Down and Up Along the Proton Dripline Proton Radioactivity Centrifugal (l=5) ) V 20 Coulomb Me( Radius (fm) Nuclear
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1 V (MeV) V (MeV) Michael Thoennessen, Physics, August -17, 02 Down and U Along the Proton Driline Proton Radioactivity Heavy ne-proton Emitter Light ne-proton Emitter Light Two-Proton Emitter Heavy Two Proton Emitter Centrifugal (l=5) Coulomb 40 Radius (fm) Nuclear Strong Influence on Angular Momentum Heavy Proton Emitter l=0 l=5 1 71Lu80 E=1.25 MeV Radius (fm) T 1/2 (l=0) = 3µs T 1/2 (l=5) = 81ms Long lifetimes due to Coulomb and angular momentum barrier Produce in fusion evaoration reactions or fragmentation Searate and subsequently sto in a detector for identification Use segmented silicon stri detectors for a delayed decay 1 Searation Energies (dd -numbers) 1 Searation Energies (Even -numbers) T. Radon et al., Pramana 53 (1999) 69 T. Radon et al., Pramana 53 (1999) 69 1
2 Physics, August -17, 02 Structure and Deformed Emitters Q-Values and Branching Ratios J. Uusitalo et al. 5 Ta A. A. Sonzogni et al. 131 Eu, 141 Ho, 145 Tm T. N. Ginter et al. 0 Lu 167 Ir 161 Re K. S. Toth et al. 1 Lu C. J. Gross et al. 3 Cs K. Rykaczewski et al. 140 Ho, 141 Ho C. N. Davids et al., Phys. Rev. C 55, (1997) 2255 P. J. Woods and C. N. Davids, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 47 (1997) 541 R. J. Irvine et al., Phys. Rev. C 55 (1997) R1621 Where is the Proton Driline? Short -Lived Proton Emitters C.R. Bingham et al. 0 Sn r - Process K. Sümmerer et al., Nucl. Phys. A616 (1997) 341c B. Blank, J. Phys. G 24 (1998) Mo Nb Zr M. F. Mohar et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 71 B. Blank et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) Co Fe 2
3 Physics, August -17, 02 New Isotoes Along the Driline Promt Decay from a Well-Deformed Band γ B. Blank et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 2893 B. Blank, J. Phys. G 24 (1998) 1385 D. Rudolh et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (1998) 3018 First Proton Radioactivity β-delayed Proton Emitters ms 3.19 (19/2 - ) β + 1.5% 0 (7/2 - ) Fe 27 19/2-7/ Co Fe Energy (MeV) Joseh Cerny and J. C. Hardy, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 333 S. Czajkowski et al., Nucl. Phys. A628 (1998) 537 Light Proton Emitter 1 Lu and (Very) short lifetimes due to small Coulomb and no or very small angular momentum barrier (l=0,1,2) Produce in transfer reactions or fragmentation Identify by comlete kinematic reconstruction in flight 3
4 Physics, August -17, 02 Definition of Radioactivity Search for Di-Proton Emitters should lead to to lifetimes longer than - - sec, a ossible lower limit for for the the rocess to to be be called radioactivity. Joseh Cerny and J. C. Hardy, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 27 (1977) 333 Predicted by Goldansky in 1960 Until recently (?) elusive In-Flight Decay (Short lifetimes) Ground State Excited States Resonance Scattering Coulomb Excitation Neutron-Striing Imlantation/Decay (Long lifetimes) Beta-Delayed Emitters Ground-State Emitters Potential Two Proton Emitter Definitions Di-Proton Decay Simultaneous Decay Sequential Decay N+ C+2 N+ C+2 N+ C+2 C+2 C++ N+ C++ C++ Three Body Model Three-Body Decay Paths L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (00) 22 L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (00) 22 4
5 Physics, August -17, 02 Light Two-Proton Emitters Two-Proton Decay of 6 Be 1.67 (2 + ) 0.59 (3/2 - ) (0 g.s. + ) 6 Be 5 Li He+2 D.F. Geesaman et al., Phys. Rev. C (1977) 1835 Transfer Reactions with Radioactive Beams Production and Identification of short-lived Nuclei C Telescoe Light Charged Particle Array 9 Be Be Decay Energy Sectrum of Two-Proton Angular Distribution Di-Proton Sequential E Decay = 1.77 MeV Γ = 575 kev 5
6 Physics, August -17, 02 Decay Width Elastic Resonance Scattering Sequential Decay N+ C+2 N+ However: Γ calc kev Γ measured = 575 kev C++ L. Axelsson et al., Phys. Rev. C 54 (1996) R Ground State of N Two Proton Decay of A. Azhari, et al. Phys. Rev. C57, 628 (1998) ld J. M. liviera, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 628 (00) 1.8 MeV?? 2.0 MeV K. Markenroth, et al. Phys. Rev. C62, (1998) New 1.45 MeV 1.63 MeV N 1.27 MeV 1.8 MeV ~1.5 MeV N+ C+2 Di-Proton Decay of 16 Ne? New Shell Structure? Z=8?? N= N=8 N=16? L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88 (02)
7 Physics, August -17, 02 Vanishing of the Proton Z=8 Shell? Vanishing of the Proton Z=8 Shell? Z=8 5 Li 9 B 13 N 17 F 7 B N F N (-1.92MeV) N (-1.27MeV) F?? Mass of F?? Previous F Measurement Binding Energy of F : 1.47 MeV Γ = 1 MeV N F?? G. J. KeKelis et al., Phys. Rev. C 17, 1929 (1978) Theoretical Prediction Invariant Mass Measurements at GANIL Primary Beam: 24 Mg Secondary Beams: Mg, 18 Ne, 17 F Fragments Energies: MeV/nucleon Striing Reactions Detectors: SPEG Sectrometer MUST array 2% 87% % S. Grevy,. Sorlin, and N. Vinh Mau, Phys. Rev. C56 (1997)
8 Physics, August -17, 02 F 14 + Mass of F!! Relative to KeKelis et al. Binding Energy of F : E gs = 1.00 ± 0.08MeV Γ = 1.23 ± 0.22MeV T. Zerguerras et al., to be ublished N F!! Two Proton Decay of 16 Ne Two Proton Decay of 19 Mg?? ld F Theoretical Predictions 1.4 MeV?? 1.5 MeV ~1.8 MeV New ~1.2 MeV?? 19 Mg 18 Na+ 17 F+2 Masses of 19 Mg and 18 Na are not known Striing reactions: Mg 18 Na 17 Ne + Mg 19 Mg 17 Ne MeV 1.0 MeV 16 Ne F First Measurement of the Mass of 18 Na Decay of 19 Mg Sequential?? Binding Energy of 18 Na : E gs = 0.4 ± 0.05 MeV Γ = 0.34 ± 0.09 MeV No events observed for Mg 19 Mg 18 Na + 2 ~1.2 MeV 19 Mg 18 Na+ 17 F MeV Two-Proton Decay will most likely be sequential.... unless the mass of 19 Mg is also underredicted Measure the mass of 19 Mg 8
9 Physics, August -17, 02 Intermediate (1) Nuclei Two-Proton Decay of 14 * C+2 3/ / He Sequential 13 N C.R. Bain et al., Phys. Lett. B373 (1996) 35 Level and Decay Scheme of 17 Ne γ-decay of the First Excited State M. J. Chromik et al., Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) 1676 Exerimental Setu Decay Energy Sectrum of 17 Ne Counts 9
![[m] 2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: energy loss 2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: roton energy loss 17 Ne,2 2x2 Silicon](/docs-images/78/78603246/images/10-2.jpg "quadrant detector: energy 48 element CsI detector roton energy Coulomb Excitation of 17 Ne 18 Ne 17 Ne * + 2 Number")
![of Counts No evidence for 2 decay from the first excited state in 17 Ne Decay Energy [kev] M.](/docs-images/78/78603246/images/10-6.jpg "Chromik et al, to be ublished Two-Proton Decay of 18 Ne? ne and Two Proton Decay Γ 1 = 50 kev J. Gomez del Camo et al.")
10 Physics, August -17, 02 Exerimental Setu Breaku Reactions in the Detectors can be identified using the new Setu 17 Ne Position sensitive detectors Target Reaction in the Target 17 Ne,2 E in Pin1 [MeV] 17 Ne Penetrating the first Pin 40x40 Silicon stri detector: Low gain: ==> osition High Gain: ==> roton osition 40x40 Silicon stri detector roton osition energy Breaku in the First Pin Breaku Pos. [m] 2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: energy loss 2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: roton energy loss 17 Ne,2 2x2 Silicon quadrant detector: energy 48 element CsI detector roton energy Coulomb Excitation of 17 Ne 18 Ne 17 Ne * + 2 Number of Counts No evidence for 2 decay from the first excited state in 17 Ne Decay Energy [kev] M. Chromik et al, to be ublished Two-Proton Decay of 18 Ne? ne and Two Proton Decay Γ 1 = 50 kev J. Gomez del Camo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (01) 43 Γ 2 = ev J. Gomez del Camo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (01) 43
11 Physics, August -17, 02 Correlated or Uncorrelated? 2 and 3 Decay of 31 Ar Relative Energy ening Angle 31 Ar β-decay I. Mukha et al., Nucl. Phys. A630 (1998) 394c.34 IAS 3 J. Gomez del Camo et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86 (01) P Si Cl S+ D. Bazin et al., Phys. Rev. C45 (1992) 69 Two-Proton Radioactivity Decay Width and Lifetime Predictions 38 Ti 39 Ti 45 Fe 48 Ni 63 Se ( )x - ms ms ms ms ms W. E. rmand, Phys. Rev. C55 (1997) 2407 W. E. rmand, Phys. Rev. C53 (1996) 2145 B. A. Brown, Phys. Rev. C43 (1991) R13 L. V. Grigorenko et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 85 (00) Fe: 2-Proton Decay at GSI 45 Fe: 2-Proton Decay at GANIL M. Pfützner et al., to be ublished J. Giovinazzo et al., to be ublished
12 Physics, August -17, Fe: Di-Proton or Sequential? Bridging the Waiting Points G. Audi and A.H. Wastra, Nucl. Phys. A595 (1995) 409 H. Schatz et al., Phys. Re. 294 (1998) 167 Two-roton emitters and the (2,γ) rates 17 Ne (γ,2) γ F+ 17 Ne htt://cse.hys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/index.html (2,γ) 17 Ne Does the (2,γ) comete with the (α,γ) -Q z Q z+1 Q F+ 17 Ne γ Total Reaction Rate Density [g/cm 3 ] Lines of equal rates: β = (2,γ) (α,γ) = (2,γ) β = (α,γ) T (GK) T (GK)
13 Physics, August -17, 02 Ne( 3 He, 6 He) 17 Ne New Level Scheme for 17 Ne 5/2 _ 1/2 + 1/2 + 5/2 _ V. Guimarães et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 6 V. Guimarães et al. Phys. Rev. C58 (1998) 6 Modified Reactions Rates for 16 F(,γ) Does the (2,γ) comete with the (α,γ) now? Total Reaction Rate T (GK) Density [g/cm 3 ] Lines of equal rates: β = (2,γ) (α,γ) = (2,γ) β = (α,γ) T (GK) Use (γ,2) to study (2,γ) 68 Se(2,γ) Kr Final nucleus following (2,γ) is article stable Use Coulomb dissociation (γ,2) on stable nucleus Potential waiting oint candidates: (2,γ) 17 Ne 18 Ne(2,γ) Mg 38 Ca(2,γ) 40 Ti J. Görres, M. Wiescher, F.-K. Thielemann, Phys. Rev. C51, 392 (1995) -Q z Q z+1 Q 68 Se+2 69 Br+ Kr γ 64 Ge(2,γ) 66 Se 68 Se(2,γ) Kr 72 Kr(2,γ) 74 Y F. Käeler, F.-K. Thielemann, and M. Wiescher, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 48, 175 (1998) Low T (<2GK) : λ total = λ β(z) + g(t)*ex(-q z )*<γ> Ζ+1 High T (>2GK) : λ total = λ β(z) + f(t)*ex( Q)*λ β(z+2) 13
14 Physics, August -17, 02 Reduction of Stellar Lifetime What is needed? Energies and decay roerties of the Z (waiting oint +2) nucleus: Coulomb excitation: (γ,γ) and (γ,2) Kr(γ,2) 68 Se Mass of the unstable Z (waiting oint +1) nucleus: Transfer reaction: 9 Be( Br, 69 Br) 68 Se + H. Schatz et al., Phys. Re. 294 (1998) 167 Beam Intensities Conclusions Kr Kr(γ,2) 68 Se Br RIA: 4x 4 /s CC : 3x 2 /s 68 Se Kr Kr 9 Be( Br, 69 Br) RIA: 8x 7 /s CC : 7x 5 /s Br Br Still no conclusive evidence for di-roton decay Light nuclei: Phase sace wins : If it can decay sequential, it will Ground-state di-roton decay very unlikely Lower ground-state energies measured for N, F and 18 Na Still unresolved roblem of large width in Measure 19Mg!! Heavier nuclei: First evidence for two-roton decay in 45 Fe Determine the roton correlations Measure the mass of 44 Mn Deformation, structure and mass measurements 14
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-"l" also contributes ENERGY. Higher values for "l" mean the electron has higher energy.
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-"l" also contributes ENERGY. Higher values for "l" mean the electron has higher energy.
170 - Giving the four parameters will uniquely identify an electron around an atom. No two electrons in the same atom can share all four. These parameters are called QUANTUM NUMBERS. PRINCIPAL QUANTUM
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