Supplementary Info for High brightness. formamidinium lead bromide perovskite. nanocrystal light emitting devices

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1 Supplementary Info for High brightness formamidinium lead bromide perovskite nanocrystal light emitting devices Ajay Perumal 1 *, Sushant Shendre 1, Mingjie Li 2, Yong Kang Eugene Tay 2, Vijay Kumar Sharma 1,2,4, Shi Chen 2, Zhanhua Wei 2, Qing Liu 3, Yuan Gao 1, Pio John S Buenconsejo 3, Swee Tiam Tan 1, Chee Lip Gan 3, Qihua Xiong 2, Tze Chien Sum 2 and Hilmi Volkan Demir 1,2,4 * 1 LUMINOUS! Center of Excellence for Semiconductor Lighting and Displays, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore , Singapore 4 UNAM-Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Department of Physics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey KEYWORDS: Perovskite LED; Formamidinium lead bromide; FAPbBr3 nanocrystals; Organic-inorganic halide perovskites

2 X-Ray Diffraction Analysis: Table ST1: Cubic phase indexing Space group Pm-3m Cry size Lorentzian (nm) 18.03(30) Pawley method Phase name FAPbBr3_hkl_Phase R-Bragg Cell Mass Cell Volume (Å 3 ) (21) Lattice parameters: a (Å) (20) h k l d-spacing() 2Theta() Intensity (55) (59) (71) (18) (16) (13) (20) (19) (20) (24) (26) (28) (35) (40) (45) (48)

3 (48) (59) Tetragonal phase Indexing Space group P4mm Cell P4mm (Å 3 ) 216.6(10) a P4mm Å (10) c P4mm Å (20) h k l d-spacing () 2-theta ()

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6 Figure S1: The absolute PL emission spectra under a pump fluence of 1.2 μj cm 2 at temperatures ranging from K. Figure S2: PL emission measurements of supernatant (having nanocrystals of smaller size) and the precipitate (having nanocrystals of much larger size compared to supernatant) their emission peaks are not much different.

7 Figure S3: The solution TRPL of FAPbBr3 in toluene recorded at room temperature along with the exponential fit.

8 Figure S4: XPS and UPS spectra on FAPbBr3 NCs drop cast on a substrate. The Carbon 1s peak in The MAPbBr3 and FAPbBr3 samples are similar, the main peak at around 285.8eV in both spectra is originated from the carbon atoms in MA and FA cations. The N 1s peak show a 2eV difference between MAPbBr3 (~403eV) and FAPbBr3 (~401eV) samples. The higher N 1s binding energy in MAPbBr3 sample is due to the stronger C-N bonding in MA cation. The valence band relative to the Fermi level E F and the Fermi level E F relative to vacuum are also shown. We deduce the ionization potential to be 6.55eV and the CB is at 4.2eV for FAPbBr 3 NC film.

9 Figure S5: Cross sectional Bright field TEM image of the full Pe-LED device with TEM specimen is prepared via FIB technique. In general the organic layers and the perovskite are dominated by carbon, nitrogen. Hence we could not see any distinguishable contrast for different active layers. The PEDOT:PSS, FAPbBr 3 and the B3PYMPM layer appear to be of same contrast with total thickness to be 112 nm.

10 PLQE (%) Different Batch of Synthesis for FAPbBr3 NCs Figure S6: PLQE for 5 different batch synthesis of FAPbBr 3 NCs. 100 PLQE (%) The PLQE measured as a function of laser power for DROP CAST THINFILM Note: Absorption in the sample for each power is fixed at 65% Laser Power (mw) Figure S7: PLQE variation as a function of laser power.

11 Small angle X-Ray scattering (SAXS) technique Description: Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is a common method to determine the shape and size distribution of particles in colloidal solution, and this technique is unique due to its sub nanometer resolution (1-100 nm) and also it probes large sample sizes (averaging over large number of nanocrystals) 1, 2. In a liquid sample probe, the measured scattering signal originates from the contrast between the nanocrystals and the solvent. When a particle with the electron density of ρ1 is embedded into a matrix of electron density ρ2, then the scattered intensity for poly-disperse sample with N particles is 2 N ΔI(q) = I 0 (Δρ) i 2 i=1 V i 2 P i (q)s i (q) Where V is the particle volume, Δρ = ρ1-ρ2 and P(q) is the form factor of the particle. For dilute solutions as is the case with our liquid sample suspension of NCs, the particle interactions can be assumed to be negligible S(q)=0 2 then every particle in the liquid suspension produces a form factor that is characteristic to its structure 3. The oscillating part of the form factor is represented in real space via Fourier transformation resulting in a pair distance distribution function p(r) which is related with the experimental form factor P(q) via P(q) = 0 p(r) sin qr qr dr The pair distance distribution function is a histogram of size of the particles in liquid suspension in our sample. 1. Bandyopadhyay, J.; Sinha Ray, S. Polymer 2010, 51, (6), Fedeyko, J. M.; Vlachos, D. G.; Lobo, R. F. Langmuir 2005, 21, (11), Hanrath, T. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 2012, 30, (3),