Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik. ECHo Experiment. ECHo. Loredana Gastaldo for the ECHo collaboration. Heidelberg University

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1 Kirchhoff-Institut für Physik ECHo Experiment ECHo Loredana Gastaldo for the ECHo collaboration Heidelberg University

2 Contents Electron capture process: The case of 163 Ho Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters Recent results ECHo experiment 1 mev ν

3 Electron Capture e - e - n p p p p n n e - e - e - ν e n p n p n p n e - e - A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum

4 Electron Capture e - e - n p p p p n n e - e - e - ν e n p n p n p n e - e - A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum Atomic de-excitation: X-ray emission Auger electrons Coster-Kronig transitions

5 Electron Capture e - e - n p p p p n n e - e - e - ν e n p n p n p n e - e - A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum Atomic de-excitation: X-ray emission Auger electrons Coster-Kronig transitions Calorimetric measurement ν e....

6 Electron Capture e - e - n p p p p n n e - e - e - ν e n p n p n p n e - e - A non- zero neutrino mass affects the de-excitation energy spectrum Atomic de-excitation: X-ray emission Auger electrons Coster-Kronig transitions Calorimetric measurement dw de C = Α ( Q E ) EC C 2 1 ( Q E ) EC m 2 ν C 2 H B H ϕ 2 H ΓH 2π ( 0) ( E E ) C H 2 + ΓH 4 2

7 The case of 163 Ho Ho 163 * 66Dy + ν Q e EC 2.5 kev Dy * Dy + E C τ 1/ years NII NI MII MI m ν =0 ev m ν =10 ev

8 The case of 163 Ho Ho Dy * + ν e Q EC 2.5 kev Dy * Dy + E C τ 1/ years

9 Neutrino mass sensitivity E FWHM = 1 ev, f pp = 10-5, Q EC = 2600 ev From M. Galeazzi et al., arxiv: v2 [physics.ins-det]

10 Neutrino mass sensitivity E FWHM = 1 ev, f pp = 10-5, Q EC = 2600 ev From M. Galeazzi et al., arxiv: v2 [physics.ins-det]

11 Neutrino mass sensitivity E FWHM = 1 ev f pp = A β τ r = 10-5 N ev = 10 14, Q EC = 2600 ev From M. Galeazzi et al., arxiv: v2 [physics.ins-det]

12 Neutrino mass sensitivity E FWHM = 1 ev f pp = A β τ r = 10-5 f pp < 10-5 N ev = 10 14, Q EC = 2600 ev From M. Galeazzi et al., arxiv: v2 [physics.ins-det]

13 Neutrino mass sensitivity E FWHM = 1 ev f pp = A β τ r = 10-5 f pp < 10-5 N ev = 10 14, Q EC = 2600 ev E FWHM < 10 ev From M. Galeazzi et al., arxiv: v2 [physics.ins-det]

14 Neutrino mass sensitivity N ev > E FWHM < 10 ev τ r 0.1 µs A β 10 s detectors

15 Neutrino mass sensitivity N ev > E FWHM < 10 ev τ r 0.1 µs A β 10 s detectors Low temperature Metallic Magnetic Calorimeter

16 MMCs: Concept E C tot ΔT E C tot G T T τ = C G tot Thermal bath t

17 MMCs: Concept E ΔT E C tot C tot G T T τ = C G tot Thermal bath Working temperature below 100 mk small specific heat large temperature change small thermal noise t Very sensitive temperature sensor

18 MMCs: Concept Paramagnetic Au:Er sensor ΔΦ M T ΔT ΔΦ S S M T C sens E +C abs

19 MMCs: Concept Paramagnetic Au:Er sensor Talk of Philipp Ranitzsch ΔΦ M T ΔT ΔΦ S S M T C sens E +C abs

20 maxs: 1d-array for soft x-rays (T=20 mk) E FWHM = kev 250 µm Rise Time: 90 ns Non-Linearity < Measured energy E [kev] 1 % E [ev] Photon energy E [kev]

21 maxs: 1d-array for soft x-rays (T=20 mk) E FWHM = kev 250 µm Rise Time: 90 ns Non-Linearity < Measured energy E [kev] 1 % E [ev] Photon energy E [kev]

22 ECHo experiment: First detector prototype Absorber for calorimetric measurement ion ISOLDE-CERN Two pixels have been simultaneusly measured 55 Fe calibration source was collimated only on one pixel Absorber Source Sensor Meander

23 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Rise Time ~ 130 ns

24 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Fast Rise rise-time Time ~ 130 ns E FWHM = kev

25 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Fast rise-time Rise Time ~ 130 ns Good E FWHM energy = 7.6 ev 6 kev Non-Linearity <

26 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Fast rise-time Rise Time ~ 130 ns Good E FWHM energy = 7.6 ev 6 kev Good linearity Non-Linearity <

27 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Fast rise-time Rise Time ~ 130 ns Good E FWHM energy = 7.6 ev 6 kev NI Good linearity Non-Linearity < Most precise 163 Ho spectrum 163 Ho spectrum E H lit. E H exp. Γ H lit. Γ H exp MI MII NI NII OI OI NII 144 Pm MI MII Q EC =(2.80±0.08) kev

28 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Fast rise-time Rise Time ~ 130 ns Good E FWHM energy = 7.6 ev 6 kev NI Good linearity Non-Linearity < Talk of Philipp Ranitzsch Most precise 163 Ho spectrum 163 Ho spectrum E H lit. E H exp. Γ H lit. Γ H exp MI MII NI NII OI OI NII 144 Pm MI MII Q EC =(2.80±0.08) kev

29 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Fast rise-time Rise Time ~ 130 ns Good E FWHM energy = 7.6 ev 6 kev NI Good linearity Non-Linearity < Most precise 163 Ho spectrum 163 Ho spectrum NI First calorimetric measurement of the OI line OI MI OI NII 144 Pm MII NII

30 ECHo experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Cryogenic detector NI Si(Li) detector OI MI Proportional Counter NII 144 Pm MII F. Gatti et al., Physics Letters B 398 (1997) (a) F. Gatti et al., Physics Letters B 398 (1997) (b) E. Laesgaard et al., Proceeding of 7th International Conference on Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (AMCO-7), (1984). (c) F.X. Hartmann and R.A. Naumann, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 3 13 (1992) 237.

31 ECHo experiment Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Sub-eV Neutrino mass

32 ECHo experiment High purity 163 Ho source Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Sub-eV Neutrino mass

33 ECHo experiment: 163 Ho source Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >10 6 Bq >10 17 atoms

34 ECHo experiment: 163 Ho source Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >10 6 Bq >10 17 atoms 163 Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way nat Dy(p,xn) 163 Ho nat Dy(α, xn) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 159 Tb( 7 Li, 3n) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho

35 ECHo experiment: 163 Ho source Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >10 6 Bq >10 17 atoms 163 Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way nat Dy(p,xn) 163 Ho nat Dy(α, xn) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 159 Tb( 7 Li, 3n) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 163 Ho can be produced by via (n,γ)-reaction on 162 Er Two sources already produced Helmoltz Zentrum Berlin Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble Purity: No radioactive contaminants removed target material Chemical form: depends on the absorber preparation : ion implantation dilute alloys High efficiency purification methods

36 ECHo experiment: 163 Ho source Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >10 6 Bq >10 17 atoms 163 Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way nat Dy(p,xn) 163 Ho nat Dy(α, xn) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 159 Tb( 7 Li, 3n) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 163 Ho can be produced by via (n,γ)-reaction on 162 Er Two sources already produced Helmoltz Zentrum Berlin Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble

37 ECHo experiment: 163 Ho source Required activity in the detectors: Final experiment >10 6 Bq >10 17 atoms 163 Ho can be produced by charged particle activation through direct or indirect way nat Dy(p,xn) 163 Ho nat Dy(α, xn) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 159 Tb( 7 Li, 3n) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho 163 Ho can be produced by via (n,γ)-reaction on 162 Er Two sources already produced Helmoltz Zentrum Berlin Institut Laue-Langevin in Grenoble Purity: No radioactive contaminants and removed target material High efficiency purification methods Chemical form: depends on the absorber preparation (ion implantation, dilute alloys)

38 ECHo experiment High purity 163 Ho source Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Multiplexing and read-out Sub-eV Neutrino mass

39 ECHo experiment: µ-wave multiplexing Talk of Philipp Ranitzsch

40 ECHo experiment: 64-pixel chip 15.5 mm 9.1 mm

41 ECHo experiment: 64-pixel chip 15.5 mm 9.1 mm

42 ECHo experiment High purity 163 Ho source Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Multiplexing and read-out Sub-eV Neutrino mass Cryogenics

43 ECHo experiment High purity 163 Ho source Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Multiplexing and read-out Sub-eV Neutrino mass Cryogenics Low background environment

44 ECHo experiment Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Multiplexing and read-out High purity 163 Ho source Sub-eV Neutrino mass High precision determination of Q EC Cryogenics Low background environment

45 ECHo experiment: Q EC determination Penning Trap mass spectroscopy uniform B-field quadrupole E-field Penning Trap B + = q/m 1 q ν c = 2π m B ν + - modified cyclotron ν - - magnetron ν z - axial Next future : SHIPTRAP (GSI) Q EC determination within 100 ev In few years: PENTATRAP (MPI-K HD) Q EC determination within 1 ev Courtesy S. Eliseev, MPI-K HD

46 ECHo experiment Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Multiplexing and read-out High purity 163 Ho source Sub-eV Neutrino mass High precision determination of Q EC Description of 163 Ho EC spectrum Solid state effects Cryogenics Low background environment

47 ECHo experiment Detectors MMC : E 2 ev τ R 100 ns Multiplexing and read-out High purity 163 Ho source Sub-eV Neutrino mass High precision determination of Q EC Description of 163 Ho EC spectrum Solid state effects Data analysis Cryogenics Low background environment

48 163 Ho experiments Started R&D in 2011 ECHo Small scale experiment with 100 pixels within the next three years Large scale experiment to reach sub-ev sensitivity to neutrino mass

49 163 Ho experiments Started R&D in 2011 ECHo Small scale experiment with 100 pixels within the next three years Large scale experiment to reach sub-ev sensitivity to neutrino mass HOLMES Established in 2013 (ERC Advanced Grants for Prof. S. Ragazzi) Some R&D done already within the MARE experiment

50 163 Ho experiments Started R&D in 2011 ECHo Small scale experiment with 100 pixels within the next three years Large scale experiment to reach sub-ev sensitivity to neutrino mass HOLMES Established in 2013 (ERC Advanced Grants for Prof. S. Ragazzi) Some R&D done already within the MARE experiment OTHERS LANL + NIST (last two years) investigation for source production detector developement for calorimentric measurements (Kunde, Schmidt, Croce, Fowler)

51 Conclusion A. De Rujula arxiv: v1 [hep-ph] 21 May 2013

52 Thank you! Department of Nuclear Physics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia Fedor Simkovic Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India Moumita Maiti Institute for Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Christoph E. Düllmann, Klaus Eberhardt Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences Zoltán Szúcs Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics Moscow, Russia Mikhail Krivoruchenko Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Tübingen, Germany Amand Fäßler Kepler Center for Astro and Particle Physics, University of Tübingen Josef Jochum Kirchhoff-Institut for Physics, Heidelberg University, Germany Christian Enss, Andreas Fleischmann, Loredana Gastaldo, Clemens Hassel, Sebastian Kempf, Philipp Chung-On Ranitzsch, Mathias Wegner Max-Planck Institut for Nuclear Physics Heidelberg, Germany Klaus Blaum, Andreas Dörr, Sergey Eliseev Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Russia Yuri Novikov Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India Susanta Lahiri

53 Sandwiched sensor 70 µm First single pixel prototype absorber: 5µm gold, 150µm decay time: 0.7 ms 55 Mn E FWHM = 6 kev

54 Proton induced reaction nat Dy(p,xn) 163 Ho 600 p+ nat Dy Contributors: σ ~350 mb at 19 MeV Cross section [mb] Ho-163 Ho-162 Ho-161 Ho Dy (24.9%)(p,n) 163 Ho (σ~0.4 mb) 164 Dy (28.2%)(p,2n) 163 Ho (σ~1254 mb) Projectile Energy [MeV]

55 α+dy 2 O 3 Irradiation parameters: Projectile : α E P = 40 MeV first target: 1 µa, 7 h irradiation second target: 3 µa, 11 h irradiation Cross secion, mb α+ nat Dy Er-165, 10.3h Er-163, 75m Er-161, 3.24h Er-160, 28.6h Ho-163, 4750y Energy, MeV nat Dy(α, xn) 163 Er (ε) 163 Ho (σ ~500 mb at 40 MeV) Exhaustive Chemistry!!

56 Li-induced reaction 159 Tb( 7 Li, 3n) 163 Er (σ ~312 mb at 31 MeV) Cross section [mb] Li+ 159 Tb 163 Er 162 Er Energy [MeV]

57 163 Ho experiment: Calorimetric spectrum Determination of the Q EC value from the intensity of the lines for m ν =0: Q EC =2.5 kev Q EC =2.8 kev

58 MMCs: Concept Paramagnetic Au:Er sensor ΔΦ M T ΔT ΔΦ S S M T C sens E +C abs Magnetization M [A/m] Au:Er 300 ppm Specific heat C [10 4 J mol 1 K 1 ] Au:Er 300 ppm Inverse Temperature T 1 [K 1 ] Temperature T [mk] Main differences to calorimeters with resistive thermometers no dissipation in the sensor no galvanic contact to the sensor