Condensed Plasmoids The Intermediate State of LENR

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1 Conense Plsmos The Intemete Stte of ER ut Jtne Gemny E-ml: Abstt Ths oument esbes new theoy of ER bse on the expementl n theoetl fnngs of othe esehes suh s Ken Shoules [] Ew H. ews [] mong othes. Afte ees of eseh on hgh-ensty hge lustes bll lghtnng n ER t tuns out tht Ew H. ews ws ght wth hs hypothess: Atoms n ente peously unknown stte of mtte n whh they behe lke bll lghtnng n whh s n ntemete stte of the ER eton. A quntum-mehnl moel of ths stnge stte of mtte s poe by the utho [3] whh wll n the followng be lle onense plsmos (CP). In ontst to the quntum-mehnl moel of the tom whh s bse on the sphelly symmet eletostt potentl of the nuleus the quntum-mehnl moel of CP s bse on the yl symmety of ey thn n ey ense plsm we. In CP both the nule n the eletons e mong ply n opposte etons long the plsm we. Ths esults n stong elet uent though the we pnhng the plsm thn ts stong mgnet fel. The ssumpton tht the nule of the toms e fxe ponts n spe (Bon-Oppenheme ppoxmton) s not equte fo moeg CP. The we funtons of ll the eletons n ll the nule e lgely elole n one menson. The ntns mgnet fel of CP les to self-ognton of the shpe n omplte wys mnmng the enegy: Fgue Exmple of the self-ogne shpe of onense plsmo CP e extemely ense long one sptl menson (muh ense thn ony mtte). CP enble nule etons between the ons stong eleton seenng of the Coulomb be. The gmm ton of nule etons nse the plsm we s suppesse beuse the ense eleton uent n the plsm we poes hgh mpenng of the pole osllton of exte nule. Ths mehnsm s nlogous to teg-we tube. Keywo: Conense plsmos bll lghtnng ER theoy ntemete stte of ER quntum mehnl moel b nto smulton stnge ton -pnh ntns uent ggegton stte of mtte

2 . Expementl Eene of CP n ER expements V thoough eleton-mosop nlyss of Kbut s glow shge thoes I. Stmo n B. Rono he soee multtue of stnge tes []: Fgue Stnge tes soee by I. Stmo n B. Rono t P thoes These tes n be unestoo by ssumng they e use by CP onng the sufe of the metl. Thee s expementl eene fom Stmo n nepenently fom Uutskoe (lte epoue by C. Du et. l) tht CP n ese fo hous n ys n the emns of T we explosons n wte. Fom these emns CP n emt s stnge tons whh n lee peul tes t nule emulsons o X-Ry flms bought n poxmty to these emns: Fgue 3 Resul tl mk of CP I. Stmo n B. Rono Fgue 4 CP tes on X-y flm pesente t the EADS olloqum n by C. Du D. Pem n G. Rneux Eole entle e ntes The boe mge fom Eole entle e ntes hs helpe the utho to unestn how CP self-ogne fom n ognlly e fom wth open ens nto lose loop whee the ntns uent flows bk to the othe en.

3 Also welth of expementl nfomton on CP hs been ollete by Ken Shoules [] une expementl ontons muh ffeent fom typl ER expements: Fgue 5 eft: Pnhole me se ew of CP n uum. The length of the CP s ppoxmtely. nhes. Rght: Impt of n elete CP on tget sufe. Ken Shoules [] It shoul be note hee tht the espete uthos of the boe expementl fnngs he wn the own ffeng onlusons on wht the obsee obets e. It s beyon the sope of ths oument to suss the plusblty of these onlusons.. The Cyl Moel of CP Moeg of CP s bse on the followng bs ssumptons: () CP ontn ensembles of tom nule ensely e up n ey now hnnel. () The stnes between the nule e so smll tht ll eletons boun to these nule e elole long the hnnel. In othe wos: Een n the eleton goun stte CP on t onsst of nul toms. CP the fom qus-one-mensonl plsm. Fgue 6 Bs moel of CP. The CP smlly extens to the left n to the ght of ths ptue The shpe n quntum mehnl stte of CP n be ey omplte. In oe to obtn smple quntum mehnl espton of CP the followng smplftons e use whh wll subsequently be lle the yl moel of CP : (3) The CP e pefetly stght.e. they e not bent to ngs heles et. The CP s oente n pllel to the -xs of the moeg oonte system.

4 (4) Most eletons boun to CP e mong n -eton.e. n elet uent s flowng n negte -eton. Ths s the esult of spontneous symmety bekng whh ous ung obtl oupton. (5) The CP he length n ontn totl nule hge Q. Results wll be nlye fo the lmt n Q wth hge ensty Q beng hel onstnt. (6) The eleton we funtons of CP e onfne n the ntel <. At these we funton e ontnuously extene to the lue n gent t s f the CP wee ngs. Howee ths s ment to esbe only the ul bouny onton of the we funtons t not the shpe of the CP. (7) o extenl fel s pple to the CP. (8) The poste hge of the nule s homogeneously stbute on the xs. The wth of the nule hge hnnel s nfntesml thn. ( homogeneously hge nfntely thn we ). (9) The Bon-Oppenheme ppoxmton s boken own fo the -eton but s use fo the x n y etons. () Fo the pupose of omputng the nule epulson enegy t s ssume tht CP ontns two sots of tom nule wth nule hges Z n Z n 5%-to-5% mxtue. These hges e ssume to ntelee long the -xs. The totl numbe of nule s ssume to be 4 n wth n beng ntege. It s ssume tht the nte-nule stne s unfom between ll neghbo nule wth. Cul bouny ontons e ssume.e. the nuleus t poston s elly the sme (.e. not meely of the sme sot) s the nuleus t poston. () The tme-nepenent Shönge equton s use fo moeg theeby negletng eltst effets n the mgnet moments of eleton spns n eleton obts. Clely the D equton woul be moe equte fo moeg CP beuse the htest eleton elotes n ppoh the spee of lght. Howee the nole omplextes of suh ppoh e oe hee. () Mgnet fels fom nule spns n moements of the nule e neglete. Ths mples tht the eleton we funtons e moele n n netl fme of efeene whee the ente of mss of ll nule s t est. (3) The mult-eleton system s ppoxmte by omputng olleton of one-eleton obtls wheeby eh eleton obtl s subete to the men elet potentl n mgnet eto potentl ete by the totl hge ensty n totl uent ensty of ll othe oupe obtls n the nule. The Pul exluson pnple s use fo etemnng obtl ouptons of the goun stte. Exhnge n oelton eneges e neglete. 3. CP Quntum Mehns Fo esons of spe onstnts ths hpte epesents meely summy of the mthemts. A ompehense eson of ths hpte n be foun t [3]. In quntum mehns sttony mult-eleton stte s usully esbe by we funton Ψ (... ) stsfyng the mult-eleton tme-nepenent Shönge equton: Ψ ˆ h m < ˆ Ψ (4) H [ T U V ] Ψ U ( ) V ( ) EΨ whee fo the -eleton system Ĥ s the Hmltonn E s the totl enegy Tˆ s the knet enegy opeto U s the potentl enegy fom the extenl fel ue to the postely hge nule n V s the eletoneleton nteton enegy.

5 The mult-eleton we funton ( ) Ψ... s usully fome by Slte etemnnt to ensue ntsymmety. Howee the numbe of eletons n CP n exee whh enes equton (4) n Slte etemnnt entely mptl to ompute beuse pogm nnot hnle equtons wth e.g. oontes. Aong to smplfton (3) goously smple ppoh s use hee fo moeg CP equng only moete ompute powe. So nste of usng mult-eleton Shönge equton esbng the p-wse nteton between eletons the yl moel uses sngle-eleton Shönge equtons esbng n eleton n the men potentl of ll othe eletons n of the nule: h m (5) Hˆ Ψ ( ) [ Tˆ U V ] Ψ ( ) U ( ) V ( ) ( ) E Ψ ( ) whee fo the eleton numbe (Ĥ Tˆ U n V s boe). e Ψ E s the totl enegy of ths eleton n Ψ s the one-eleton we funton Of ouse ths s meely n ppoxmton. Fo exmple the ppoh oesn t ount fo the exhnge enegy n the oelton enegy usully eeme mpotnt n quntum hemsty. At fst glne ths looks stll hllengng to ompute beuse thee e Shönge equtons to sole. Fotuntely lge numbes of these equtons n be ompute n goups beuse they poue nely the sme hge ensty stbutons n uent ensty stbutons. In oe to sole Shönge equtons (5) ppoxmtely the followng pout nst s me to ftoe the we funton n yl oontes: (6) Ψ( ) Ψ ( ) Ψ ( ) Ψ ( ) The xl fto s sole by pln wes: Ψ (7) ( ) k e wth the enegy egenlues (mesue n unts of the Rybeg enegy Ry): (8) E k Due to smplfton (6) the enegy egenlues e qunte to sete spetum beuse we numbes k he to meet the followng bouny onton: (9) k l l whee l The muthl fto s sole by: Ψ e whee m Z m () ( ) wth egenlues (n unts of Ry tmes ): () E m

6 The substtutons efne s: n R ( ) Ψ ( ) e use n the followng. The efeene stne s () e 4Q nule of the CP. whee e s the elementy hge s the length of the CP n Q s the totl hge of ll The l fto of the Shönge equton (5) n be expesse s: { m } (3) R R [ E U( ) V ( ) ] nm R whee E nm e the l-muthl egenlues n Ry U() s the eleton-nule nteton enegy n Ry V() s the eleton-eleton ( beng the Boh us). nteton enegy n Ry n The followng nst fo the l we funton R s use: (4) R f ( ) exp ( ζ) Funton f() s ppoxmte by polynoml: (5) f ( ) J m fo ß n R The oeffents he to meet the nomlton te: (6) J J k k ( m k! ) ( ζ ) m k The exponentl sg fto ζ n (4) omputes s: (7) ζ Enm whee nm < E (beuse only boun sttes e moele) The potentl enegy U() V() s lso ppoxmte by polynoml: (8) U ( ) V ( ) P p b p p An ppoxmte soluton to equton (3) n then be expesse by the tete fomul omputng the oeffents fom the lue of : (9) ( m ) [ ( m ) b ] P ζ bp p p fo < whee ote tht the oeffents e ll popotonl to eh othe. The totl nule epulson enegy (of ll nule togethe) n unts of Ry s: (3) / 4 Q ( ) 8 Z ZZ Z U nu ZZ whee s the Boh us s e Z Z 4 4 the length of the CP Q s the sum of ll nule hges of the CP e s the elementy hge Z n Z e the hges of the two sots of nule.

7 The eleton-nule nteton enegy (n unts of Ry) s: (3) ( ) ( ) U U whee e Q e Q U 4 4 The eleton-eleton nteton enegy (n unts of Ry) s: (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) R V V os whee ( ) ( ) R V os s the totl numbe of eletons s the spee of lght s the xl eleton spee n φ s the muth. The eleton eloty n be ompute by ts xl quntum numbe l: (33) l α whee α s the fne-stutue onstnt 4. Ab Into Smultons of CP n umel Results Bse on the theoy boe the utho s unetkng b nto (.e. ee only fom fst pnples) quntummehnl smultons of CPs. Ths s the subet of ongong eseh. The gol s to obtn the qunttte popetes of CP suh s ts enstes ntns uent n bonng enegy. The smulton tool n the omputtonl esults wll be me lble t the utho s web ste [3]. Although ntl esults seem to gee wth expementl eene t the uent pont n tme t woul be pemtue to w fnl onlusons. The utho belees tht the smulton esults wll sgnfntly mpt the ouse of futue tehnl ppohes on ER. Refeenes [] Shoules Ken: Chge Clustes n Aton [] ews Ew H.: Tes of Bll ghtnngs n Apptus Unonentonl Eletomgnets n Plsms Vol. & pp [3] ut Jtne: The Physs of Conense Plsmos (CP) Bll ghtnng n ow-enegy ule Retons (ER) 6