Design - Overview. Design Wave Height. H 1/3 (H s ) = average of highest 1/3 of all waves. H 10 = 1.27H s = average of highest 10% of all waves

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1 esign - Overview introduction design wave height wave runup & overtopping wave forces - piles - caisson; non-breaking waves - caisson; breaking waves - revetments esign Wave Height H /3 (H s ) = average of highest /3 of all waves H 0 =.7H s = average of highest 0% of all waves H 5 =.37H s = average of highest 5% of all waves H =.67H s = average of highest % of all waves

2 esign Wave Height Rigid structure: H Semi-rigid structure: H 0 H Flexible structure: H s H 5 Factors etermining Selection of esign Wave Height (flexible structure) permissible damage and associated repair costs access to construction material quality and extent of input wave data Breaking or Non-Breaking Waves Non-breaking Breaking Non-breaking Breaker travel distance: x ( mh ) p b Fig 7-

3 Breaker Height and epth Index Fig 7-3 (-7) Fig 7- (~-73) Most angerous Breaking Wave at Structure d s d ( d ) min x mh mh H m s b p b b p b p ds ds Hb m x p db p m H H b b (7-5) Implicit expression Iteration (Fig. 7-4) etermining Most angerous Breaking Wave at Structure Fig 7-4 Largest possible H b against the structure Fig 7-5 H o 3

4 Most angerous Incident Wave Angle Table 7- L6- Wave Forces on Structures Wave Forces Classification of wave force problems: Fig

5 Wave Forces Against Piles H gt wave steepness Important Parameters for Piles d gt dimensionless water depth L pile diameter to wavelength relative pile roughness H T pile Reynolds number Vertical Cylindrical Pile and Non-Breaking Waves du f fi f CM C u u 4 dt 0.05 (7-) L A (7-0) Fig

6 Calculation of Forces and Moments f fi f du CM C u u 4 dt Water surface profile: H t cos T (7-) Water particle velocity: HgTcosh ( zd) / L t u cos L cosh( d/ L) T (7-3) Water particle acceleration: du gh cosh ( zd) / L t sin dt L cosh( d / L) T (7-4) f fi f du CM C u u 4 dt Combining these expressions Inertia force: cosh ( zd ) / L sin t fi CMg H 4 L cosh( d / L ) T (7-5) rag force: z d L gt cosh ( ) / t t f C gh cos cos 4 L cosh( d / L ) T T (7-6) Relative Wavelength and Pressure Factor K and L L0 L L0 K cosh( d / L) fi ( z d) K f ( z 0) i f ( z d) K f ( z 0) d gt Fig 7-68 cosh ( zd ) / L sin t fi CMg H 4 L cosh( d / L ) T gt cosh ( zd) / L t t f C gh cos cos 4 L cosh( d / L ) T T 6

7 Ratio of Crest Elevation to Wave Height Fig 7-69 Wavelength Correction Factor Fig 7-70 cosh ( zd ) / L sin t fi CMg H 4 L cosh( d / L ) T 6-08 gt cosh ( zd) / L t t f C gh cos cos 4 L cosh( d / L ) T T Total Force and Moment on a Pile Force: F fdz f dz FF i i d d (7-7) F Moment (around the bottom of the pile): M ( zd) f dz ( zd) f dz M M d i i d M (7-8) cosh ( zd )/ L sin t fi CMg H 4 L cosh( d / L ) T gt cosh ( zd)/ L t t f C gh cos cos 4 L cosh( d / L ) T T 7

8 Maximum Values of the Components (assuming uniform pile & Integration from d SWL) Inertia force F C g HK 4 im M im (7-37) rag force F C gh K m m (7-38) Moment due to inertia force M F d S im im im (7-39) Moment due to drag force M m Fmd Sm (7-40) Note! Maximum values are not attained simultaneously. Force and Moment Coefficients K im, K m, S im, and S m (Figs. 7-7, 7-7, 7-73, 7-74) H b =? K im Fig. 7-7 Force and Moment Coefficients K im, K m, S im, and S m H b Fig 7-75 Figs. 7-7, 7-7, 7-73,

9 m m m m F fdz f dz FF i i d d Ex: F = F i + F = 683 sinθ + 60 cosθ cosθ 000 F m F im F m = l= F im + F m F m 000 Force (N) F F i F Phase Angle (deg) cosh ( zd ) / L sin t fi CMg H 4 L cosh( d / L ) T gt cosh ( zd) / L t t f C gh cos cos 4 L cosh( d / L ) T T Maximum Value for Inertia and rag Combined Maximum force: F m mgch _ (7-4) Maximum moment: M _ m mgch d (7-43) (In your book g w) Isolines of m and m versus H and d (different W values) gt gt H gt F wch W 0.05 W C C H M (7-4) d gt H gt F wch W 0. Figs d gt 9

10 Force Coefficients C C Fig 7-85 umax Re u max H Lo T L A (7-47) C Fig 7-85 umax Re u H L o max (7-47) T LA Fig 7-68 Force Coefficients C M C M =.0 when Re < C M =.5 - Re when < Re < C M =.5 when < Re (7-53) 0

11 Transversal Forces FL FLmcos CL gh Kmcos (7-44) F L H/gT < CL C H/gT > F L Fig Horizontal pipe Changed! f zi f z f xi f x dz f x f xi f x C M a x C u u kn/m (7-0) 4 f z fzi fz C M az C L u 4 kn/m a x = f(sin), u = f(cos), a z = f(cos) => f xi & f x not simultaneous max, f zi & f z have simultaneous max L7-0 Wave Forces on Breakwaters

12 Non-breaking waves against a wall (caisson) A A A = A Fig 7-88 Pressure istribution for Non-Breaking Waves gh p i cosh( d/ L) (7-75) Fig 7-89 Clapotis Orbit Center Fig. 7-90

13 Total Force F F F gd F total s wave wave (7-76) F wave gd F wav e F s Fig. 7-9 Total Moment A: M M M F d M gd M total s wave s wave wave M wave 3 gd F wav e F s Fig. 7-9 Caisson Failure Modes SWL F Sliding SWL F Overturning 3

14 Forces and Moments on a Caisson Non-Breaking Waves H outside z h o H in/ B F wave G y c d i d s F so B/3 F si p po U R H p i U R V R Stability of a Caisson, Non-Breaking Waves Overturning A: Mo MI G B U B B B U RV 3 3 Sliding: R R H V 0.75 eff eff d s F wave H outside h o B y c G z H in/ d i Rock foundation, non-breaking waves F so A B/3 F si p po U R H p i U R V R R F F F, R GU U H wave so si V Caisson on Rubble Foundation '' F rf F '' M rm M M r M b r F '' B m f M M bf '' '' '' B A (7-8) (7-83) (7-84) Fig

15 Fig Breaking Waves on Caisson Minikin Method R m d s R s Fig Breaking Waves on Caisson: Theory Hb ds pm 0g d L s (7-85) d L m s pmhb Rm 3 pmhbd s Mm Rmds 3 d (7-88) (7-86) (7-87) R m R s L d m Fig L Rt Rm Rs Rm gds Hb / Mt Mm Ms Mm gds Hb/ 6 3 (7-89) (7-90) 5

16 B/6 RH imensionless Minikin Wave Pressure and Force Fig Stability of a Caisson, Breaking Waves H b/ z R m H in/ B G d i d s R so R si p o p I U U R V R Stability of a Caisson, Breaking Waves Overturning A: 5 Mo MI G B U B B B U RV 3 6 H b/ z Sliding: R R H V 0.9 eff eff d s R so R m p o B A G H in/ R si B/6 RH p I d i Rock foundation, breaking waves U U R V R 6

17 Caisson on Rubble Foundation R m R s Fig. 7-0 Influence of a Low Wall Force and moment reduction R rr ' m m m (7-9) Fig. 7-0 Parameter in Moment Reduction, Low Wall Fig M dr ( d a)( r) R ' m s m s m m M R r ( d a) a ' m m m s (7-9) (7-93) 7

18 Broken Waves, Caisson in the Water R m R s pm C gdb C dbg h 0.78H c Rm pmhc gdbhc M R d h / b m m s c (7-94) (7-95) (7-96) (7-97) Fig Total Force and Moment on Caisson in Water p g( d h ) s s c Rs g( ds hc) (7-99) M R ( d h ) g( d h ) 3 6 R R R (7-0) 3 s s s c s c t m s M M M t m s (7-0) (7-98) (7-00) R m R s Broken Waves, Caisson on Land x x v' C gdb x x x h' hc x (7-03) (7-04) 8

19 Total Force and Moment on Caisson on Land v' x pm g gdb g x x Rm pmh' gdbhc x h' x Mm Rm gdbhc 4 x x Rs gh' ghc x h' 3 x Ms Rs ghc 3 6 x Eqs. (7-05) (7-) R R R t m s M M M t m s R m R s Effect of Angle of Wave Approach R Rsin ' n R' R / W Rsin n R = yn force per unit length of wall Fig The reduction is not applicable to rubble structures! MOES OF WAVE FORCES AGAINST A WALL R m R s F wave F s Non-Breaking Broken R m R s Breaking 9

20 Rubble Mound Breakwaters Rubble Mound Breakwaters Cover Layer/Armour Layer Under Layers wh W K s 3 r 3 ( r ) cot Hudson s formula W = weight of individual armour unit (kg) w r = unit weight of armour unit (kg/m 3 ) S r = w r /w w K = stability coefficient Suggested K -Values for etermining Armor Unit Weight 0

21 Selection of K -Value Value includes: shape of the blocks number of layers placement of the blocks roughness type of wave (breaking/non-breaking) incident wave angle breakwater shape (height above water level, width etc) scale effects Breakwater Armor Units A-Jacks olos Xbloc Tetrapod

22 Quarrystone Accropode Submar Core Loc Concrete cubes?? concrete blocks Tri Bar Antifer concrete blocks Nikken stone blocks Nikken Sanren Nikken Grasp Nikken Rakuna IV

23 Typical Breakwater esigns Recommended Three-Layer Section Fig Non-breaking waves and one exposed side. Typical Breakwater esigns Fig Breaking waves or two exposed sides. Breakwater esign Elements * Still water level(s) (depending on co-variation with waves) 3

24 Breakwater esign Elements * esign wave height H s Breakwater esign Elements * Run-up level R u% crest elevation R u% Breakwater esign Elements * crest width W B nk wr ( n 3) /3 R u% = B Table 7-3 4

25 Breakwater esign Elements * side slopes (~ :.5 :3) = B R u% θ out θ in - Layer thickness (W) W r nk wr /3 Breakwater esign Elements n thickness = r(w) 0.3 m /3 W 50 w r rw ( /0) max.0 W max.5 w r - Rock units (W/0) 0.3m /3 rw ( /0) max W.0 50 w (7-3) r R u% = B W50 W /0 Breakwater esign Elements - bottom elevation of cover layer H for d H to bottom for d H s s R u% = B - toe berm W/0 - under layers 5,cover 85,under H for d.5h s to bottom for d.5h s - filter layer or geotextile 5,filter 85,underground 5

26 Breaking waves or two exposed sides. Non-breaking waves and one exposed side. >.5 m r r r > 3 m /3 W 50 k wr 3r 3 /3 W 50 k wr r where W W /0 50 STABILITY OF RUBBLE FOUNATION AN TOE PROTECTION Fig 7-0 MAIN ITEMS - Understand most dangerous (biggest) breaking wave - Calculate run-up & overtopping - Understand & calculate wave forces L9-6

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