Significant Figures, Measurement, and Calculations in Chemistry
|
|
- Myrtle Beasley
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Significant Figures, Measurement, and Calculations in Chemistry Carl Hoeger, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego SigFig 1 Part 1: Measurements, Errors, and Significant Figures Carl Hoeger, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego SigFig 2 1
2 Measurements Science is about making observations and measurements; how do we convey to someone just HOW good/sure of our data we are? All quantitative measurements are made using some sort of device (analog or digital). Need value, units, and error. All data collection has errors associated with it: Determinate Errors: aka systematic errors; have a definite direction and magnitude and have an assignable cause. Indeterminate Errors: aka random errors or noise; errors that simply arise from uncertainties in a measurement, sloppy techniques, anomalous physical and environmental factors; these errors are typically untraceable. Determinate errors can be eliminated; Indeterminate errors can not. SigFig-3 Measurements (cont.) Consider the measurement of a length of bar: Is it 8.3, 8.32, or 8.323? Or 8.322? What are the units? Error? Depends! Calibration Multiple measurements to give means and standard deviations: ( ) x i x x i x = ; s ; CV s 100 N = N 1 = x SigFig-4 2
3 Accuracy and Precision Accuracy: closeness of measurement to the true value Precision: closeness of individual measurements to one another SigFig-5 Significant Figures-1 Two types of numbers exist: measured and exact numbers. Measurements or determined values contain significant figures and must convey to the reader the certainty of your measurement. This is where significant figures (SigFigs) comes in. Exact values (exact numbers) have an unlimited number of significant figures and never detract from a measurement or its subsequent modification or use. SigFig-6 3
4 Exact Values Exact numbers can either be cardinal (counted) or defined. Cardinal or counted values represent values that, by their very nature or how they are obtained, are indivisible without destroying the identity of the unit. 10 dogs or 85 cars; 123 molecules; 13 silver atoms; 2500 electrons; 2 chloride ions in 1 calcium chloride. Defined values are those for which the value has been exactly defined. 1 in these expressions is EXACTLY 1 1 in = 2.54 cm; 1000 m = 1 km; 1 mg = g; 1 lb = 16 oz All metric to metric or English to English conversions What about constants? c = x 10 8 m/sec? SigFig-7 Measured Values Determined values have SigFigs associated with them. Reported values must convey the level of precision of the measurement to a detached third-party (i.e. an unseen colleague). A measured value is comprised of digits we know for certain plus ONE we are uncertain of (the last digit to the right) ml Consider the graduated cylinder to the left; we know the first two digits with certainty (you can read them directly from the markings) but the last 6 is estimated. Another person might read it as a 5 or a 7, hence it is uncertain. By convention, the last digit is considered to be variable by ±1 unit (unless specified otherwise) SigFig-8 4
5 Significant Numbers/Digits When given a measurement or a determined value, what digits are significant? All non-zero integers always count as sig figs; There is assumed to be a ± 1 difference in the last significant digit shown; Zeros are tricky--depends on the type: Captive zeros: always significant; 1001 cars; cm Leading zeros: never significant; 0010 screws; L Trailing zeros: only significant if a decimal point is present 210. Atoms; mm; Angstroms NOTE: for any number expressed in scientific notation, all digits shown are significant (except leading zeros) SigFig-9 Sig Figs: Calculation Considerations Determined by the type of mathematical operation carried out Multiplication or Division: least precise number determines sf in answer; = (1sf ) 4 Addition or Subtraction: Answer can have no more decimal places than the one with the fewest; ( ) = (1 dp) Logs: No more digits to right of decimal than sf in original number; 2 log = = (3 dp; note : the 1 is not a sf ) Antilogs: No more sf in answer than digits to right of decimal in original number; antilog 2.86 = = = (2 sf ) SigFig-10 5
6 Rounding A number is rounded off to the desired number of significant figures by dropping one or more digits to the right. If you are rounding to the tens, hundreds place or higher, you must put zeroes in the lesser places (the ones place, for example) to indicate to what place you have rounded. Use the following guidelines when rounding off numbers: When the first digit dropped is less than 5, the last digit remains unchanged. When the first digit dropped is 5 or greater, the last digit retained is increased by 1. When rounding, ignore ALL digits after the first digit you are dropping in making your decision. Always round at the end of any set of calculations. Round each to 3 sf: i) 3203; ii) 1.768; iii) ; iv) SigFig-11 Combined Calculations In calculations involving BOTH addition/subtraction AND multiplication/division, significant figure considerations must be noted before and after each calculation involving addition or subtraction. You still round at the end. A simple rule of thumb is as follows: Take note of how many sig figs the multiplication and division steps allow; Take note of how many decimal places the addition and subtraction steps allow; Your answer can have no more decimal places than allowed by the addition/subtraction but no more sig figs than allowed by the multiplication/division. Usual way to do this is to get your answer, set the correct number of sig figs and then lessen the number of decimal places if necessary. SigFig-12 6
7 Scientific Notation When expressing an extreme large number such as the number of atoms in a mole, or a very small number such as the mass of a single atom, scientists use scientific notation. The basic format of scientific notation is M x 10 n, where M is a real number between 1 and 10 and n is a whole number = 1 (note: any number to the 0 power is 1) 10 1 = = 10 * 10 = = 10 * 10 * 10 = = 1 / 10 = = 1 / 10 / 10 = = 1 / 10 / 10 / 10 = SigFig-13 Scientific Notation (con t) For practical reasons it is common to express all numbers that are larger than 1000 or smaller than 0.01 in scientific notation. When converting a number to scientific notation, move the decimal place to the right or to the left until what remains is a number to the left of the decimal place between 1 and 9. Moving the decimal to the right will result in a negative power of ten, to the left in a positive power of ten: Y Y Y Y Y. X X X X X Express 3456 in scientific notation: = x 10 3 Express in scientific notation: = 6.70 x 10-4 SigFig-14 7
8 Power Notation: px values It is not always easy or convenient to use scientific notation, especially when comparing or tabulating long lists of numbers in scientific notation; used primarily when discussing acidity and basicity. Use px values; by definition: px = log X Therefore: X px X = 10 px px X SigFig-15 Units Just as important as the value are the units associated with that value, as they tell us about what we are measuring! Units need to be as detailed as necessary: 12.7 lbs vs lbs of hamburger vs lbs of lean hamburger; 3 atoms vs. 3 sodium atoms vs. 3 sodium ions SI or metric units almost exclusively in chemistry. Fundamental units vs. Derived units: Length: meter (m); Mass: kilogram (kg); Time: second (sec); Temperature: Kelvin (K); Chemical amount: mole (mol) Energy: joule (J); Pressure: atmosphere (atm); Volume: liter (L) Units quite often begin with modifiers ( power prefixes ) to relay size of quantity without having to use scientific notation: 5.32 x 10 3 J or 5.3 kj SigFig-16 8
9 Common Unit Modifiers ( Power Prefixes ) giga - G mega - M kilo - k deci - d centi - c milli - m micro nano - n pico - p fempto - f atto - a yocto - y SigFig-17 Questions? Comments? This presentation has been brought to you through the generous support of the University of California, San Diego s Instructional Improvement Program. If you have questions, comments, or wish to use these presentations in your University s courses, please feel free to send an to Dr. Carl Hoeger at chemcook@gmail.com This is episode SigFig1 ; if you have specific comments or questions regarding this episode please note this in your SigFig-18 9
Chapter 2 Measurements & Calculations. Quantity: A thing that can be measured. ex. Length (6.3 ft), mass (35 kg), and time (7.2 s)
Chapter 2 Measurements & Calculations Quantity: A thing that can be measured. ex. Length (6.3 ft), mass (35 kg), and time (7.2 s) Measurements can be expressed in a variety of units: Example: length(cm,
More informationChapter 1 (Part 2) Measurements in Chemistry 1.6 Physical Quantities
Chapter 1 (Part 2) Measurements in Chemistry 1.6 Physical Quantities This is a property that can by physically measured. It consists of a number and a unit of measure. (e.g. ) Units Units are very important.
More informationScientific Measurement
A measurement is a quantity that has both a number and a unit Some numbers encountered in science can be either very large or very small We use scientific notation to make those numbers easier to work
More informationMeasurements and Calculations. Chapter 2
Measurements and Calculations Chapter 2 Scientific Method Observing/Collecting Data Hypothesis Testing Theorizing Publishing Units of Measurement All measurements require two parts 1. Quantity 2. Unit
More information2 Standards for Measurement. Careful and accurate measurements of ingredients are important both when cooking and in the chemistry laboratory!
2 Standards for Measurement Careful and accurate measurements of ingredients are important both when cooking and in the chemistry laboratory! Chapter Outline 2.1 Scientific Notation 2.2 Measurement and
More informationNotes: Measurement and Calculation
Name Chemistry-PAP Per. I. The Basics of Measurement Notes: Measurement and Calculation A. Measurement Most provide quantitative information, but because they are obtained experimentally, they are inexact.
More informationEveryday Conversion: Money
Everyday Conversion: Money Everyday Measurement: Water Everyday Measurement: Water Everyday Accuracy: Weighing Scales The need to measure correctly and convert! Some Interesting Quantities Length Volume
More informationInternational System of Units (SI)
Measurement International System of Units (SI) revised metric system proposed in 1960 widely used in science 7 base units SI Base Units Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Time Second s or sec Electrical current
More informationMeasurement. Scientific Notation. Measurements and Problem Solving. Writing Numbers in Scientific Notation
Measurement Chapter 2 Measurements and Problem Solving Quantitative observation Comparison based on an accepted scale e.g. Meter stick Has 2 parts number and unit Number tells comparison Unit tells scale
More informationScientific notation is used to express very large or small numbers.
Scientific Notation Scientific notation is used to express very large or small numbers. Ex. 6.02 x 10 23 The decimal goes The exponent (or power of 10) show after the first number shows how far the decimal
More informationInternational System of Units (SI)
Measurement International System of Units (SI) revised metric system proposed in 1960 widely used in science 7 base units SI Base Units Length Meter m Mass Kilogram kg Time Electrical current Second Ampere
More informationTools of Chemistry. Measurement Scientific Method Lab Safety & Apparatus
Tools of Chemistry Measurement Scientific Method Lab Safety & Apparatus Scientific Notation Scientific Notation a number described as a power of 10 (used for very large or small numbers) 1000 = 1 X 10
More informationChapter 1: Chemical Foundations A Summary
Chapter 1: Chemical Foundations A Summary 1.1 Chemistry: An Overview A. Reaction of hydrogen and oxygen 1. Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water 2H
More informationChapter 2 Measurement and Problem Solving
Measurement and Problem Solving What Is a Measurement? Quantitative observation. Comparison to an agreed upon standard. Every measurement has a number and a unit. 2 A Measurement The unit tells you to
More informationChapter 2 - Measurements and Calculations
Chapter 2 - Measurements and Calculations 2-1 The Scientific Method "A logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating hypotheses, testing hypotheses, and formulating
More informationUNIT 1: NATURE OF SCIENCE
Nature of Science UNIT 1: NATURE OF SCIENCE Chapter 1.1-1.3, pages 6-26 Honors Physical Science Pure science aims to come to a common understanding of the universe Scientists suspend judgment until they
More informationChemistry 11. Unit 2 : Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry 11 Unit 2 : Introduction to Chemistry 1 2 1. Unit conversion In Chemistry 11 and 12, a mathematical method called Unit Conversions will be used extensively. This method uses CONVERSION FACTORS
More informationMeasurement and Units. An Introduction to Chemistry By Mark Bishop
Measurement and Units An Introduction to Chemistry By Mark Bishop Values from Measurements A value is a quantitative description that includes both a unit and a number. For 100 meters, the meter is a unit
More informationCh. 2 Notes: ANALYZING DATA MEASUREMENT NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
Ch. 2 Notes: ANALYZING DATA MEASUREMENT NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. I. Units and Measurement - Metrics A. The International System of Units
More informationIntroductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed.
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 6 th Ed. Introductory Chemistry, 6 th Ed. Basic Chemistry, 6 th Ed. by Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste University of Illinois Chapter 2 Measurements and Calculations
More informationExample 3: 4000: 1 significant digit Example 4: : 4 significant digits
Notes: Measurement and Math 1 Accuracy and Precision Precision depends on the precision of the measuring device o For example a device that can measure to the ten thousands place (1.6829 grams) is a more
More informationAccelerated Chemistry Study Guide What is Chemistry? (Chapter 1)
Accelerated Chemistry Study Guide What is Chemistry? (Chapter 1) Conversion factor Density Uncertainty Significant digits/figures Precision Accuracy Percent error September 2017 Page 1 of 32 Scientific
More informationChem 140 Section C Instructor: Ken Marr. Chem 140 Section A Instructor: Ken Marr. Chem 140 Section E Instructor: Ken Marr. Day 1 Activities CHEMISTRY
Chem 140 Section A Instructor: Ken Marr Weekly Schedule Lecture 9-10, MWF in STB-2 Lab 8-10, Tu in STB-2 8-10, Th in STB-5 Chem 140 Section C Instructor: Ken Marr Weekly Schedule Lecture 10 11, MWF in
More informationMetric Prefixes UNITS & MEASUREMENT 10/6/2015 WHY DO UNITS AND MEASUREMENT MATTER?
UNITS & MEASUREMENT WHY DO UNITS AND MEASUREMENT MATTER? Chemistry In Action On 9/3/99, $15,000,000 Mars Climate Orbiter entered Mar s atmosphere 100 km (6 miles) lower than planned and was destroyed by
More informationChapter 3 - Scientific measurement. Using and expressing measurements
Chapter 3 - Scientific measurement Using and expressing measurements How far off was Usain Bolt from winning gold in the 100m last weekend? What is a measurement? How do scientists make reporting measurement
More informationPrecision, Accuracy Measurements, Units, Scientific Notation
Precision, Accuracy Measurements, Units, Scientific Notation DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS It is a technique used in chemistry to give precise and accurate values. I. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy how close a
More informationMeasurements and Calculations. Chapter 2
Measurements and Calculations Chapter 2 Qualitative Observations: General types of observations. Easy to determine. Not necessarily precise. I have many fingers, the speed limit is fast, class is long,
More informationMeasurements in Chemistry
Measurements in Chemistry Measurements are part of our daily lives. We measure our weight, driving distances and gallons of gasoline. A health professional might measure blood pressure, temperature and
More informationIntroduction to Chemistry
Introduction to Chemistry A. Unit Conversions 1. In Chemistry 11 and 12, a mathematical method called Unit Conversions will be used extensively. This method uses CONVERSION FACTORS to convert or change
More informationWorksheet 1 Units, Signifiant Figures, Dimensional Analysis, & Density
Name: Name: Name: Name: Worksheet 1 Units, Signifiant Figures, Dimensional Analysis, & Density Objeitives To recognize and use both S.I. and English units correctly. To be able to record a measurement
More informationCo Curricular Data Analysis Review
Chapter Vocabulary Co Curricular Data Analysis Review Base Unit Second (s) Meter (m) Kilogram (kg) Kelvin (K) Derived unit Liter Density Scientific notation Dimensional analysis (Equality) not in book
More informationLesson 1.1 MEASUREMENT, UNITS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, AND PRECISION
Lesson 1.1 MEASUREMENT, UNITS, SCIENTIFIC NOTATION, AND PRECISION I. Measurements Measurements can be either Qualitative or Quantitative Qualitiative Quality, like a color or smell, are simple observations
More informationPREFIXES AND SYMBOLS SI Prefixes you need to know by heart
PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS SI Prefixes you need to know by heart Prefix Symbol In 10 n in Decimal Forms Giga G 10 9 1,000,000,000 Mega M 10 6 1,000,000 kilo k 10 3 1,000 deci d 10 1 0.1 centi c 10 2 0.01 milli
More informationIntroduction. The Scientific Method and Measurement
Introduction The Scientific Method and Measurement Defining How We Look At The Universe Observation: seeing an event or process in nature we wish to explain Hypothesis: a tentative explanation based on
More informationChapter 3 - Measurements
Chapter 3 - Measurements You ll learn it in the summer, If not, it ll be a bummer. You ll need to know conversions, For units, Euro version. Metrics are powers of ten, And you might cry when, You re forced
More informationDr. Kevin Moore CHM 111
Dr. Kevin Moore CHM 111 www.dictionary.com the science that deals with the composition and properties of substances and various elementary forms of matter Burdge Study of matter and the changes it undergoes
More informationMeasurements. October 06, 2014
Measurements Measurements Measurements are quantitative observations. What are some kinds of quantitative observations you might make? Temperature Volume Length Mass Student A and Student B measured the
More informationCHAPTER TWO: MEASUREMENTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING
CHAPTER TWO: MEASUREMENTS AND PROBLEM SOLVING Measurements: Our Starting Point! Why should we begin our study of chemistry with the topic of measurement?! Much of the laboratory work in this course is
More informationPREFIXES AND SYMBOLS SI Prefixes you need to know by heart
PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS SI Prefixes you need to know by heart Prefix Symbol In 10 n in Decimal Forms Giga G 10 9 1,000,000,000 Mega M 10 6 1,000,000 kilo k 10 3 1,000 deci d 10 1 0.1 centi c 10 2 0.01 milli
More informationChapter 1B. Measurement CHAPTER OUTLINE
Chapter 1B Measurement 1 CHAPTER OUTLINE SI Units Scientific Notation Error in Measurements Significant Figures Rounding Off Numbers Conversion of Factors Conversion of Units Volume & Density 2 1 SI UNITS
More informationChemistry Basic Science Concepts. Observations: are recorded using the senses. Examples: the paper is white; the air is cold; the drink is sweet.
Note Packet # 1 1 Chemistry: the study of matter. Chemistry Basic Science Concepts Matter: anything that has mass and occupies space. Observations: are recorded using the senses. Examples: the paper is
More informationChem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 1 Units, Measurement Uncertainty, and Significant Figures
Chem 115 POGIL Worksheet - Week 1 Units, Measurement Uncertainty, and Significant Figures Why? All scientists the world over use metric units. Since 1960, the metric system in use has been the Système
More informationWHAT IS CHEMISTRY? Chemistry 51 Chapter 1. Chemistry is the science that deals with the materials of the universe, and the changes they undergo.
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY? Chemistry is the science that deals with the materials of the universe, and the changes they undergo. Materials of the universe can be of several forms: Gas: Liquid: Solid: air, oxygen
More informationEngineering Fundamentals and Problem Solving, 6e. Chapter 6 Engineering Measurements
Engineering Fundamentals and Problem Solving, 6e Chapter 6 Engineering Measurements Chapter Objectives Determine the number of significant digits in a measurement Perform numerical computations with measured
More informationCh. 2 Notes: ANALYZING DATA MEASUREMENT NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics.
Ch. 2 Notes: ANALYZING DATA MEASUREMENT NOTE: Vocabulary terms are in boldface and underlined. Supporting details are in italics. I. Units and Measurement - Metrics A. The International System of Units
More informationStuff and Energy. Chapter 1
Stuff and Energy Chapter 1 Chapter 1 Instructional Goals 1. Explain, compare, and contrast the terms scientific method, hypothesis, and experiment. 2. Compare and contrast scientific theory and scientific
More informationPHYSICS. Chapter 1 Review. Rounding Scientific Notation Factor Label Conversions
PHYSICS Chapter 1 Review Rounding Scientific Notation Factor Label Conversions The Tools Of PHYSICS Metric Prefixes Prefix Symbol Meaning Kilo K 1000 Deci d tenth Centi c hundreth Milli m thousandth Prefix
More informationSection 5.1 Scientific Notation and Units Objectives
Objectives 1. To show how very large or very small numbers can be expressed in scientific notation 2. To learn the English, metric, and SI systems of measurement 3. To use the metric system to measure
More informationChapter 5 Measurements and Calculations Objectives
Objectives 1. To show how very large or very small numbers can be expressed in scientific notation 2. To learn the English, metric, and SI systems of measurement 3. To use the metric system to measure
More informationAccuracy of Measurement: how close your measured value is to the actual measurement
Standard: an exact quantity that people use to make measurements Good Example: a meter stick (everyone one knows the length of a meter) Bad Example: Ms. Pluchino s foot (everyone does not know how big
More informationSIGNIFICANT FIGURES. x 100%
Page 1 SIGNIFICANT FIGURES ASSIGNED READING: Zumdahal, et.al, Chemistry (10 th ed.), Chapter 1, Sec. 4 and 5. I. Accuracy and Precision It is important to remember, here at the outset of this course, that
More information5) If you count 7 pennies, you can only report one significant figure in that measurement. Answer: FALSE Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2.3
Introductory Chemistry, 4e (Tro) Chapter 2 Measurement and Problem Solving True/False Questions 1) Numbers are usually written so that the uncertainty is in the last reported digit. Diff: 1 Page Ref: 2.1
More informationGeneral Chemistry I Introductory Concepts. Units, dimensions, and mathematics for problem solving
General Chemistry I Introductory Concepts Units, dimensions, and mathematics for problem solving Unit Conversion What is the value of S in cm per second? S = 5x10 3 furlongs fortnight Conversion Factor:
More informationName: Chapter 2: Analyzing Data Note Taking Guide This worksheet is meant to help us learn some of the basic terms and concepts of chemistry.
Chemistry Name: Section ANALYZE DATA KEY Date: Chapter 2: Analyzing Data Note Taking Guide This worksheet is meant to help us learn some of the basic terms and concepts of chemistry. Most, but not all,
More information1.1 - Scientific Theory
1.1 - Scientific Theory Babylonians/Egyptians Observation for the practical Religious Agriculture Pseudosciences (science + nonscience) Alchemy Astrology, etc. Greeks Good Theoreticians (knowledge for
More informationCHAPTER 2: MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER 2: MEASUREMENTS IN CHEMISTRY MULTIPLE CHOICE 1) The mathematical meaning associated with the metric system prefixes centi, milli, and micro is, respectively, a) 10 2, 10 4, and 10 6 c) 10 3, 10
More informationCHEM 100 Principles Of Chemistry. Chapter 2 - Quantitative Science
CHEM 100 Principles Of Chemistry Chapter 2 - Quantitative Science 2.1 Quantitative Science Much of the power of science comes from its quantitative aspects From observations that Coke sinks in water and
More informationName: Class: Date: General Organic and Biological Chemistry 7th Edition Stoker SOLUTIONS MANUAL
General Organic and Biological Chemistry 7th Edition Stoker TEST BANK Full download at: https://testbankreal.com/download/general-organic-biological-chemistry-7thedition-stoker-test-bank/ General Organic
More informationMeasurements and Calculations. Chapter 2
Measurements and Calculations Chapter 2 Scientific Method Section 2-1 The Scientific Method The scientific method is a logical approach to solving problems by observing and collecting data, formulating
More informationChemistry I Chapter 3 Scientific Measurement
Chemistry I Chapter 3 Scientific Measurement Learning Goals: 1. Students will understand how to use scientific measurement as a method of quantifying matter. 2. Students will be able to represent measurements
More informationWorksheet 2 Units, Signifiant Figures, Dimensional Analysis, & Density
Name: Name: Name: Name: Worksheet 2 Units, Signifiant Figures, Dimensional Analysis, & Density Objeitives To recognize and use both S.I. and English units correctly. To be able to record a measurement
More informationChapter 3 Scientific Measurement
Chapter 3 Scientific Measurement Measurements 2 types: Qualitative measurements (words) Heavy, hot, or long Quantitative measurements (# s) & depend on: 1) Reliability of measuring instrument 2) Care w/
More informationChapter 1 Matter,Measurement, and Problem Solving
Chapter 1 Matter,Measurement, and Problem Solving Classification of Matter matter is anything that has mass and occupies space we can classify matter based on whether it s solid, liquid, or gas State Shape
More informationHW #1: 1.42, 1.52, 1.54, 1.64, 1.66, 1.70, 1.76, 1.78, 1.80, 1.82, 1.84, 1.86, 1.92, 1.94, 1.98, 1.106, 1.110, 1.116
Chemistry 121 Lecture 3: Physical Quantities Measuring Mass, Length, and Volume; Measurement and Significant Figures; Scientific Notation; Rounding Review Sections 1.7-1.11 in McMurry, Ballantine, et.
More informationScientific Measurement
Scientific Measurement A quantity is anything having a measurable size or amount For Example: 5 But 5 what? A unit assigns value to a measured quantity For Example: 5 ft, 5 gal, 5 sec, 5 m, 5 g. Base Units
More informationChapter 2 Measurement and Problem Solving. What Is a Measurement? Scientific Notation 8/20/09. Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro
Introductory Chemistry, 3 rd Edition Nivaldo Tro Measurement and Problem Solving Roy Kennedy Massachusetts Bay Community College Wellesley Hills, MA 2009, Prentice Hall What Is a Measurement? Quantitative
More informationMeasurement. Chemistry Chapter 2 Scientific Notations, Measurement, Metric System
Measurement Chemistry Chapter 2 Scientific Notations, Measurement, Metric System Scientific Notation Scientific notation: a method for making very large or small numbers more compact and easier to write.
More information1. Scientific Notation A shorthand method of displaying very (distance to. Express in Scientific Notation
Unit 2: MEASUREMENT 1. Scientific Notation 2. Metric System 3. Accuracy and Precision 4. Measuring & Counting Significant Figures 5. Calculations with Significant Figures 6. Density 1. Scientific Notation
More informationProperties the characteristics that give each substance a unique identity
All course materials, including lectures, class notes, quizzes, exams, handouts, presentations, and other materials provided to students for this course are protected intellectual property. As such, the
More informationAppendix B: Skills Handbook
Appendix B: Skills Handbook Effective communication is an important part of science. To avoid confusion when measuring and doing mathematical calculations, there are accepted conventions and practices
More informationChapter 2. Measurements and Calculations
Chapter 2 Measurements and Calculations Section 2.1 Scientific Notation Measurement Quantitative observation. Has 2 parts number and unit. Number tells comparison. Unit tells scale. If something HAS a
More informationLaw vs. Theory. Steps in the Scientific Method. Outcomes Over the Long-Term. Measuring Matter in Two Ways
Law vs. Theory A law summarizes what happens A theory (model) is an attempt to explain why it happens. Unit 2: (Chapter 5) Measurements and Calculations Cartoon courtesy of NearingZero.net Steps in the
More informationScientific Problem Solving
Scientific Problem Solving Measurement and Scientific Tools Description and Explanation Suppose you work for a company that tests how cars perform during crashes. You might use various scientific tools
More informationChapter 1 (Part 2) Measurements in Chemistry
Chapter 1 (Part 2) Measurements in Chemistry 1.7 Physical Quantities English Units Those of us who were raised in the US are very accustomed to these. Elsewhere in the world, these are very confusing.
More informationCorner Brook Regional High School
Corner Brook Regional High School Measurement and Calculations Significant Digits Scientific Notation Converting between Units Accuracy vs. Precision Scalar Quantities Distance Calculations Speed Calculations
More informationExact and Measured Numbers
EIE 240 Electrical and Electronic Measurement December 8, 2011 Werapon Chiracharit 1 Exact and Measured Numbers Exact numbers e.g. Ih have exactly 10 fingers and 10 toes. Any measurements e.g. a pen s
More informationCHEM 1105 January 10, 2014
CHEM 1105 January 10, 2014 Today: Measurements and Problem solving (Chapter 1, sections 1.6-1.8) SI units and prefixes Converting units Temperature, Volume, Density Significant figures More unit conversion
More informationChemical Principles 50:160:115. Fall understand, not just memorize. remember things from one chapter to the next
Chemical Principles 50:160:115 Fall 2016 Chemistry is easy IF: don t fall behind understand, not just memorize do problems remember things from one chapter to the next Proficient in: Explanations at the
More informationMEASUREMENTS. Significant Figures
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES MEASUREMENTS Significant Figures Every measured value, that you record on paper, reflects the precision of the measuring device used to obtain that value. Every calculated value that
More informationChapter 2 Math Skills
Chapter 2 Math Skills 2.1 Measurements Measurement number with a unit Units are very important o A student wouldn t ask a teacher Could you please hand me 6? The student would instead ask, Could you please
More informationRight Side NOTES ONLY. TN Ch 2.1, 2.3 Topic: EQ:
CH 2 MEASUREMENTS Title and Highlight Right Side NOTES ONLY TN Ch 2.1, 2.3 Topic: EQ: Date Reflect Question: Reflect on the material by asking a question (its not suppose to be answered from notes) NOTES:
More informationMethods and Tools of Physics
Methods and Tools of Physics Order of Magnitude Estimation: Essential idea: Scientists aim towards designing experiments that can give a true value from their measurements, but due to the limited precision
More informationMeasurement and Calculations
Measurement and Calculations Quantitative Observation How much? Need Measurement Measurement is the comparison of a physical quantity to be measured with a unit of measurement-that is a fixed standard
More informationSyllabus Tutors Review from previous class. Resources. Lecture: MW 5:30PM-6:50PM Room 425
Chapter 2 Syllabus Tutors Review from previous class 1 Chapter 2 Resources Lecture: MW 5:30PM-6:50PM Room 425 Text book: Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald DeCosta, Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation, 8th Website:
More informationPhysics 10 Scientific Measurement Workbook Mr. Proctor
Physics 10 Scientific Measurement Workbook Mr. Proctor Name: MEASUREMENT OF MATTER - Science 10 textbook reference pages 344-351 The Seven Fundamental Measurements (with units) in Physics are: meter (m)
More informationREVIEW PACKET FOR CHEM 110 EXAM 1
REVIEW PACKET FOR CHEM 110 EXAM 1 EXAM FORMAT You will have one hour for the exam. Expert Level (A+): Finished at 30 min Mastery Level (A): Finished between 30 min and 45 min Proficiency Level (B): Finished
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 1. Introduction: Matter and Measurement. James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT
Lecture Presentation Chapter 1 Introduction: Matter and Measurement James F. Kirby Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT Why do we study chemistry? My parents want me to study chemistry. I need to graduate.
More informationAnalyzing Data. Units and Measurement In your textbook, read about SI units. STUDY GUIDE. Section 2.1 CHAPTER 2. Complete the following table.
Analyzing Data Section 2.1 Units and Measurement In your textbook, read about SI units. Complete the following table. SI Base Units Quantity Base unit Unit abbreviation 1. s 2. Mass 3. kelvin 4. Length
More informationScientific Notation Review
Summer Packet AP Physics B Use the internet for additional reference on the following problems. Complete all problems!! You must bring this on the first day of school it will count as your first exam!!
More information1.5 Reporting Values from Measurements. Accuracy and Precision. 20 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Chemistry
20 Chapter 1 An Introduction to Chemistry 1.5 Reporting Values from Measurements All measurements are uncertain to some degree. Scientists are very careful to report the values of measurements in a way
More informationIn chemistry we use metric units (called SI units after the French term for Systeme internationale.
Metric system / SI units: In chemistry we use metric units (called SI units after the French term for Systeme internationale. SI units: The SI units we ll be primarily concerned with are shown here: Base
More informationCHEM 2: An Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry
Dimensional Analysis: Numbers and Units: The English System of units The Metric System of units (SI) Prefixes (kilo-, centi-, milli-, etc.) A systematic method for performing unit conversions Formulating
More informationMaking measurements and manipulating experimental results
Making measurements and manipulating experimental results Much of science, including the chemical sciences, is about making measurements and then manipulating them using them to calculate another quantity
More informationChapter 2: Standards for Measurement. 2.1 Scientific Notation
Chapter 2: Standards for Measurement 2.1 Scientific Notation A measurement (quantitative observation) consists of two parts: o Numerical value which gives magnitude, and o Unit which gives the scale used
More informationChapter 2: Measurements and Problem Solving
C h 2 : M e a s u r e m e n t s a n d P r o b l e m S o l v i n g P a g e 1 Chapter 2: Measurements and Problem Solving Read Chapter 2, work problems. Look over the lab assignments before the lab. Keep
More informationHow do physicists study problems?
What is Physics? The branch of science that studies the physical world (from atoms to the universe); The study of the nature of matter and energy and how they are related; The ability to understand or
More informationChemistry. Chemistry is the study of the interactions between atoms and molecules. Atoms and Molecules
Chemistry Chemistry is the study of the interactions between atoms and molecules. Atoms and Molecules An atom is a particle of matter that cannot be further divided without changing the chemical identity
More informationEvery time a measurement is taken, we must be aware of significant figures! Define significant figures.
SCHM 103: FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY Ch. 2: Numerical Side of Chemistry Types of data collected in experiments include: Qualitative: Quantitative: Making Measurements Whenever a piece of data is collected,
More informationCh. 3 Notes---Scientific Measurement
Ch. 3 Notes---Scientific Measurement Qualitative vs. Quantitative Qualitative measurements give results in a descriptive nonnumeric form. (The result of a measurement is an describing the object.) *Examples:,,
More informationCRHS Academic Chemistry Unit 2 - Measurement and Calculations. Notes. Key Dates. LAB Dates
Name KEY Period CRHS Academic Chemistry Unit 2 - Measurement and Calculations Notes Key Dates Quiz Date Exam Date LAB Dates Notes, Homework,Exam Reviews and Their KEYS located on CRHS Academic Chemistry
More information