The Five Generations of Computers

Transcription

1 COURSE: Fundamentals f Infrmatin Technlgy TOPIC: Generatins f cmputers Lecture 1 The Five Generatins f Cmputers The histry f cmputer develpment is ften referred t in reference t the different generatins f cmputing devices. Each generatin f cmputer is characterized by a majr technlgical develpment that fundamentally changed the way cmputers perate, resulting in increasingly smaller, cheaper, mre pwerful, mre efficient and reliable devices. First Generatin ( ) Vacuum Tubes The first cmputers used vacuum tubes fr circuitry and magnetic drums fr memry, and were ften enrmus, taking up entire rms. They were very expensive t perate and in additin t using a great deal f electricity, generated a lt f heat, which was ften the cause f malfunctins. First generatin cmputers relied n machine language, the lwest-level prgramming language understd by cmputers, t perfrm peratins, and they culd nly slve ne prblem at a time. Input was based n punched cards and paper tape, and utput was displayed n printuts. The UNIVAC and ENIAC cmputers are examples f first-generatin cmputing devices. The UNIVAC was the first cmmercial cmputer delivered t a business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in Vacuum Tubes Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 1

2 Magnetic Drum Secnd Generatin ( ) Transistrs Transistrs replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the secnd generatin f cmputers. The transistr was invented in 1947 but did nt see widespread use in cmputers until the late 1950s. The transistr was far superir t the vacuum tube, allwing cmputers t becme smaller, faster, cheaper, mre energy-efficient and mre reliable than their first-generatin predecessrs. Thugh the transistr still generated a great deal f heat that subjected the cmputer t damage, it was a vast imprvement ver the vacuum tube. Secnd-generatin cmputers still relied n punched cards fr input and printuts fr utput. Transistrs Secnd-generatin cmputers mved frm cryptic binary machine language t symblic, r assembly, languages, which allwed prgrammers t specify instructins in wrds. High-level prgramming languages were als being develped at this time, such as early versins f COBOL and FORTRAN. These were als the first cmputers that stred their instructins in their memry, which mved frm a magnetic drum t magnetic cre technlgy. The first cmputers f this generatin were develped fr the atmic energy industry. Third Generatin ( ) Integrated Circuits The develpment f the integrated circuit was the hallmark f the third generatin f cmputers. Transistrs were miniaturized and placed n silicn chips, called semicnductrs, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency f cmputers. Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 2

3 Instead f punched cards and printuts, users interacted with third generatin cmputers thrugh keybards and mnitrs and interfaced with an perating system, which allwed the device t run many different applicatins at ne time with a central prgram that mnitred the memry. Cmputers fr the first time became accessible t a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessrs. Integrated Circuits Furth Generatin (1971-Present) Micrprcessrs The micrprcessr brught the furth generatin f cmputers, as thusands f integrated circuits were built nt a single silicn chip. What in the first generatin filled an entire rm culd nw fit in the palm f the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, develped in 1971, lcated all the cmpnents f the cmputer frm the central prcessing unit and memry t input/utput cntrls n a single chip. In 1981 IBM intrduced its first cmputer fr the hme user, and in 1984 Apple intrduced the Macintsh. Micrprcessrs als mved ut f the realm f desktp cmputers and int many areas f life as mre and mre everyday prducts began t use micrprcessrs. As these small cmputers became mre pwerful, they culd be linked tgether t frm netwrks, which eventually led t the develpment f the Internet. Furth generatin cmputers als saw the develpment f GUIs, the muse and handheld devices. Micrcircuits Fifth Generatin (Present and Beynd) Artificial Intelligence Fifth generatin cmputing devices, based n artificial intelligence, are still in develpment, Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 3

4 thugh there are sme applicatins, such as vice recgnitin, that are being used tday. The use f parallel prcessing and supercnductrs is helping t make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum cmputatin and mlecular and nantechnlgy will radically change the face f cmputers in years t cme. The gal f fifth-generatin cmputing is t develp devices that respnd t natural language input and are capable f learning and self-rganizatin. Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 4

5 Histry f Cmputers : Mechanical calculatr Wilhelm Schickard invented first knwn mechanical calculatr, capable f simple arithmetic. Similar mechanical adding machine made in 1640 s by Blaise Pascal. Still n display in Paris. The "Pascaline," frm The Histry f Cmputing Prject : Mre advanced mechanical calculatr 1673 by German mathematician Gttfried Leibniz Capable f multiplicatin and divisin Purely mechanical with n surce f pwer. The "Step Reckner," frm maxmn.cm : Charles Babbage begins wrk n Difference Engine Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 5

6 He designed, but it was cmpleted by a Swedish inventr in Image f the Difference Engine frm Niagara Cllege 1833: Charles Babbage begins Analytical Engine Never cmpleted. Imprtant cncept: a general-purpse machine capable f perfrming difference functins based n prgramming : Ada Byrn, Lady Lvelace impressed with the cncept f the Analytical Engine at a dinner party. Daughter f pet Lrd Byran Created plans fr hw the machine culd calculate Bernulli numbers. This is regarded as the first cmputer prgram," and she is the first "prgrammer." The Department f Defense named a language Ada in her hnr in : punched cards used by Herman Hllerith t autmate Census Cncept f prgramming the machine t perfrm different tasks with punched cards was frm Babbage. Punch cards based n Jsph Marie Jacquard s device t autmate weaving lms. Hllerith funded a cmpany that became Internatinal Business Machines (IBM) t market the technlgy. Sample Punch Card, frm Abut.cm Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 6

7 : prttype f the first electrnic cmputer Assembled by Jhn Atansff and Clifrd Barry. Jhn Atansff came up with the cncept f using binary numbers. Cmpleted in 1942 using 300 vacuum tubes. Culd slve small systems f linear equatins Image frm The Histry f Cmputing Prject : ENIAC cmpleted Electrnic Numerical Integratr and Cmputer By Presper Eckert and Jhn Mauchly 18,000 vacuum tubes. Occupied a 30 by 50 ft rm Prgramming by plugging wires int a patch panel. Very difficult t d, because this style prgramming requires intimate knwlege f the cmputer. ENIAC, frm ftp.arl.mil : Jhn van Neumann Architecture stred-prgramming cncept He suggested that prgrams and data culd be represented in a similar way and stred in the same internal memry. All mdern cmputers stre prgrams in internal memry. Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 7

8 Summary - Generatins f cmputers 1. Vacuum tube (1939) 2. Transistr (invented in 1947, used in IBM 7090 in 1958) 3. Integrated circuit r chip (invented in 1959, used in IBM 360 in 1964) A small wafer f silicn that has been phtgraphically imprinted t cntain a large number f transistrs tgether. 4. Large-scale integratin: micrprcessr (1975) Entire prcessing unit n a single chip f silicn 5. Fifth Generatin (Present and Beynd) Artificial intelligence sme applicatins, such as vice recgnitin, use f parallel prcessing and supercnductrs, The gal f fifthgeneratin cmputing is t develp devices that respnd t natural language input and are capable f learning and self-rganizatin. Vacuum tube, frm cmputermuseum.li Transistrs, frm Texas Instruments Circuit, frm IEEE Virtual Museum Old CPU's, frm Wikipedia Rbert Nyce, ne f the inventrs f the integrated circuit and funder f Intel speaking f a mdern cmputer chip cmpared t the Eniac: "It is 20 times faster, has a larger memry, is thusands f times mre reliable, cnsumes the pwer f a light bulb rather than that f a lcmtive, ccupies 1/30,000 the vlume and csts 1/10,000 as much." Surce: Rbers, Eric S. The Art and Science f C. Addisn-Wesley Publishing Cmpany. Reading: Prepared by Miss N. Nembhard 8