MOTION. Chapter 2: Sections 1 and 2
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1 MOTION Chapter 2: Sections 1 and 2
2 Vocab: Ch Distance Displacement Speed Average speed Instantaneous speed Velocity Acceleration
3 Describing Motion Motion is an object s change in position relative to a reference point Relative motion: Motion we don t always notice (sitting in a desk, but Earth is moving relative to other planets) Displacement vs. Distance n Distance: the change in the position of an object n Measures the path taken n Displacement is the change of an object s position n Must always include direction
4 Distance vs. Displacement
5 Describing Motion continued Speed describes how fast an object moves distance traveled divided by the time interval The SI unit = meters per second (m/s). can be determined from a distance-time graph n When graphed, distance on the y-axis and time on the x-axis n slope of the graph is speed
6 Graphing Speed Constant speed Changing speed Distance Time The slope of the line tells us how fast an object is moving. Steep = fast Horizontal = object at rest
7 Distance-Time Graph
8 Describing Motion continued Average speed is calculated as distance divided by time. speed distance = time v = When an object covers equal distances in equal amounts of time, it is moving at a constant speed Instantaneous speed is the speed at a given point in time d t
9 Variations on the speed equation s = d/t d = s * t t = d/s
10 Speed vs. Velocity What is the difference between speed and velocity? Velocity tells us what direction an object is moving; speed does not give us direction. *For an object to have constant velocity, speed AND direction must not be changing!
11 Velocity Practice 1. Find the velocity in m/s of a swimmer who swims 110 m toward the shore in 72 s. 2. Find the velocity in m/s of a baseball thrown 38 m from third base to first base in 1.7 s. 3. Calculate the displacement a cyclist would travel in 5.00 h at an average velocity of 12.0 km/h. 4. How much time does it take for a student running at an average speed of 5.00 m/s to cover a distance of 2.00 km? (There are 1000 m in a km.)
12 Check Your Understanding What is the difference between distance and displacement? What is a runner s average speed if they run for 2 hours and go 12 miles?
13 Answers What is the difference between distance and displacement? Distance: How far an object has moved, direction doesn t matter Displacement: How far an object moved from its starting point; measured by the shortest path between the start and finish. What is a runner s average speed if they run for 2 hours and go 12 miles? s=d/t s=12/2 = 6 miles per hour
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15 Daily Quiz True or False? 1. Distance divided by time is a measure of average velocity. 2. Displacement must be straight and must include a direction. 3. Displacement divided by time is a measure of speed. 4. Instantaneous speed is a speed measured in an infinitely small time interval (at one point in time). 5. The SI unit of speed is miles per hour.
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17 Acceleration Acceleration is the rate at which velocity changes over time. A change in speed, direction, or both Equation acceleration = final velocity initial velocity time a = v t In SI units, acceleration is measured in meters per second per second (m/s/s) or m/s 2. can be determined from a velocity-time graph. Does acceleration always mean you are going faster?
18 Positive Acceleration If the speed increases, the acceleration is positive a = v f -v i t Unit of measurement is usually m/s/s or m/s 2 v f > v i Speed Time
19 Negative Acceleration If the speed decreases, the acceleration is negative. a = v f -v i t Unit of measurement is usually m/s/s or m/s 2 v f < v i Speed Time
20 Acceleration Practice 1. A skater goes from a standstill to a speed of 6.7 m/s in 12 seconds. What is the acceleration of the skater? 2. A skater travels at a constant velocity of 4.5m/s westward, then speeds up with a steady acceleration of 2.3m/s 2. Calculate the skater s speed after accelerating for 5.0s. 3. A dog runs with an initial speed of 1.5m/s on a waxed floor. It slides to a stop with an acceleration of -0.35m/s 2. How long does it take for the dog to come to a stop? 4. A child rides on a merry-go-round at a constant speed of 4.5 m/s. Is the child accelerating? Why or why not?
21 Scalar vs Vector Scalar magnitude EX: speed, distance, mass, volume Vector magnitude and direction EX: velocity, acceleration, force, momentum
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