000 other paid personnel > users Budget (2013) ~1000 MCHF Member States: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom Candidate for Accession: Romania Associate Members in Pre-Stage to Membership: Israel, Serbia Applicant States for Membership or Associate Membership: Brazil, Cyprus (awaiting ratification), Russia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine Observers to Council: India, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United States of America; European Commission and UNESCO 2
3 When one accelerates a particle It does not necesserily go much faster Its mass increases E = m c 2 In an interaction, it can transform its energy into massive particles one transforms energy into mass 4
4 Energy, mass and temperature 1 electron Volt (ev) = 1.8 x kg = ºC 1 Tera electron Volt (TeV) = ºC Lyn Evans EDMS
5 The Big Bang 6
6 The standard model Proton Neutron 7
7 Angels & Demons 8
8 Antiprotons Lyn Evans EDMS
9 Antiprotons - Capture and Cooling The trap walls are cooled to 15 K ATHENA Antiproton Capture Trap To (or close to) the trap temperature Lyn Evans EDMS A combination of electric and magnetic fields is used to trap the antiprotons and positrons this slide shows how the antiprotons are captured and cooled. 10
10 Matter-antimatter annihilation Lyn Evans EDMS
11 Positron Emission Tomography PET/CT Scanning Lyn Evans 12
12 Cosmic microwave background Lyn Evans EDMS
13 Fritz Zwicky 14
14 Vera Rubin 15
15 Dark matter Lyn Evans EDMS
16 Rotational velocity vs distance Lyn Evans EDMS
17 Gravitational lens Lyn Evans 18
18 Einstein s cross Lyn Evans 19
19 Galaxy Cluster 20
20 Bullet galactic clusters Lyn Evans 1
21 Type 1a supernova 2
22 Dark matter pie Lyn Evans EDMS
23 23 km of superconducting magnets Lyn Evans EDMS
24 Cryodipole cross-section Lyn Evans EDMS
25 CERN s particle accelerator chain From LINAC to LHC?? H 2004: The 20 member states 7
26 7000 km of superconducting cable Nb-Ti Lyn Evans EDMS
27 Manufacturing of superconducting coils Lyn Evans 1
28 Assembly of dipole cold masses Lyn Evans 2
29 Cryogenic test benches Lyn Evans EDMS
30 Magnet descent into the tunnel Lyn Evans EDMS
31 Transport in the tunnel with an optical guided vehicle Lyn Evans EDMS
32 Transfer on jacks Lyn Evans EDMS
33 Electrical splice Lyn Evans EDMS
34 Dipole dipole interconnect Lyn Evans EDMS
35 The LHC and its Detectors Lyn Evans 10
36 The main LHC experiments CMS General purpose detector General purpose detector Heavy ion physics 1 CP violation with b quarks
37
38
39 ATLAS Cavern Inauguration 2003 Lyn Evans
40 Aerial view of Point 5 Gallo-roman vestiges 1998 Lyn Evans 5
41 Roman coins found during archeological excavations at Point 5 Lyn Evans 6
42
43
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45 The CMS Detector (Spokesperson Tejinder Virdee) CALORIMETERS SUPERCONDUCTING COIL ECAL Scintillating PbWO4 crystals HCAL Plastic scintillator/brass sandwich Number of scientists: 2350 Number of institutes: 180 Number of countries: 38 IRON YOKE TRACKER Silicon Microstrips Pixels Total weight : 12,500 t Overall diameter : 15 m Overall length : 21.6 m Magnetic field : 4 Tesla MUON BARREL Drift Tube Chambers Resistive Plate Chambers Lyn Evans EDMS MUON ENDCAPS Cathode Strip Chambers Resistive Plate Chambers 11
46 CMS: assembly on the surface Aerial View of the Surface Site: 2000 The Magnet Yoke Assembled: 2002
47 CMS: lowering of heavy elements- Nov 06 - Jan 08 YB0: Feb 2007
48 The ATLAS Detector (Spokesperson F. Gianotti) Number of scientists: 2000 Number of institutes: 164 Number of countries: 35
49 4th November 2005, the world-famous picture of the completed Barrel Toroid
50 CERN s particle accelerator chain 16 16
51 16th February 2007, fully retracted End-Cap Calorimeter
52 18
53 Event recorded with the CMS detector in 2012 at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The event shows characteristics expected from the decay of the SM Higgs boson to a pair of photons (dashed yellow lines and green towers). Full yellow lines represent the reconstructed trajectories of the charged particles produced in addition to the two photons in the same collision. The event could also be due to known standard model background processes.
54 Event recorded with the CMS detector in 2012 at a proton-proton centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. The event shows characteristics expected from the decay of the SM Higgs boson to a pair of Z bosons, one of which subsequently decays to a pair of electrons (green lines and green towers) and the other Z decays to a pair of muons
55 Atlas 4 lepton 21
56 Two photon spectrum
57 Higgs has been seen in CMS HiggsEvent'10-tsv 23
58 Bringing nations together the promotion of contacts between, and the interchange of, scientists 24
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