UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCE WITH SINGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH

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1 1 UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCE WITH SINGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH B. ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

2 1 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT Author s full name : NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH Date of birth : 07 JANUARY 1993 Title : UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCED WITH SNGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN Academic Session : 2015/2016 I declare that this Final Year Project Report is classified as: CONFIDENTIAL RESTRICTED OPEN ACCESS (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret Act 1972)* (Contains restricted information as specified by the organization where research was done) I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access (full text) I acknowledged that Universiti Malaysia Pahang reserves the right as follows: 1. The Final Year Project Report is the property of Universiti Malaysia Pahang. 2. The Library of Universiti Malaysia Pahang has the right to make copies for the purpose of research only. 3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange. Certified by: (STUDENT S SIGNATURE) (SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR) DR. MUZAMIR BIN HASAN (NEW IC NO. / PASSPORT NO.) NAME OF SUPERVISOR Date: 30 JUNE 2016 Date: 30 JUNE 2016 NOTES * If the Final Year Project Report is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for condentially or restriction

3 1 UNDRAINED SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOFT CLAY REINFORCED WITH SINGLE 16MM DIAMETER ENCAPSULATED BOTTOM ASH COLUMN NABILAH BINTI MD MASHOD FAKEH A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for award of the degree of B.ENG (HONS.) CIVIL ENGINEERING Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2016

4 ii SUPERVISOR S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I have read this thesis and in my opinion this thesis is sufficient in term of scope and quality for the award of degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Signature : Name of Supervisor : DR. MUZAMIR BIN HASAN Position : SENIOR LECTURER Date : 30 JUNE 2016

5 iii STUDENT S DECLARATION I declare that this thesis entitle Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Single 16mm Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not currently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Signature :. Name of Supervisor : NABILAH BT. MD MASHOD FAKEH Date : 30 JUNE 2016

6 viii TABLE OF CONTENT DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEGMENT ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF ABBREVIATION Page ii iv v vi vii viii xii xiii xv xvi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Problem Statement Objective Scope of Study Significant of Study 6 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Soft Soil Properties of Soft Soil Compressibility and Consolidation Undrained Shear Strength Bottom Ash Properties of Bottom Ash 14

7 ix Physical Properties of Bottom Ash Particle Size Distribution Specific Gravity Mechanical Properties of Bottom Ash Permeability Shear Strength Compaction Compressibility Chemical Properties of Bottom Ash Ground Improvement Stone Column Vibro-Stone Column Vertical Drains Types of Vertical Drains Grouting and Injection Small Scale Modelling on Granular Column Critical Column Length 32 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Selection of Ground Improvement Technique Selection of Material Sample Collection Laboratory Works Laboratory Work for Determination of Physical and 39 Mechanical Properties Atterberg Limit Test Relative Density Test Hydrometer Test Specific Gravity Test 43

8 x Permeability Test Dry Sieve Test Standard Compaction Test Direct Shear Test Reinforcing Soft Clay with Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash 47 Column Preparation of Samples Installation of Bottom Ash Column Unconfined Compression Test 51 CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction Summary of Kaolin and Bottom Ash Physical Properties Atterberg Limit Test Specific Gravity Particle Size Distribution Mechanical Properties Standard Proctor Compaction Test Permeability Direct Shear Strength Reinforcing Soft Clay with Bottom Ash Column Stress Strain Behavior under Axial Load Effect of Bottom Ash Columns on Shear Strength : Effect of Column Penetration Ratio Effect of Height over Diameter of Column Effect of Volume Replacement Ratio 75 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction 79

9 xi 5.2 Conclusion Recommendation 82 REFERENCES 83 APPENDIX A ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST 89 B SPECIFIC GRAVITY RESULT 90 C HYDROMETER TEST RESULT 92 D SIEVE ANALYSIS TEST 93 E COMPACTION TEST RESULT 94 F CONSTANT HEAD TEST RESULT 98 G FALLING HEAD TEST RESULT 99

10 xii LIST OF TABLE Table No. Title Page 2.1 Particle Size Classification Characteristics of Clay Soil (Meschyan, 1995) Index properties of Soft Clay ( Mohd Amin et 10 al.,1997) 2.4 Undrained Strength classification of clay (Craig, ) 2.5 Utilization of bottom ash in tones (ACAA, 2008) Particle Classification (Head, 1992) Grain size analysis from different power plant ( 16 Moulton & Lyle, 1973) 2.8 Classification of soil according to permeability 19 value (Head, 1992) 2.9 Result of permeability of bottom ash from previous 19 works 2.10 Result of direct shear test of bottom ash from 20 previous works( Lee, 2008, Abdul Talib, 2010, and Hassan et al, 2011) 2.11 Chemical analysis result from different power plant 23 in Malaysia 2.12 Soil Improvement Method Types of vertical drains ( Holtz et al,. 1991) Summary of Laboratory Testing Programme Density of various dimensions of bottom ash 50 columns installed in kaolin specimens 4.1 Summary of Kaolin clay properties Summary of Tanjung Bin Bottom Ash properties Summary of Polyster Non-woven Geotextile 56 Needlepunched properties (MTS 130) 4.4 Comparison of Bottom Ash Specific Gravity Values Maximum deviator stress and axial strain values at 65 different area replacement ratio and different height penetration ratio 4.6 Improvement Shear Strength Result of Unconfined Compression Test 68

11 xiii LIST OF FIGURES Figure No Title Page 2.1 Design of a Coal-Fired Power Plant (World Coal 13 Association, 2015) 2.2 Bottom Ash (University of Kentucky, 2006) Sieve analysis of three power plant in Malaysia 17 (Abdul Talib et al., 2010) 2.4 Preloading with vertical drains Compaction grouting implementation (Orense, ) 2.6 Photographs of sand columns beneath circular 33 footing, before, during and after loading (a) L/d=6, (b) L/d=10, (McKelvey et al, Flowchart of Research Methodology Specific Location of Tanjung Bin Power Plant, 37 Johor (Muhardi et al., 2010) 3.3 Cone Penetration apparatus A graph of moisture content versus volume Apparatus of Hydrometer Test Typical permeability ranges Mechanical Sieve Shaker Standard Compaction Test apparatus Direct Shear Machine Customized mould set or 50mm diameter and mm high specimen 3.11 Hole was drilled using 16 mm diameter drill bits Specimens extruded out of the mould being kept 49 inside the case 3.13 Detailed column arrangement for single bottom ash 50 column installed in clay specimens 3.14 The apparatus use for Unconfined Compression 52 Test 4.1 Graph of penetration versus moisture content Plasticity Chart (BS 1377-Part 2: 1990 : 4.5 & 6.5) Plasticity Chart (BS 1377-Part 2: 1990 : 4.5 & 6.5) Particle size of distribution of kaolin clay Particle size of distribution of bottom ash Graph compaction test of kaolin Graph compaction test of bottom ash 63

12 xiv 4.7 Graph of shear stress versus normal stress Deviator stress versus axial strain at failure for % area replacement of bottom ash column at different penetration ratio 4.9 Shear Strength versus Height Penetration Ratio Improvement Shear Strength with Height 70 Penetration Ratio for Singular Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column Correlation Graph of Shear Strength with 71 Penetration Ratio 4.12 Correlation Graph of Improvement Shear Strength 71 with Height Penetration Ratio Shear Strength versus Height over Diameter of 73 Column 4.14 Improvement Shear Strength versus Height over 73 Diameter of Column 4.15 Correlation of Shear Strength versus Height over 74 Diameter of Column 4.16 Correlation of Improvement Shear Strength versus 75 Height over Diameter of Column 4.17 Shear Strength versus Column Volume Penetration 76 Ratio 4.18 Improvement Shear Strength versus Column 76 Volume Penetration Ratio 4.19 Correlation of Shear Strength versus Column 77 Volume Penetration Ratio 4.20 Correlation of Improvement Shear Strength versus Column Volume Penetration Ratio 78

13 xv LIST OF SYMBOLS Ac As Hc Hs Vc Vs Dc Si Sc τ σ ᶲ WL Wp Ip wopt qu su su d R 2 Area of a column Area of a sample Height of a column Height of a sample Volumes of a column Volumes of a sample Diameter of a column Immediate settlement Primary consolidation Shear strength of the soil Effective normal stress Cohesion Liquid limit Plastic limit Plastic Index Optimum water content Deviator stress Undrained shear stress Improvement undrained shear strength Dry density Correlation cohesion

14 xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACAA AASHTO ASTM BS BSCS EDS EPF FHWA MIT ML USCS USDA WV XRF American Coal Ash Association American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials American Society of Testing Material British Standard British Soil Classification System Energy Dispersive Spectrometry Employee Provided Fund Federal Highway Administration Massachusetts Institute of Technology Low Plasticity Silt Unified Soil Classification System US Department of Agriculture West Virginia X-Ray Fluorescence

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EFFECT OF NOZZLE ANGLE ON JET IMPINGEMENT COOLING SYSTEM KHAIDER BIN ABU BAKAR Report submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Faculty