1.1 - Scientific Theory
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1 1.1 - Scientific Theory Babylonians/Egyptians Observation for the practical Religious Agriculture Pseudosciences (science + nonscience) Alchemy Astrology, etc. Greeks Good Theoreticians (knowledge for knowledge s sake) but poor empiricists (experimentalists) Age of Enlightenment (1600 s) The Enlightenment is often closely linked with the Scientific Revolution as both movements emphasized reason, science, and rationalism.
2 I - The Requirements of Science Science is the search for patterns. All statements of science must be: 1. Observable Using any of the five senses 2. Repeatable By anyone
3 I - The Requirements of Science Science has been define as anything that can be disproven. Bigfoot? 1. Observable 2. Repeatable -> Can it be disproven?
4 II - The Assumption of Science 1) The natural world has patterns that are observable. 2) These patterns are the same throughout the universe. 3) Inductive reasoning: Initial specific observations can then be generalized. 4) Generalizations can be tested and possibly disproven. 5) Increased observation may disprove current theory. No statement of science is an absolute.
5 III - Metric Measurement The French Revolution Political and Scientific Metric System: Base ten Measurements based on nature Examples: 1 meter = 1/10,000,000 of the distance from north pole to equator. 1 gram = mass of 1 cm 3 of water at 4 o C.
6 III - Metric Measurement Name Unit symbol Quantity meter m length Liter L volume kilogram kg mass Joule J energy second s time ampere A electric current kelvin K thermodynamic temperature candela cd luminous intensity mole mol amount of substance Pascal Pa pressure
7 VI Metric Measurement Prefix Symbol Numeric Multiplier Exponential Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, Zeta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000, Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000, Peta P 1,000,000,000,000, Tera T 1,000,000,000, Giga G 1,000,000, Mega M 1,000, Kilo k 1, Hecto h Deka da BASE Deci d Centi c Milli m Micro μ 0.000, Nano n 0.000,000, Pico p 0.000,000,000, Femto f 0.000,000,000,000, Atto a 0.000,000,000,000,000, Zepto z 0.000,000,000,000,000,000, Yocto y 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
8 VI Metric Measurement Prefix Symbol Numeric Multiplier Exponential Yotta Y 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, Zeta Z 1,000,000,000,000,000,000, Exa E 1,000,000,000,000,000, Peta P 1,000,000,000,000, Tera T 1,000,000,000, Giga G 1,000,000, Mega M 1,000, Kilo k 1, King Hecto h Henry Deka da Died BASE By Deci d Drinking Centi c Chocolate Milli m Milk Micro μ 0.000, Nano n 0.000,000, Pico p 0.000,000,000, Femto f 0.000,000,000,000, Atto a 0.000,000,000,000,000, Zepto z 0.000,000,000,000,000,000, Yocto y 0.000,000,000,000,000,000,000,
9 VI Metric Measurement Giga. Mega. Kilo.. Hecto.. Deka.. BASE.. Deci.. Centi.. Milli. Micro km = cm m = meters = length khz = chz Hz = Hertz = frequency kl = cl L = Liter = volume
10 VI Metric Measurement Giga. Mega. Kilo.. Hecto.. Deka.. BASE.. Deci.. Centi.. Milli. Micro km = cm m = meters = length khz = chz Hz = Hertz = frequency kl = cl L = Liter = volume km m cm = cm 1 km 1 m
11 VI Metric Measurement Giga. Mega. Kilo.. Hecto.. Deka.. BASE.. Deci.. Centi.. Milli. Micro 3.45 mj = dj 3.45 mj = dj mega -> deci is 11 jumps to the right therefore the decimal moves 11 spaces right.
12 IV - Measurement and Uncertainty! Two types or error: 1) All measuring instrument have a built in error called systematic error. In the inductive world of science All measurement are limited by the accuracy of the measurement tool. 2) Humans are fallible and introduce inaccuracy called experimental error.
13 IV - Measurement and Uncertainty!! Science allows for all digits known precisely plus one estimated digit. Known precisely = 15 o C Estimated = o C Temperature = 15.9 o C Note: 3 significant figures
14 IV - Significant figures!! 1) All non zero digits are significant. 2) Zeros between significant figures are significant. 3) Zeros in front of digits are never significant. 4) Zeros after digits and right of the decimal point are significant. 5) Zeros after digits and left of the decimal point might be significant. To avoid confusion, use scientific notation in this case to move the ending zero right of the decimal. 6) Some numbers have infinite significance: a) Any time you are counting whole number amounts: b) Conversion factors which are human defined:
15 IV - Significant figures & Calculations 1) Addition and Subtraction - The output number can have the same significance right of the decimal as the input value number with the least significance right of the decimal > ) Multiplication and division - The output number can have the same significance as the input value number with the least significance X X 2 = = 20000
16 IV - Measurement and Uncertainty!! Accuracy and Precision Accuracy = The extent to which a measurement matches the accepted value. Precision = The degree of exactness within a measurement.
17 V The Scientific Method 1) Make observations and develop a question about the observation. 2) Develop a tentative answer to the question (a hypothesis) usually in the form of an If..then statement. 3) Design a (controlled) experiment to test the hypothesis by identifying and defining independent and dependant variables. 4) Collect data in an organized form (graphs and tables). 5) Interpret the data and describe errors in a conclusion.
18 V The Scientific Method Variables 1) Independent variable = the variable that the scientist changes. 2) Dependent variable = The variable that the scientist measures. Controlled Experiment A controlled experiment is one in which a duplicate experiment is run without the independent variable for comparison.
19 V - The Scientific Method Example How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here?
20 V - The Scientific Method Example How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here? Ans: 4 experiments
21 V - The Scientific Method Example How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here? Ans: 4 experiments Are any of these control experiments?
22 V - The Scientific Method Example How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here? Ans: 4 experiments Are any of these control experiments? Ans: Most likely the first two are controls.
23 V - The Scientific Method Example How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here? Ans: 4 experiments Are any of these control experiments? Ans: Most likely the first two are controls. What are the independent and dependant variables?
24 V - The Scientific Method Example How many different experiments are described in the diagram shown here? Ans: 4 experiments Are any of these control experiments? Ans: Most likely the first two are controls. What are the independent and dependant variables? Ans: independent = vaccine type dependant = mouse lives or dies?
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