Section 1.1 Real Numbers and Number Operations

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1 Section. Real Numbers and Number Operations Objective(s): Differentiate among subsets of the real number system. Essential Question: What is the difference between a rational and irrational number? Homework: Assignment.. # 4 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.). Notes: Vocabulary The opposite of a number x is x. If a is not 0, then a and a are called reciprocals. Properties of Addition and Multiplication Property Addition Multiplication Commutative a + b = b + a ab = ba Associative a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c a(bc) = (ab)c Distributive a(b + c) = ab + bc Sets of Numbers Set of Numbers Examples Notation Natural Numbers,, 3, 4, Whole Numbers 0,,, 3, Integers, -3, -, -, 0,,, 3, Rational Numbers Numbers that can be written as fractions (also includes decimals and repeating decimals) Irrational Numbers Numbers that cannot be written as fractions (square roots,, nonrepeating decimals, etc.) Real Numbers Includes all of the above Reflection:

2 Real Numbers Irrational Numbers Rational Numbers Integers Whole Natural Tell which set or sets the number belongs to: natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers, irrational numbers, and real numbers. Circle ALL correct choices. Example : 3 natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real Example : 4 natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real Example 3: -7 natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real Example 4: natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real Example 5: 9 natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real Example 6: 0 natural, whole, integer, rational, irrational, real Write a sentence using mathematical symbols. Example 7: The difference of 3 times x and 4 is greater than. Example 8: Five times x is 3 more than twice x. Example 9: The quotient of 8 and x equals 6. Example 0: The sum of twice x and 7 is 9. Example : Twice the sum of x and 7 is 9. Example : Nine subtracted from 4 times x is equal to 00. Reflection:

3 Section. Algebraic Expressions and Models Objective(s): Simplify numerical and algebraic expressions applying the appropriate field properties. Essential Question: Describe what it means for terms to be like terms and give an example. Homework: Assignment.. #5 37 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.). Notes: Vocabulary A letter that represents a number is called a variable. An exponent is a shorthand notation for repeated multiplication of the same factor. An algebraic expression is formed by numbers and variables connected by the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, raising to powers, and/or taking roots. Order of Operations. Grouping symbols (including parentheses, brackets [ ], braces { }, absolute value, and the fraction bar). Exponents (including square roots, cube roots, etc.) 3. Multiplication and Division (left to right) 4. Addition and Subtraction (left to right) Note: When simplifying a numeric expression, parentheses, brackets, and braces all mean the same thing. Work from the inside out. This usually means do the parentheses, and then the brackets, and then the braces. Mnemonic device for the Order of Operations: PEMDAS or Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally Note: Be careful when using this mnemonic device. Remember that multiplication/division and addition/subtraction are performed left to right! Evaluate the expression x 6 x 3y 5 when x 3 and y 5. Substitute values for x and y: Reflection: 3

4 Grouping symbols: Exponents: Mult/Div Left to Right: Add/Sub Left to Right: Simplify the expression. Example : 8 6 What do you do first? What do you do second? Answer: Example : 4 5 What do you do first? What do you do second? What do you do third? Answer: Example 3: Answer: Example 4: What do you do first? What do you do second? What do you do third? Answer: Reflection: 4

5 Evaluate the expression for the given replacement values. Example 5: 4x 9y x 5 for x = 7 and y = 5 Answer: Example 6: (x + 3y) for x = and y = 4 Example 7: -4(3x + 8y) for x = and y = /8 Answer: Simplifying Algebraic Expressions Answer: To simplify an algebraic expression, eliminate parentheses using the distributive property and combine like terms. Terms are separated by (+) or ( ) signs. What is the simplified form of the expression? Example 8: 5 + (k + 6) Example 9: -5m m Example 0: 6(5m 3) (3m + 6) Reflection: 5

6 Sample CCSD Common Exam Practice Question(s):. To which sets of numbers does 3 5 belong? I. integers II. natural numbers III. rational numbers IV. real numbers V. whole numbers A. I, III, and IV only B. II and IV only C. III and IV only D. III, IV, and V only. Evaluate (3 c d ) when c and d 5. A. 8 B. C. 3 D Which is a simplified form of the expression 3( x ) 5(x 4)? A. 6x B. 9x C. 7x D. 7x 6 Reflection: 6

7 Section.3 Solving Linear Equations Objective(s): Solve linear equations in one variable. Essential Question: What role does the order of operations play when solving an equation? Homework: Assignment.3. #38 5 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.3). Notes: To solve an equation, we use the properties of equality to isolate the variable on one side of the equation. When isolating the variable, we will undo addition/subtraction first, then multiplication/division. This is the order of operations in reverse! Ex: Solve the equation 8x 6 5. Step One: Subtract 6 from both sides. 8x Step Two: Divide both sides by 8. x 8 For more complicated equations, you may have to simplify both sides of the equation first using the distributive property and combining like terms. Ex: Solve the equation 6 x 4 x 4 Step One: Use the distributive property. 6x 4 x 4 Step Two: Combine like terms. 4x 4 4 Step Three: Add 4 to both sides. 4x 48 Step Four: Divide both sides by 4. x Reflection: 7

8 If there are variables on both sides, you will need to simplify both sides of the equation and then bring all variables to the same side using inverse operations. Ex: Solve the equation 3x 4 x 6 Step One: Use the distributive property. 3x 4x 4 Step Two: Subtract 3x from both sides. x 4 Step Three: Subtract 4 from both sides. 6 x Note: We can also write the answer in set notation. The solution set to the equation above is 6. When solving an equation with fractions, it saves time to wipe-out the fractions by multiplying both sides by the LCM (least common multiple). Ex: Solve the equation: 3 x 9 x The LCM of the fractions is 30. Multiply every term (NUMERATOR ONLY) in the equation by 30 but don t actually multiply because you cancel first x x x x x x 8x x 7 0 4x 37 4x 37 4 x Solve the equation. Example : -5n = -5 Example : 0r + = 6 Reflection: 8

9 Example 3: 6(3x ) = 4 What do you have to do first? Example 4: -x 7x + 6 = x Example 5: x 3 What do you have to multiply the numerators by? 7 Example 6: 5 7 x What do you have to multiply the numerators by? 3 6 Example 7: 4 x x Sample CCSD Common Exam Practice Question(s):. What is the value of x when x 5? 3 6 A. B. x C. 9 x D. x x Reflection: 9

10 Section.4 Rewriting Equations and Formulas Objective(s): Solve for a given variable in an equation with more than one variable. Essential Question: Describe a real-life situation where you would need to be able to solve the area formula of a circle for r. Homework: Assignment.4. #53 6 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.4). Notes: The equation 3x y 5 is an example of an equation that is implicitly defined. Sometimes it is useful to rewrite the equation so that it is explicitly defined, which means it is solved for one of the variables (almost always solving for y). Ex: Solve the equation 3x y 5 for y. Step One: Subtract 3x from both sides. y 5 3x Step Two: Divide both sides by. y 5 3 x Note: There are many ways to write the correct answer. This equation is equivalent to the following: 3 5 y x (most typical) and 5 3x y (hardly ever) Sometimes it is useful to solve formulas for one of the variables. Ex: Solve the formula for the area of a trapezoid for b. A h b b Step One: Multiply both sides by (LCD). A h b b Step Two: Use the distributive property. A hb hb Reflection: 0

11 Step Three: Subtract hb from both sides. A hb hb Step Four: Divide both sides by h. A hb h b A or b b h Note: LOOK for opposites. These questions will always be multiple choice. If the original problem has addition, then the answer MUST have subtraction. If the original problem has division, then the answer MUST have multiplication, etc. Solve the formula for the specified variable. Example : E = mc for c A. B. C. c c c Em E m E m D. c Em Example : 3 V r h for r A. B. C. D. r r r r 3V h 3V h V 3 h V 3 h Sample CCSD Common Exam Practice Question(s):. Which represents y in terms of x for the equation x 5y 6x 0x 8 y? A. y x B. 3 y x C. 7 9 y x D. y x Reflection:

12 Section.5 Problem Solving Using Algebraic Models Objective(s): Develop a mathematical model to solve real-world equations. Essential Question: List and describe the steps of a problem solving plan. Homework: Assignment.5. #6 65 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.5). Notes: When you have a real world (word problem) that requires you to write an equation in slope-intercept form, there are two things that you want to look for: Example : You are visiting a Baltimore MD, and a taxi company charges a flat fee of $3.00 for using the taxi and an additional $0.75 per mile. Let C represent the total cost and x represent the number of miles. Write a model for the total cost of the taxi ride. What is the flat fee? What is the rate? Model Reflection:

13 Example : In 960, the average life-span of an American woman was 73 years. Every year (since 960), the life-span for American women has increased by 0. years. Let A represent the average lifespan and t represent the number of years since 960. Write a model for the average life-span of an American woman. Example 3: A plumber charges a fee of $50 to make a house call. He also charges $5 per hour for labor. Let C represent the total cost and h represent the number of hours of the house call. Write a model for the total cost of the plumbers house call. Sample CCSD Common Exam Practice Question(s):. The cost for parts to repair a car was $,05. The cost for labor was $70 per hour. Which of the following is a linear model for the total cost of repairing the car where n represents the number hours of labor? A. C 70n 05 B. C 05n 70 C. C 70n 05 D. C 05n 70 Reflection: 3

14 Section.6 Solving Linear Inequalities Objective(s): Solve linear inequalities in one variable. Essential Question: When solving an inequality, when must you flip the sign, and why? Homework: Assignment.6. #66 88 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.6). Notes: Inequality Symbols: Greater Than Less Than Greater Than or Equal To Less Than or Equal To Graphing an Inequality: Use parentheses for greater than (>) or less than (<). Use a bracket for greater than or equal to ( ) or less than or equal to ( ). Ex: Graph the inequality x 8 Graph the inequality on a number line. ) Example : x 3 Example : x > Example 3: -8 < x -4 Example 4: 0 < x < 7 Interval notation is a notation for representing an interval as a pair of numbers. The numbers are the endpoints of the interval. Parentheses and/or brackets are used to show whether the endpoints are excluded or included. For example, [3, 8) is the interval of real numbers between 3 and 8, including 3 and excluding 8. Write examples # 4 in interval notation. Example 5: x 3 Example 6: x > Example 7: -8 < x -4 Example 8: 0 < x < 7 Reflection: 4

15 Graph the set of numbers given in interval notation. Example 9: ( -3, ) Example 0: ( 9, ] Solving a Linear Inequality: solving an inequality is similar to solving an equation, with one exception. *When multiplying or dividing by a negative number in an inequality, you must FLIP the inequality sign* Ex: Solve the inequality x 4. To isolate the variable, we subtract 4 from both sides and add x to both sides to obtain 4 x. Which, written with the variable on the left would read x 4. (ALWAYS write your answer with the variable on LEFT.) An alternative way to solve this inequality would be to divide both sides by. x 4 Note: We needed to FLIP (reverse) the inequality symbol! Solve the inequality. Graph the solution set. Then write the solution in interval notation. Example : 9x > 8x 4 Graph: Interval Notation: Example : 6 x 3 Graph: Interval Notation: Example 3: -5(4x + 3) < -5x 35 Graph: Interval Notation: Reflection: 5

16 Compound Inequalities are two inequalities joined by and or or Ex: x 5 or x Ex: x 3 and x 4 Note: This can also be written as 3 x 4 Solving a compound inequality Isolate the variable. In an and statement, isolate the variable between the two inequality signs. What you do to the middle, you must do to all sides! Ex: Solve and graph: 3 x 5 Step One: Add to the middle and both sides x 6 Step Two: Divide the middle and both sides by x 6 Don t forget to FLIP! Step Three: Rewrite the inequality (smallest number on the left) 6 x Step Four: Graph on a number line or write in interval notation Ex: Solve and graph: 6x 5 7 or 8x 5 Step One: Solve both inequalities separately 6x 8x 4 x x 3 Step Two: Write the solutions as a compound inequality x or x 3 Step Three: Graph on a number line or write in interval notation. Solve the inequality. Graph the solution set and write it in interval notation. Example 4: 5 3x 4 4 Graph: Interval Notation: Example 5: 9x 6 < 3x or -x -6 Graph: Reflection: 6

17 Interval Notation: Example 6: -3x + 7 or -5x Graph: Interval Notation: Sample CCSD Common Exam Practice Question(s):. Which expresses all of the solutions for the compound inequality below? A. x 9 3x 5 or 3( x 8) 3 B. x = or x = 9 C. x or x 9 D. no solution Reflection: 7

18 Section.7 Solving Absolute Value Equations Objective(s): Solve absolute value equations in one variable. Essential Question: Explain why are there two solutions to an absolute value equation. Homework: Assignment.7. #89 96 in the homework packet. You MUST show all work on a SEPARATE sheet of paper. As a heading, include name, date, period, teacher s name, and title (Homework Section.7). Notes: Vocabulary The absolute value of a number is the distance between the number and 0 on the number line. Ex: Solve the absolute value equation: x 3 Note: This means that the distance from the origin is 3. Solution: There are two numbers that are 3 units away from the origin: x 3 and x 3 Solving an absolute value equation When solving an absolute value equation in the form ax b c, you must solve the equations ax b c and ax b c Ex: Solve the absolute value equation: 5x 3 4 Step One: Put the equation in ax b c form. 5x Step Two: Rewrite as two equations. 5x 5x Step Three: Solve both equations. 5x 0 5x Solutions: x or x 5 Note: You can check your solutions by substituting them back into the original equation. Reflection: 8

19 What is the solution set of the absolute value equation? Example : x 3 = 5 Equation : Equation : Solution : Solution : Example : 5x + 9 = 3 Solution : Solution : Example 3: 8x = Solution : Solution : Example 4: 3x = 5 Solution : Solution : Sample CCSD Common Exam Practice Question(s):. What is the solution set of 4x 8 0? A. { 7} B. { 7,3} C. {3} D. { 3,7} Reflection: 9

Algebra II Notes Unit One. Syllabus Objective 1.1 The student will differentiate among subsets of the real number system.

Algebra II Notes Unit One. Syllabus Objective 1.1 The student will differentiate among subsets of the real number system. Syllabus Objective 1.1 The student will differentiate among subsets of the real number system. Real Numbers: Numbers that can be graphed on the number line Ex:,!10, 2, 8,4.2," Put the numbers in order