MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF SOCCER HEADING AND PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR TO UNDERSTAND AND PREVENT MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

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1 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF SOCCER HEADING AND PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR TO UNDERSTAND AND PREVENT MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY MOHD HASNUN ARIF HASSAN DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

2 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG DECLARATION OF THESIS AND COPYRIGHT Author s full name : Date of birth : Title : Academic Session : Mohd Hasnun Arif Bin Hassan 3 December 1984 Modelling and Analysis of Soccer Heading and Protective Headgear to Understand and Prevent Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Semester II 2015/2016 I declare that this thesis is classified as: CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED OPEN ACCESS (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972) (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done) I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (Full text) I acknowledge that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserve the right as follows: 1. The Thesis is the Property of Universiti Malaysia Pahang. 2. The Library of Universiti Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified By: (Student s Signature) (Supervisor s Signature) PROF. DR. ZAHARI TAHA New IC / Passport Number Name of Supervisor Date : Date :

3 SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have checked this thesis and in my opinion, this thesis is adequate in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Supervisor s Signature) Full Name : PROF. DR. ZAHARI TAHA Position : PROFESSOR Date : 17 AUGUST 2016

4 STUDENT S DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in this thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citation which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Malaysia Pahang or any other institutions. (Author s Signature) Full Name : MOHD HASNUN ARIF HASSAN ID Number : PMM12006 Date : 17 AUGUST 2016

5 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF SOCCER HEADING AND PROTECTIVE HEADGEAR TO UNDERSTAND AND PREVENT MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY MOHD HASNUN ARIF HASSAN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG AUGUST 2016

6 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION TITLE PAGE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS i ii iii iv v ix x xiii xiv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Problem Statement Objectives of the Study Scopes and Limitations Overview of the Thesis 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Traumatic Brain Injury Head Injury Predictor Translational-acceleration-based Injury Predictor Rotational-and-translational-acceleration-based Injury Predictor Stress-strain-based Injury Predictor Brain Deformation Measurement Sports-related Concussion Concussion in Soccer Soccer Heading and Concussion Soccer Headgear Summary 20 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Phases of Study Mechanical Properties of a Soccer Ball 24 v

7 3.3 Soccer Ball Launching Device Theoretical Calculation The Fabrication of the Device Instrumented Mouthpiece Sensors Casing Summary 33 CHAPTER 4 ANALYTICAL MODELLING 4.1 Model Development Overview Mass-spring-damper Model of Soccer Heading Model Validation Validation for Brain Acceleration Validation for Head Acceleration Skull and Brain Kinematics Analysis Summary 47 CHAPTER 5 FINITE ELEMENT MODELLING 5.1 Soccer Ball Finite Element Model Overview Model Geometry and Meshing Material Properties Ball Pressurisation Ball Impact Analysis Reaction Force Calculation Sensitivity Study Model Validation Human Head Finite Element Model Overview Model Geometry and Material Properties Model Validation Sensitivity Study Summary 76 vi

8 CHAPTER 6 SOCCER HEADING ANALYSIS 6.1 Overview Soccer Heading Experiment Experimental Procedure Data Measurement and Analysis Results and Discussions FE Analysis of Soccer Heading Overview Validation against Soccer Heading Experiment Validation against Published Experimental Works Parametric Studies of Soccer Heading Summary 103 CHAPTER 7 SOCCER HEADGEAR ANALYSIS 7.1 Soccer Heading Experiment with Headgear Mass-spring-damper Model of Soccer Heading with Headgear FE Analysis of the Soccer Heading with Headgear Parametric Studies of the Foam Properties Elastomeric Foam FE Modelling of an Elastomeric Foam Hyperfoam Material Properties Summary 128 CHAPTER 8 CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Objective 1: Analytical Modelling of Soccer Heading Objective 2: Finite Element Analysis of Soccer Heading Finite Element Modelling of Soccer Ball Finite Element Modelling of Human Head Soccer Heading Experiment Soccer Heading Simulation Objective 3: Numerical Analysis of Soccer Headgear Future Research 133 REFERENCES 135 vii

9 APPENDICES 144 A Arduino Code 144 A.1 Soccer Ball Launching Device 144 A.2 Instrumented Mouthpiece 145 B Informed Consent Form 148 C List of Publications 151 C.1 Journal Publications 151 C.2 Conference Proceedings 151 viii

10 LIST OF TABLES Table Title Page 2.1 Standard Glasgow Coma Scale score Commercial soccer headgears and their respective manufacturers Parameters measured from the dropped-ball experiment Average ball velocity with respect to the ball feeding delay Means (± SD) of peak brain acceleration from experiment and model Reduced polynomial hyperelastic material coefficients Elastic material properties Characteristics of the subjects Parameters involve in the parametric studies. 120 ix

11 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Title Page 2.1 Coup and contrecoup brain injury phenomenon Wayne State Tolerance Curve (WSTC) Probability of concussion based on HIP max Sports-related head injury cases treated in the U.S. hospitals in A soccer player performing the soccer heading manoeuvre Commercial soccer headgears Soccer headgear tested using the Hybrid III crash test dummy Phases of study Soccer ball impact defined as a mass-spring-damper system Dropped-ball experiment JUGS soccer machine Force exerted on the wheel during the soccer ball launching Soccer ball launching device Wiring diagram of the soccer ball launching device Wiring diagram of the mouthpiece sensors Instrumented mouthpiece Analytical model of soccer ball-to-head impact Dropped-ball experiment on the instrumented dummy skull Gel s acceleration obtained from the dropped-ball experiment Rotated mass-spring-damper model Predicted head accelerations in comparison to literature Predicted kinematics of the head and brain Influence of neck s stiffness and damping on the acceleration Advanced soccer ball models developed by Price et al. (2008) Geometry and mesh of the soccer ball FE model Free-body diagram of a soccer ball impact Influence of the mesh density on the ball impact characteristics Influence of the coefficient of friction on the ball impact characteristics Influence of the damping coefficient on the ball impact characteristics Validating the developed FE model against Price s model Soccer ball dynamic impact experiment Comparison between the predicted and measured ball parameters Predicted and calculated reaction forces. 62 x

12 5.11 View cut of the FE head model showing all four components Validation of the human head FE model against literature Intracranial responses with respect to the skull-brain interface Intracranial responses with respect to E brain Intracranial responses with respect to ν brain Intracranial responses with respect to E CSF Intracranial responses with respect to ν CSF Influence of several parameters on the computational cost Soccer heading experimental setup Sensor casing detached from the mouthguard Measured peak head accelerations and those of literature Resultant linear acceleration and angular velocity about the x-axis Linear acceleration curves of all trials with respect to the subjects Angular velocity curves of all trials with respect to the subjects Assembly of the FE models to replicate the experiment Side-by-side comparison of the experiment and FE analysis Predicted and measured peak head accelerations Predicted and measured linear and angular acceleration curves Predicted peak head accelerations and those of the literature Predicted peak linear head accelerations and those of Naunheim et al Predicted linear head acceleration curves and those of literature Predicted peak head accelerations against those of Hanlon and Bir Parametric study of the head angle during soccer heading Head responses with respect to the head angle Head responses with respect to the ball pressure Commercial soccer headgear Measured peak accelerations with and without wearing the headgear Analytical model of soccer heading with headgear Linear head accelerations with and without wearing the headgear Compressive stress-strain curve of the Full90 headgear Headgear modelled on the frontal skull Measured and predicted peak accelerations with the headgear Headgear deformed fully during the impact Typical stress-strain curve of an elastomeric foam under compression Peak linear acceleration with respect to µ 1, α 1, ν 1 and ρ f oam Peak angular acceleration with respect to µ 1, α 1, ν 1 and ρ f oam HIP max with respect to µ 1, α 1, ν 1 and ρ f oam. 120 xi

13 7.13 Linear head acceleration curves with respect to µ 1, α 1, ν 1 and ρ f oam Angular head acceleration curves with respect to µ 1, α 1, ν 1 and ρ f oam Design of foam to improve its impact absorption capability Auxetic and conventional foams when being impacted by an object. 125 xii

14 LIST OF SYMBOLS a i α i β β i c i C i0 D i T e E F Linear acceleration Angular acceleration / Temperature-dependent material parameter Decay factor Temperature-dependent material parameter Damping coefficient Material constant Material constant Impact duration / contact time Coefficient of restitution Elastic modulus / Young s modulus Force g Gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s 2 ) G i g R (t) ḡ P Ī i J el J ii K k i ˆλ i m i Shear modulus Relaxation modulus Material constant Strain invariant Elastic volume ratio Mass moments of inertia Bulk modulus Linear stiffness Principal stretches Mass µ i Temperature-dependent material parameter t Time τ G v i ν i ω i ω d r w U x i ẋ i ẍ i Material constant Linear velocity Poisson s ratio Angular velocity Damped natural frequency Wheel radius Strain energy per unit of reference volume Longitudinal deformation / displacement Linear velocity Linear acceleration xiii

15 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 2D 3D ABS AC BDNF COR CSDM CSF CT DAQ DC DDM DTI FA FE FEA GAMBIT GCS HIC HIP HITS ImPACT LOC MRI mtbi NGF NSE PTA RMDM SD TBI WSTC Two-dimensional Three-dimensional Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Alternating current Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Coefficient of restitution Cumulative Strain Damage Measure Cerebrospinal fluid Computed tomography Data acquisition Direct current Dilatation Damage Measure Diffusion tensor imaging Fractional anisotropy Finite element Finite element analysis Generalised Acceleration Model for Brain Injury Threshold Glasgow Coma Scale Head Injury Criterion Head Impact Power Head Impact Telemetry System Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment Cognitive Testing Loss of consciousness Magnetic resonance imaging Mild traumatic brain injury Nerve growth factor Neuron-specific enolase Post-traumatic amnesia Relative Motion Damage Measure Standard deviation Traumatic brain injury Wayne State Tolerance Curve xiv