Zero Point Energy: Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Planck Radiation Law
|
|
- Margery Cobb
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, Zro Point Enrgy: Thrmodynamic Equiibrium and Panck Radiation Law Novmbr, 005 Abstract: In a rcnt papr, w provd that Panck s radiation aw with zro point nrgy is quivant to th combind assumptions of zro point nrgy hypothsis, th quantum aw and th approximatd Boson statistics. Hr, w appy th princip of maxima ntropy to show that Panck s radiation aw with zro point nrgy rprsnts a stat of thrmodynamic quiibrium. Introduction In a rcnt papr [], w provd that Panck s radiation aw with zro point nrgy [] is quivant to th combind assumptions of th zro point nrgy hypothsis, th quantum aw and th approximatd Boson statistics. Panck appid th princip of maxima ntropy to a voum in spac, to obtain th stat of thrmodynamic quiibrium for ida mono-atomic gass []. Bos, in a 94 papr, transatd and pubishd by Einstin [4], appid th princip of maxima ntropy to a voum in phas spac to obtain Panck s radiation aw at a stat of thrmodynamic quiibrium.
2 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, W appy th princip of maxima ntropy in phas spac to show that Panck s radiation aw with zro point nrgy is obtaind at a stat of thrmodynamic quiibrium. Hr, th maxima ntropy princip is ony a too, that dos not rpac any of th thr combind assumptions that w provd quivant to th radiation aw with zro point nrgy. Undr th thr assumptions, th princip of maxima ntropy impis that th radiation aw with zro point nrgy is obtaind at a stat of thrmodynamic quiibrium. Maxima Entropy and ZPE radiation aw: Foowing Bos approach in [4], aboratd by Einstin in [5], th momntum of a radiation quantum is h p p. c That is, radiation quanta with th sam momntum ar on th surfac of th sphr h px py pz. c Thn, for ach of its two poarizations, th momntum of th radiation pr voum mnt, in th sphrica sh btwn, and d, is h h d 4p dp 4 d 4 h. c c c
3 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, Thrfor, for both poarizations, thr ar cs of siz h, and d. For th possib frquncis d 8 c momntum pr voum mnt in th sphrica sh btwn, 0,,,... thr ar d n 8 c momntum cs of siz h, pr voum mnt, in th sphrica sh btwn, and d. Thn, (0) () ()... j 0 n n n n n, () whr (0) n () n () n is th numbr of cs that hav no quanta, is th numbr of cs that hav on quanta, is th numbr of cs that hav two quanta, Th n momntum cs of siz h, pr voum mnt, in th sphrica sh btwn and d, can b arrangd in n! n! n! n!... n! n! (0) () () ( j) j 0 ways. Thus, a th momntum cs of siz can b arrangd in h, pr voum mnt,
4 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, w n! n! ( j) 0 j0 ways. Th ntropy pr voum mnt is ( j) Bog B og(!) B og(!) 0 0 j0, s k w k n k n whr k B is Botzman constant. By String s formua n M! M n M M, ( j) ( j) ( j) ( og ) ( og ) B B 0 0 j0 s k n n n k n n n B og B og 0 0 j 0. k n n k n n Th numbr of radiation quanta h btwn () () () ( j)... j 0 n n n jn., and d is Foowing Panck s assumption of Zro Point Enrgy [], w assum zro point nrgy of h in ach of th cs of siz h, pr voum mnt, btwn n momntum and d Thrfor, th radiation nrgy pr voum mnt is 0 j0 0 0 j0 u h jn h n h ( jn n),. () At thrma quiibrium, th ntropy has a maximum undr th constraints () 0,,,,..., on th numbr of momntum cs, and th constraint (), on th radiation nrgy. 4
5 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, To find that maximum, w appy th Lagrang mutipir mthod with mutipirs, 0,,,,..., for th constraints () 0,,,,..., and 0, for th constraint (), to th auxiiary function F( n,, ) n ogn n ogn 0 0 j0 n n u h j n 0 j 0 0 j0. ( ) ( ( ) ) Th critica points ar at F 0 ogn ( j ) h n F 0 n n, (4) j 0, () From (), or, F 0 u h ( j ) n ( j). (5) 0 j0 og n h, (6) h j h n. (7) By (5), and (6), Thrfor, h h ( j) h j h h h j0 j0. (8) n n Th quotint og n og h h. (9) 5
6 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, n n j 0 h h is th Bos-Einstin distribution function. By (8), d ( ) ( ) h j h h j h jn j n j0 j0 j d( h ). Th sris j h j convrgs uniformy to h, and can b diffrntiatd trm by trm with rspct to h. Thus, Thrfor, d d d j h j ( ). j d( h ) dj 0 d ( ) j0 h h n jn n ( ) ( h ) h. (0) By (5), and (4), and (0), By (6), u h n nh ( ) h 0 j 0 0. () ( j) B B 0 0 j0. s k n og n k n ( ( j ) h ) k n( og n) k h ( j ) n. B B 0 0 j0 Substituting (9), and (0), and (4), Using (), h s( ) k n og k nh( ) h B h B 0 0 6
7 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, h s( ) k n og k u. () B h B 0 Hnc, That is, and max is positiv as rquird. s k B. T u max, kbt Thn, is th maxima ntropy. s( ) k n og h / kbt max B h / kbt 0 u T () To confirm that th ntropy is maxima, w rca that th Lagrang mutipir mthod producs ithr a maximum or a minimum for th function in qustion, which hr is th ntropy. Thus, to confirm a maximum, it is nough to chck th vau of th ntropy at any othr point. For instanc, tak Thn, and for kbt,., h / h / kb T h h / k BT h / h kbt u B B B h / max h kbt 0 0 T. s() k n og k u k n og s( ) 7
8 Gaug Institut Journa Vo. No 4, Novmbr 005, Thrfor, at max, th ntropy is maxima, and at th attaind thrmodynamic quiibrium Thn, u( ) n h ( ) n max h / kbt 0. 0 h ( ) h / k B T is Panck s radiation aw with zro point nrgy. REFERENCES. Dannon, H. Vic, Zro Point Enrgy: Panck Radiation Law, Gaug Institut Journa of Math and Physics Vo. No, August Panck, M., {Annan dr physik 7 (9):p.64}.. Panck, M. Th Thory of Hat Radiation, Dovr 959. Pag Bos, S., {Zitschrift fur Physik 6, 78 (94)} transatd into Panck s Law and th Light quantum Hypothsis in Paui and th Spin-Statistics Thorm by Ian Duck, and E C G Sudarshan, Word Scintific 997, pag Einstin, A. {S. B. d. Pruss. Akad. Wiss. Br., 6 (94)} transatd into Quantum Thory of Mono-Atomic Ida Gas in Paui and th Spin- Statistics Thorm by Ian Duck, and E C G Sudarshan, Word Scintific 997, pag 8. 8
Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics
24 Elmnts of Statistical Thrmodynamics Statistical thrmodynamics is a branch of knowldg that has its own postulats and tchniqus. W do not attmpt to giv hr vn an introduction to th fild. In this chaptr,
More informationIntroduction to Condensed Matter Physics
Introduction to Condnsd Mattr Physics pcific hat M.P. Vaughan Ovrviw Ovrviw of spcific hat Hat capacity Dulong-Ptit Law Einstin modl Dby modl h Hat Capacity Hat capacity h hat capacity of a systm hld at
More informationClausius-Clapeyron Equation
ausius-apyron Equation 22000 p (mb) Liquid Soid 03 6. Vapor 0 00 374 (º) oud drops first form whn th aporization quiibrium point is rachd (i.., th air parc bcoms saturatd) Hr w dop an quation that dscribs
More informationCh. 24 Molecular Reaction Dynamics 1. Collision Theory
Ch. 4 Molcular Raction Dynamics 1. Collision Thory Lctur 16. Diffusion-Controlld Raction 3. Th Matrial Balanc Equation 4. Transition Stat Thory: Th Eyring Equation 5. Transition Stat Thory: Thrmodynamic
More informationHardy-Littlewood Conjecture and Exceptional real Zero. JinHua Fei. ChangLing Company of Electronic Technology Baoji Shannxi P.R.
Hardy-Littlwood Conjctur and Excptional ral Zro JinHua Fi ChangLing Company of Elctronic Tchnology Baoji Shannxi P.R.China E-mail: fijinhuayoujian@msn.com Abstract. In this papr, w assum that Hardy-Littlwood
More informationLimiting value of higher Mahler measure
Limiting valu of highr Mahlr masur Arunabha Biswas a, Chris Monico a, a Dpartmnt of Mathmatics & Statistics, Txas Tch Univrsity, Lubbock, TX 7949, USA Abstract W considr th k-highr Mahlr masur m k P )
More informationTitle: Vibrational structure of electronic transition
Titl: Vibrational structur of lctronic transition Pag- Th band spctrum sn in th Ultra-Violt (UV) and visibl (VIS) rgions of th lctromagntic spctrum can not intrprtd as vibrational and rotational spctrum
More informationHigher order derivatives
Robrto s Nots on Diffrntial Calculus Chaptr 4: Basic diffrntiation ruls Sction 7 Highr ordr drivativs What you nd to know alrady: Basic diffrntiation ruls. What you can larn hr: How to rpat th procss of
More informationFirst derivative analysis
Robrto s Nots on Dirntial Calculus Chaptr 8: Graphical analysis Sction First drivativ analysis What you nd to know alrady: How to us drivativs to idntiy th critical valus o a unction and its trm points
More information22/ Breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Selection rules for rotational-vibrational transitions. P, R branches.
Subjct Chmistry Papr No and Titl Modul No and Titl Modul Tag 8/ Physical Spctroscopy / Brakdown of th Born-Oppnhimr approximation. Slction ruls for rotational-vibrational transitions. P, R branchs. CHE_P8_M
More informationDavisson Germer experiment Announcements:
Davisson Grmr xprimnt Announcmnts: Homwork st 7 is du Wdnsday. Problm solving sssions M3-5, T3-5. Th 2 nd midtrm will b April 7 in MUEN E0046 at 7:30pm. BFFs: Davisson and Grmr. Today w will go ovr th
More informationMath 34A. Final Review
Math A Final Rviw 1) Us th graph of y10 to find approimat valus: a) 50 0. b) y (0.65) solution for part a) first writ an quation: 50 0. now tak th logarithm of both sids: log() log(50 0. ) pand th right
More informationSME 3033 FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. Bending of Prismatic Beams (Initial notes designed by Dr. Nazri Kamsah)
Bnding of Prismatic Bams (Initia nots dsignd by Dr. Nazri Kamsah) St I-bams usd in a roof construction. 5- Gnra Loading Conditions For our anaysis, w wi considr thr typs of oading, as iustratd bow. Not:
More informationQuasi-Classical States of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Quasi-Classical Stats of th Simpl Harmonic Oscillator (Draft Vrsion) Introduction: Why Look for Eignstats of th Annihilation Oprator? Excpt for th ground stat, th corrspondnc btwn th quantum nrgy ignstats
More information5.62 Physical Chemistry II Spring 2008
MIT OpnCoursWar http://ocw.mit.du 5.62 Physical Chmistry II Spring 2008 For information about citing ths matrials or our Trms of Us, visit: http://ocw.mit.du/trms. 5.62 Lctur #7: Translational Part of
More informationBackground: We have discussed the PIB, HO, and the energy of the RR model. In this chapter, the H-atom, and atomic orbitals.
Chaptr 7 Th Hydrogn Atom Background: W hav discussd th PIB HO and th nrgy of th RR modl. In this chaptr th H-atom and atomic orbitals. * A singl particl moving undr a cntral forc adoptd from Scott Kirby
More informationIntroduction to the quantum theory of matter and Schrödinger s equation
Introduction to th quantum thory of mattr and Schrödingr s quation Th quantum thory of mattr assums that mattr has two naturs: a particl natur and a wa natur. Th particl natur is dscribd by classical physics
More information2F1120 Spektrala transformer för Media Solutions to Steiglitz, Chapter 1
F110 Spktrala transformr för Mdia Solutions to Stiglitz, Chaptr 1 Prfac This documnt contains solutions to slctd problms from Kn Stiglitz s book: A Digital Signal Procssing Primr publishd by Addison-Wsly.
More informationWhy is a E&M nature of light not sufficient to explain experiments?
1 Th wird world of photons Why is a E&M natur of light not sufficint to xplain xprimnts? Do photons xist? Som quantum proprtis of photons 2 Black body radiation Stfan s law: Enrgy/ ara/ tim = Win s displacmnt
More informationAs the matrix of operator B is Hermitian so its eigenvalues must be real. It only remains to diagonalize the minor M 11 of matrix B.
7636S ADVANCED QUANTUM MECHANICS Solutions Spring. Considr a thr dimnsional kt spac. If a crtain st of orthonormal kts, say, and 3 ar usd as th bas kts, thn th oprators A and B ar rprsntd by a b A a and
More informationorbiting electron turns out to be wrong even though it Unfortunately, the classical visualization of the
Lctur 22-1 Byond Bohr Modl Unfortunatly, th classical visualization of th orbiting lctron turns out to b wrong vn though it still givs us a simpl way to think of th atom. Quantum Mchanics is ndd to truly
More informationSearch sequence databases 3 10/25/2016
Sarch squnc databass 3 10/25/2016 Etrm valu distribution Ø Suppos X is a random variabl with probability dnsity function p(, w sampl a larg numbr S of indpndnt valus of X from this distribution for an
More informationSelf-Adjointness and Its Relationship to Quantum Mechanics. Ronald I. Frank 2016
Ronald I. Frank 06 Adjoint https://n.wikipdia.org/wiki/adjoint In gnral thr is an oprator and a procss that dfin its adjoint *. It is thn slf-adjoint if *. Innr product spac https://n.wikipdia.org/wiki/innr_product_spac
More informationcycle that does not cross any edges (including its own), then it has at least
W prov th following thorm: Thorm If a K n is drawn in th plan in such a way that it has a hamiltonian cycl that dos not cross any dgs (including its own, thn it has at last n ( 4 48 π + O(n crossings Th
More informationPair (and Triplet) Production Effect:
Pair (and riplt Production Effct: In both Pair and riplt production, a positron (anti-lctron and an lctron (or ngatron ar producd spontanously as a photon intracts with a strong lctric fild from ithr a
More informationdt d Chapter 30: 1-Faraday s Law of induction (induced EMF) Chapter 30: 1-Faraday s Law of induction (induced Electromotive Force)
Chaptr 3: 1-Faraday s aw of induction (inducd ctromotiv Forc) Variab (incrasing) Constant Variab (dcrasing) whn a magnt is movd nar a wir oop of ara A, currnt fows through that wir without any battris!
More informationIntroduction to Arithmetic Geometry Fall 2013 Lecture #20 11/14/2013
18.782 Introduction to Arithmtic Gomtry Fall 2013 Lctur #20 11/14/2013 20.1 Dgr thorm for morphisms of curvs Lt us rstat th thorm givn at th nd of th last lctur, which w will now prov. Thorm 20.1. Lt φ:
More informationOn the irreducibility of some polynomials in two variables
ACTA ARITHMETICA LXXXII.3 (1997) On th irrducibility of som polynomials in two variabls by B. Brindza and Á. Pintér (Dbrcn) To th mmory of Paul Erdős Lt f(x) and g(y ) b polynomials with intgral cofficints
More informationBrief Notes on the Fermi-Dirac and Bose-Einstein Distributions, Bose-Einstein Condensates and Degenerate Fermi Gases Last Update: 28 th December 2008
Brif ots on th Frmi-Dirac and Bos-Einstin Distributions, Bos-Einstin Condnsats and Dgnrat Frmi Gass Last Updat: 8 th Dcmbr 8 (A)Basics of Statistical Thrmodynamics Th Gibbs Factor A systm is assumd to
More informationChapter 10. The singular integral Introducing S(n) and J(n)
Chaptr Th singular intgral Our aim in this chaptr is to rplac th functions S (n) and J (n) by mor convnint xprssions; ths will b calld th singular sris S(n) and th singular intgral J(n). This will b don
More informationThe pn junction: 2 Current vs Voltage (IV) characteristics
Th pn junction: Currnt vs Voltag (V) charactristics Considr a pn junction in quilibrium with no applid xtrnal voltag: o th V E F E F V p-typ Dpltion rgion n-typ Elctron movmnt across th junction: 1. n
More informationDavisson Germer experiment
Announcmnts: Davisson Grmr xprimnt Homwork st 5 is today. Homwork st 6 will b postd latr today. Mad a good guss about th Nobl Priz for 2013 Clinton Davisson and Lstr Grmr. Davisson won Nobl Priz in 1937.
More informationThe Matrix Exponential
Th Matrix Exponntial (with xrciss) by D. Klain Vrsion 207.0.05 Corrctions and commnts ar wlcom. Th Matrix Exponntial For ach n n complx matrix A, dfin th xponntial of A to b th matrix A A k I + A + k!
More informationAn Application of Hardy-Littlewood Conjecture. JinHua Fei. ChangLing Company of Electronic Technology Baoji Shannxi P.R.China
An Application of Hardy-Littlwood Conjctur JinHua Fi ChangLing Company of Elctronic Tchnology Baoji Shannxi P.R.China E-mail: fijinhuayoujian@msn.com Abstract. In this papr, w assum that wakr Hardy-Littlwood
More informationIntro to Nuclear and Particle Physics (5110)
Intro to Nuclar and Particl Physics (5110) March 09, 009 Frmi s Thory of Bta Dcay (continud) Parity Violation, Nutrino Mass 3/9/009 1 Final Stat Phas Spac (Rviw) Th Final Stat lctron and nutrino wav functions
More informationDifferentiation of Exponential Functions
Calculus Modul C Diffrntiation of Eponntial Functions Copyright This publication Th Northrn Albrta Institut of Tchnology 007. All Rights Rsrvd. LAST REVISED March, 009 Introduction to Diffrntiation of
More informationChemical Physics II. More Stat. Thermo Kinetics Protein Folding...
Chmical Physics II Mor Stat. Thrmo Kintics Protin Folding... http://www.nmc.ctc.com/imags/projct/proj15thumb.jpg http://nuclarwaponarchiv.org/usa/tsts/ukgrabl2.jpg http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/corps/imags/big/corp1417.jpg
More informationLie Groups HW7. Wang Shuai. November 2015
Li roups HW7 Wang Shuai Novmbr 015 1 Lt (π, V b a complx rprsntation of a compact group, show that V has an invariant non-dgnratd Hrmitian form. For any givn Hrmitian form on V, (for xampl (u, v = i u
More informationAddition of angular momentum
Addition of angular momntum April, 07 Oftn w nd to combin diffrnt sourcs of angular momntum to charactriz th total angular momntum of a systm, or to divid th total angular momntum into parts to valuat
More informationThe van der Waals interaction 1 D. E. Soper 2 University of Oregon 20 April 2012
Th van dr Waals intraction D. E. Sopr 2 Univrsity of Orgon 20 pril 202 Th van dr Waals intraction is discussd in Chaptr 5 of J. J. Sakurai, Modrn Quantum Mchanics. Hr I tak a look at it in a littl mor
More informationECE 2210 / 00 Phasor Examples
EE 0 / 00 Phasor Exampls. Add th sinusoidal voltags v ( t ) 4.5. cos( t 30. and v ( t ) 3.. cos( t 5. v ( t) using phasor notation, draw a phasor diagram of th thr phasors, thn convrt back to tim domain
More informationModule 8 Non equilibrium Thermodynamics
Modul 8 Non quilibrium hrmodynamics ctur 8.1 Basic Postulats NON-EQUIIRIBIUM HERMODYNAMICS Stady Stat procsss. (Stationary) Concpt of ocal thrmodynamic qlbm Extnsiv proprty Hat conducting bar dfin proprtis
More informationA 1 A 2. a) Find the wavelength of the radio waves. Since c = f, then = c/f = (3x10 8 m/s) / (30x10 6 Hz) = 10m.
1. Young s doubl-slit xprint undrlis th instrunt landing syst at ost airports and is usd to guid aircraft to saf landings whn th visibility is poor. Suppos that a pilot is trying to align hr plan with
More informationSection 11.6: Directional Derivatives and the Gradient Vector
Sction.6: Dirctional Drivativs and th Gradint Vctor Practic HW rom Stwart Ttbook not to hand in p. 778 # -4 p. 799 # 4-5 7 9 9 35 37 odd Th Dirctional Drivativ Rcall that a b Slop o th tangnt lin to th
More informationThus, because if either [G : H] or [H : K] is infinite, then [G : K] is infinite, then [G : K] = [G : H][H : K] for all infinite cases.
Homwork 5 M 373K Solutions Mark Lindbrg and Travis Schdlr 1. Prov that th ring Z/mZ (for m 0) is a fild if and only if m is prim. ( ) Proof by Contrapositiv: Hr, thr ar thr cass for m not prim. m 0: Whn
More informationnd the particular orthogonal trajectory from the family of orthogonal trajectories passing through point (0; 1).
Eamn EDO. Givn th family of curvs y + C nd th particular orthogonal trajctory from th family of orthogonal trajctoris passing through point (0; ). Solution: In th rst plac, lt us calculat th di rntial
More informationComputing and Communications -- Network Coding
89 90 98 00 Computing and Communications -- Ntwork Coding Dr. Zhiyong Chn Institut of Wirlss Communications Tchnology Shanghai Jiao Tong Univrsity China Lctur 5- Nov. 05 0 Classical Information Thory Sourc
More informationBETA DECAY VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE
VISUAL PHYSICS ONLINE BETA DECAY Suppos now that a nuclus xists which has ithr too many or too fw nutrons rlativ to th numbr of protons prsnt for stability. Stability can b achivd by th convrsion insid
More informationY 0. Standing Wave Interference between the incident & reflected waves Standing wave. A string with one end fixed on a wall
Staning Wav Intrfrnc btwn th incint & rflct wavs Staning wav A string with on n fix on a wall Incint: y, t) Y cos( t ) 1( Y 1 ( ) Y (St th incint wav s phas to b, i.., Y + ral & positiv.) Rflct: y, t)
More informationPHYSICS 489/1489 LECTURE 7: QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS
PHYSICS 489/489 LECTURE 7: QUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS REMINDER Problm st du today 700 in Box F TODAY: W invstigatd th Dirac quation it dscribs a rlativistic spin /2 particl implis th xistnc of antiparticl
More informationAddition of angular momentum
Addition of angular momntum April, 0 Oftn w nd to combin diffrnt sourcs of angular momntum to charactriz th total angular momntum of a systm, or to divid th total angular momntum into parts to valuat th
More informationUniversity of Illinois at Chicago Department of Physics. Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics Qualifying Examination
Univrsity of Illinois at Chicago Dpartmnt of hysics hrmodynamics & tatistical Mchanics Qualifying Eamination January 9, 009 9.00 am 1:00 pm Full crdit can b achivd from compltly corrct answrs to 4 qustions.
More informationA. Limits and Horizontal Asymptotes ( ) f x f x. f x. x "±# ( ).
A. Limits and Horizontal Asymptots What you ar finding: You can b askd to find lim x "a H.A.) problm is asking you find lim x "# and lim x "$#. or lim x "±#. Typically, a horizontal asymptot algbraically,
More informationAS 5850 Finite Element Analysis
AS 5850 Finit Elmnt Analysis Two-Dimnsional Linar Elasticity Instructor Prof. IIT Madras Equations of Plan Elasticity - 1 displacmnt fild strain- displacmnt rlations (infinitsimal strain) in matrix form
More information1973 AP Calculus AB: Section I
97 AP Calculus AB: Sction I 9 Minuts No Calculator Not: In this amination, ln dnots th natural logarithm of (that is, logarithm to th bas ).. ( ) d= + C 6 + C + C + C + C. If f ( ) = + + + and ( ), g=
More informationNote If the candidate believes that e x = 0 solves to x = 0 or gives an extra solution of x = 0, then withhold the final accuracy mark.
. (a) Eithr y = or ( 0, ) (b) Whn =, y = ( 0 + ) = 0 = 0 ( + ) = 0 ( )( ) = 0 Eithr = (for possibly abov) or = A 3. Not If th candidat blivs that = 0 solvs to = 0 or givs an tra solution of = 0, thn withhold
More informationDeepak Rajput
Q Prov: (a than an infinit point lattic is only capabl of showing,, 4, or 6-fold typ rotational symmtry; (b th Wiss zon law, i.. if [uvw] is a zon axis and (hkl is a fac in th zon, thn hu + kv + lw ; (c
More information2008 AP Calculus BC Multiple Choice Exam
008 AP Multipl Choic Eam Nam 008 AP Calculus BC Multipl Choic Eam Sction No Calculator Activ AP Calculus 008 BC Multipl Choic. At tim t 0, a particl moving in th -plan is th acclration vctor of th particl
More informationHydrogen Atom and One Electron Ions
Hydrogn Atom and On Elctron Ions Th Schrödingr quation for this two-body problm starts out th sam as th gnral two-body Schrödingr quation. First w sparat out th motion of th cntr of mass. Th intrnal potntial
More informationBrief Introduction to Statistical Mechanics
Brif Introduction to Statistical Mchanics. Purpos: Ths nots ar intndd to provid a vry quick introduction to Statistical Mchanics. Th fild is of cours far mor vast than could b containd in ths fw pags.
More informationThe Matrix Exponential
Th Matrix Exponntial (with xrciss) by Dan Klain Vrsion 28928 Corrctions and commnts ar wlcom Th Matrix Exponntial For ach n n complx matrix A, dfin th xponntial of A to b th matrix () A A k I + A + k!
More informationDerangements and Applications
2 3 47 6 23 Journal of Intgr Squncs, Vol. 6 (2003), Articl 03..2 Drangmnts and Applications Mhdi Hassani Dpartmnt of Mathmatics Institut for Advancd Studis in Basic Scincs Zanjan, Iran mhassani@iasbs.ac.ir
More informationDivision of Mechanics Lund University MULTIBODY DYNAMICS. Examination Name (write in block letters):.
Division of Mchanics Lund Univrsity MULTIBODY DYNMICS Examination 7033 Nam (writ in block lttrs):. Id.-numbr: Writtn xamination with fiv tasks. Plas chck that all tasks ar includd. clan copy of th solutions
More informationSection 6.1. Question: 2. Let H be a subgroup of a group G. Then H operates on G by left multiplication. Describe the orbits for this operation.
MAT 444 H Barclo Spring 004 Homwork 6 Solutions Sction 6 Lt H b a subgroup of a group G Thn H oprats on G by lft multiplication Dscrib th orbits for this opration Th orbits of G ar th right costs of H
More informationContemporary, atomic, nuclear, and particle physics
Contmporary, atomic, nuclar, and particl physics 1 Blackbody radiation as a thrmal quilibrium condition (in vacuum this is th only hat loss) Exampl-1 black plan surfac at a constant high tmpratur T h is
More informationIntro to QM due: February 8, 2019 Problem Set 12
Intro to QM du: Fbruary 8, 9 Prob St Prob : Us [ x i, p j ] i δ ij to vrify that th anguar ontu oprators L i jk ɛ ijk x j p k satisfy th coutation rations [ L i, L j ] i k ɛ ijk Lk, [ L i, x j ] i k ɛ
More informationAPP-IV Introduction to Astro-Particle Physics. Maarten de Jong
APP-IV Introduction to Astro-Particl Physics Maartn d Jong 1 cosmology in a nut shll Hubbl s law cosmic microwav background radiation abundancs of light lmnts (H, H, ) Hubbl s law (199) 1000 vlocity [km/s]
More informationELECTRON-MUON SCATTERING
ELECTRON-MUON SCATTERING ABSTRACT Th lctron charg is considrd to b distributd or xtndd in spac. Th diffrntial of th lctron charg is st qual to a function of lctron charg coordinats multiplid by a four-dimnsional
More information1 Minimum Cut Problem
CS 6 Lctur 6 Min Cut and argr s Algorithm Scribs: Png Hui How (05), Virginia Dat: May 4, 06 Minimum Cut Problm Today, w introduc th minimum cut problm. This problm has many motivations, on of which coms
More information5.80 Small-Molecule Spectroscopy and Dynamics
MIT OpnCoursWar http://ocw.mit.du 5.80 Small-Molcul Spctroscopy and Dynamics Fall 008 For information about citing ths matrials or our Trms of Us, visit: http://ocw.mit.du/trms. Lctur # 3 Supplmnt Contnts
More informationThomas Whitham Sixth Form
Thomas Whitham Sith Form Pur Mathmatics Unit C Algbra Trigonomtr Gomtr Calculus Vctor gomtr Pag Algbra Molus functions graphs, quations an inqualitis Graph of f () Draw f () an rflct an part of th curv
More informationThe graph of y = x (or y = ) consists of two branches, As x 0, y + ; as x 0, y +. x = 0 is the
Copyright itutcom 005 Fr download & print from wwwitutcom Do not rproduc by othr mans Functions and graphs Powr functions Th graph of n y, for n Q (st of rational numbrs) y is a straight lin through th
More informationMAXIMA-MINIMA EXERCISE - 01 CHECK YOUR GRASP
EXERCISE - MAXIMA-MINIMA CHECK YOUR GRASP. f() 5 () 75 f'() 5. () 75 75.() 7. 5 + 5. () 7 {} 5 () 7 ( ) 5. f() 9a + a +, a > f'() 6 8a + a 6( a + a ) 6( a) ( a) p a, q a a a + + a a a (rjctd) or a a 6.
More informationESCI 341 Atmospheric Thermodynamics Lesson 14 Curved Droplets and Solutions Dr. DeCaria
ESCI 41 Atmophric hrmodynamic Lon 14 Curd Dropt and Soution Dr. DCaria Rfrnc: hrmodynamic and an Introduction to hrmotatitic, Can Phyica Chmitry, Lin A hort Cour in Coud Phyic, Rogr and Yau hrmodynamic
More informationBINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS INVOLVING INFINITE POWERS OF PRIMES
BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS INVOLVING INFINITE POWERS OF PRIMES DONALD M. DAVIS Abstract. If p is a prim (implicit in notation and n a positiv intgr, lt ν(n dnot th xponnt of p in n, and U(n n/p ν(n, th unit
More informationHigh Energy Physics. Lecture 5 The Passage of Particles through Matter
High Enrgy Physics Lctur 5 Th Passag of Particls through Mattr 1 Introduction In prvious lcturs w hav sn xampls of tracks lft by chargd particls in passing through mattr. Such tracks provid som of th most
More informationRecall that by Theorems 10.3 and 10.4 together provide us the estimate o(n2 ), S(q) q 9, q=1
Chaptr 11 Th singular sris Rcall that by Thorms 10 and 104 togthr provid us th stimat 9 4 n 2 111 Rn = SnΓ 2 + on2, whr th singular sris Sn was dfind in Chaptr 10 as Sn = q=1 Sq q 9, with Sq = 1 a q gcda,q=1
More informationNEW APPLICATIONS OF THE ABEL-LIOUVILLE FORMULA
NE APPLICATIONS OF THE ABEL-LIOUVILLE FORMULA Mirca I CÎRNU Ph Dp o Mathmatics III Faculty o Applid Scincs Univrsity Polithnica o Bucharst Cirnumirca @yahoocom Abstract In a rcnt papr [] 5 th indinit intgrals
More informationPHYS ,Fall 05, Term Exam #1, Oct., 12, 2005
PHYS1444-,Fall 5, Trm Exam #1, Oct., 1, 5 Nam: Kys 1. circular ring of charg of raius an a total charg Q lis in th x-y plan with its cntr at th origin. small positiv tst charg q is plac at th origin. What
More informationCoupled Pendulums. Two normal modes.
Tim Dpndnt Two Stat Problm Coupld Pndulums Wak spring Two normal mods. No friction. No air rsistanc. Prfct Spring Start Swinging Som tim latr - swings with full amplitud. stationary M +n L M +m Elctron
More informationSchrodinger Equation in 3-d
Schrodingr Equation in 3-d ψ( xyz,, ) ψ( xyz,, ) ψ( xyz,, ) + + + Vxyz (,, ) ψ( xyz,, ) = Eψ( xyz,, ) m x y z p p p x y + + z m m m + V = E p m + V = E E + k V = E Infinit Wll in 3-d V = x > L, y > L,
More informationExam 1. It is important that you clearly show your work and mark the final answer clearly, closed book, closed notes, no calculator.
Exam N a m : _ S O L U T I O N P U I D : I n s t r u c t i o n s : It is important that you clarly show your work and mark th final answr clarly, closd book, closd nots, no calculator. T i m : h o u r
More informationChapter 8: Electron Configurations and Periodicity
Elctron Spin & th Pauli Exclusion Principl Chaptr 8: Elctron Configurations and Priodicity 3 quantum numbrs (n, l, ml) dfin th nrgy, siz, shap, and spatial orintation of ach atomic orbital. To xplain how
More informationHuman vision is determined based on information theory:
Human vision is dtrmind basd on information thory: Supplmntary Information Alfonso Dlgado-Bonal,2 and F. Javir Martn Torrs,3 [] Instituto Andaluz d Cincias d la Tirra CSIC-UGR, Avda. d Las Palmras n 4,
More informationEinstein Equations for Tetrad Fields
Apiron, Vol 13, No, Octobr 006 6 Einstin Equations for Ttrad Filds Ali Rıza ŞAHİN, R T L Istanbul (Turky) Evry mtric tnsor can b xprssd by th innr product of ttrad filds W prov that Einstin quations for
More informationThe following information relates to Questions 1 to 4:
Th following information rlats to Qustions 1 to 4: QUESTIN 1 Th lctrolyt usd in this ful cll is D watr carbonat ions hydrogn ions hydroxid ions QUESTIN 2 Th product formd in th ful cll is D hydrogn gas
More informationAbstract Interpretation: concrete and abstract semantics
Abstract Intrprtation: concrt and abstract smantics Concrt smantics W considr a vry tiny languag that manags arithmtic oprations on intgrs valus. Th (concrt) smantics of th languags cab b dfind by th funzcion
More informationFull Waveform Inversion Using an Energy-Based Objective Function with Efficient Calculation of the Gradient
Full Wavform Invrsion Using an Enrgy-Basd Objctiv Function with Efficint Calculation of th Gradint Itm yp Confrnc Papr Authors Choi, Yun Sok; Alkhalifah, ariq Ali Citation Choi Y, Alkhalifah (217) Full
More information1.2 Faraday s law A changing magnetic field induces an electric field. Their relation is given by:
Elctromagntic Induction. Lorntz forc on moving charg Point charg moving at vlocity v, F qv B () For a sction of lctric currnt I in a thin wir dl is Idl, th forc is df Idl B () Elctromotiv forc f s any
More informationBasic Polyhedral theory
Basic Polyhdral thory Th st P = { A b} is calld a polyhdron. Lmma 1. Eithr th systm A = b, b 0, 0 has a solution or thr is a vctorπ such that π A 0, πb < 0 Thr cass, if solution in top row dos not ist
More informationProbability and Stochastic Processes: A Friendly Introduction for Electrical and Computer Engineers Roy D. Yates and David J.
Probability and Stochastic Procsss: A Frindly Introduction for Elctrical and Computr Enginrs Roy D. Yats and David J. Goodman Problm Solutions : Yats and Goodman,4.3. 4.3.4 4.3. 4.4. 4.4.4 4.4.6 4.. 4..7
More informationLecture 28 Title: Diatomic Molecule : Vibrational and Rotational spectra
Lctur 8 Titl: Diatomic Molcul : Vibrational and otational spctra Pag- In this lctur w will undrstand th molcular vibrational and rotational spctra of diatomic molcul W will start with th Hamiltonian for
More informationSupplementary Materials
6 Supplmntary Matrials APPENDIX A PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF FUEL-RATE-SPEED FUNCTION A truck running on a road with grad/slop θ positiv if moving up and ngativ if moving down facs thr rsistancs: arodynamic
More informationEngineering 323 Beautiful HW #13 Page 1 of 6 Brown Problem 5-12
Enginring Bautiful HW #1 Pag 1 of 6 5.1 Two componnts of a minicomputr hav th following joint pdf for thir usful liftims X and Y: = x(1+ x and y othrwis a. What is th probability that th liftim X of th
More information4. (5a + b) 7 & x 1 = (3x 1)log 10 4 = log (M1) [4] d = 3 [4] T 2 = 5 + = 16 or or 16.
. 7 7 7... 7 7 (n )0 7 (M) 0(n ) 00 n (A) S ((7) 0(0)) (M) (7 00) 8897 (A). (5a b) 7 7... (5a)... (M) 7 5 5 (a b ) 5 5 a b (M)(A) So th cofficint is 75 (A) (C) [] S (7 7) (M) () 8897 (A) (C) [] 5. x.55
More informationElectrochemistry L E O
Rmmbr from CHM151 A rdox raction in on in which lctrons ar transfrrd lctrochmistry L O Rduction os lctrons xidation G R ain lctrons duction W can dtrmin which lmnt is oxidizd or rducd by assigning oxidation
More informationPipe flow friction, small vs. big pipes
Friction actor (t/0 t o pip) Friction small vs larg pips J. Chaurtt May 016 It is an intrsting act that riction is highr in small pips than largr pips or th sam vlocity o low and th sam lngth. Friction
More informationDifferential Equations
UNIT I Diffrntial Equations.0 INTRODUCTION W li in a world of intrrlatd changing ntitis. Th locit of a falling bod changs with distanc, th position of th arth changs with tim, th ara of a circl changs
More informationBifurcation Theory. , a stationary point, depends on the value of α. At certain values
Dnamic Macroconomic Thor Prof. Thomas Lux Bifurcation Thor Bifurcation: qualitativ chang in th natur of th solution occurs if a paramtr passs through a critical point bifurcation or branch valu. Local
More informationComplex Powers and Logs (5A) Young Won Lim 10/17/13
Complx Powrs and Logs (5A) Copyright (c) 202, 203 Young W. Lim. Prmission is grantd to copy, distribut and/or modify this documnt undr th trms of th GNU Fr Documntation Licns, Vrsion.2 or any latr vrsion
More information