Gas transfer rates If either phase concentration can not be predicted by Henry's law then there will be a transfer of mass across the interface until
|
|
- Sheena Jordan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Gas transfer rates If either phase concentration can not be predicted by Henry's law then there will be a transfer of mass across the interface until equilibrium is reached. The mechanisms and rate expressions for this transfer process have been conceptualized in a variety of ways so that quantitative descriptions are possible. One common conceptualization method is the film theory.
2 Film Theory Developed by Nernst (1904) The simplest conceptualization of the gasliquid transfer process Near the interface, there exists a stagnant film. This stagnant film is hypothetical since we really don't know the details of the velocity profile near the interface.
3
4 In this film, bulk liquid is not moving. Therefore, transport is governed essentially by molecular diffusion. Fick's law describes flux through the film.
5 Molecular diffusion A random and spontaneous mixing process that moves the solute from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration. Molecular diffusion is due to concentration gradients and the random motion of molecules. calm environment
6 Molecular diffusion Rates of simple one-dimensional microscale mass transfer processes in homogeneous fluids or solids are expressed in terms of Fick s first law of diffusion.
7 Molecular diffusion According to Fick s first law, the flux of component "c" across a chemical front per unit time is directly proportional to the size of the spatial gradient in concentration and a constant of proportionality (the diffusion constant D ) (cm 2 /sec) specific to solute Substance moves due to concentration differences. Area that is perpendicular to the flow.
8 Therefore, flux through the film is C J D X Typical units for flux are mol 2 or mg cm sec 2 cm sec
9 If the thickness of the stagnant film is given by d n then the gradient can be approximated by: C CbCi X dn C b and C i are concentrations in the bulk and at the interface, respectively.
10 Assume there are no reactions in the stagnant film. Therefore, no accumulation in the film. Assume that D = constant At steady-state: JD (CbC i) dn What is the value of C i?
11 C i is calculated by assuming that equilibrium is attained instantly at the interface. Nernst s model assumes that the other phase doesn't have a "film". Ci Cg H c (if the film side is liquid and the opposite side is the gas phase).
12 Two film model Nernst s model assumes that the other phase doesn't have a "film". This theory is the most widely accepted model. It makes it easier to visualize the concepts. It is usually applied for gas transfer by bubble formation in liquid. Therefore, we use the Lewis-Whitman (1923) two-film model as described below.
13 Two film model It assumes that there are two stagnant layers of film at the interface. The mass transfer across the films is by molecular diffusion. The bulks of gas and liquid are homogeneous with respect to solute.
14 uniform concentration and pressure because of turbulence uniform concentration because of turbulence Assuming that the mass transfer is in the X direction, in other words from bulk gas phase to bulk liquid phase.
15 Since the solute is diffusing from the gas phase into the liquid, there must be a concentration gradient in the direction of mass-transfer within each phase. The bulk gas concentration C g falls to C gi at the interface. Similarly, in the liquid phase, the concentration falls from C li at the interface to C l in the main body of liquid.
16 The bulk gas concentrations C g and C l are clearly not the equilibrium values since otherwise the mass transfer would not occur. the interface.
17 Now, the flux from the bulk gas to the interface is J g = k g (C gi -C g ) and the flux from the interface to the bulk liquid is J l = k l (C l -C li ) where k l Dl D g k d g n d n k l or k g = mass transfer coefficient for either the liquid or gas phase as (dimensions = Length/time).
18 The same assumptions apply to the two films as apply in the single Nernst film model. So at steady state, the flux from the bulk gas to the interface is equal to the the flux from the interface to the bulk liquid. Therefore, k g (C gi -C g ) = k l (C l -C li ) kl = kg J g = J l (Cgi C g ) (ClC li )
19 The difficulty is finding interface concentrations, C gi or C li. We cannot directly measure the interface concentrations. We want to be able to relate flux to bulk air and water concentrations.
20 Therefore, overall mass transfer coefficients are defined. These coefficients are based on the difference between the bulk concentration in one phase and the concentration that would be in equilibrium with the bulk concentration in the other phase.
21 C g 0,016 0,014 C g 0,012 C g C H C gi c li A Equilibrium line 0,01 C gi 0,008 0,006 C g * 0,004 B 0, C l C l C li C l * C l
22 In the previous graph, point A represents the two bulk phase concentrations and point B represents the concentrations at the interface.
23 Define: J * Kl ClCl C li is replaced with C l * J * Kg Cg Cg C gi is replaced with C g * K l = overall mass transfer coefficient based on liquid-phase concentration. K g = overall mass transfer coefficient based on gas-phase concentration.
24 K g,l have dimensions of Length/t. C l * = liquid phase concentration that would be in equilibrium with the bulk gas concentration. = C g /H c (typical dimensions are moles/m 3 ). C g * = gas phase concentration that would be in equilibrium with the bulk liquid concentration. = H c C l (typical dimensions are moles/m 3 ).
25 Expand the liquid-phase overall flux equation to include the interface liquid concentration. * J Kl C C C C l li li l
26 Then substitute C li Cgi H c and * C l C g H c to get: J Kl Cl C Cgi Cg li H c
27 In the steady-state, fluxes through all films must be equal. Let all these fluxes be equal to J. Cl and J g = k g (C gi -C g ) J l = k l (C l -C li ) On an individual film basis: Cli J k l Cgi Cg J k g
28 Since all J s are equal: J J J K l kl Hck g
29 This can be arranged to give: 1 Kl 1 1 kl H c kg H c : Contaminant specific k l and k g : Environment specific, such as mixing
30 A similar manipulation starting with the overall flux equation based on gas phase concentration will give: 1 Hc 1 K g k l kg
31 These last two equations can be viewed as "resistance" expressions where 1/K g or 1/K l represent total resistance to mass transfer based on gas or liquid phase concentration, respectively.
32 In fact, the total resistance to transfer is made up of three series resistances: i) liquid film, ii) interface iii) gas film. However, we assume instant equilibrium at the interface so there is no transfer limitation here. It should be noted that model selection (penetration, surface renewal or film) does not influence the outcome of this analysis.
33 The Two Special Cases - Single film control It is possible that one of the films exhibits relatively high resistance and therefore dominates the overall resistance to transfer. This, of course, depends on the relative magnitudes of k l, k g and H c. So the solubility of the gas and the hydrodynamic conditions which establish the film thickness determine if a film controls.
34 For highly soluble gases such as NH 3 and SO 2 (H c is low) 1 1 kl Hckg 1 Kl 1 Hk c g K l H c k g Mass transfer is controlled by gas film resistance.
35 In general, slightly soluble gases such as N 2 and O 2 (H c is high) Kl kl H c kg 1 Kl 1 1 kl Hckg 1 kl or Kl k l Mass transfer is controlled by liquid film resistance.
BAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems
BAE 820 Physical Principles of Environmental Systems Inter phase mass transfer Dr. Zifei Liu Mass transfer between two phases For a two phase system not at equilibrium (concentrations in the two phases
More informationInterphase Mass Transfer see Handout. At equilibrium a species will distribute (or partition ) between two phases.
Interphase Mass Transfer see Handout At equilibrium a species will distribute (or partition ) between two phases. Examples: 1. oxygen (species) will partition between air (gas phase) and water (liquid
More informationMass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Mass Transfer Coefficient Lecture - 4 Boundary Layer Theory and
More informationMass Transfer Fundamentals. Chapter#3
Mass Transfer Fundamentals Chapter#3 Mass Transfer Co-efficient Types of Mass Transfer Co-efficient Convective mass transfer can occur in a gas or liquid medium. Different types of mass transfer coefficients
More informationMass Transfer Coefficients (MTC) and Correlations II
Mass Transfer Mass Transfer Coefficients (MTC) and Correlations II 7.2- Correlations of Mass Transfer Coefficients Mass transfer coefficients (MTCs) are not physical properties like the diffusion coefficient.
More informationOutline. Definition and mechanism Theory of diffusion Molecular diffusion in gases Molecular diffusion in liquid Mass transfer
Diffusion 051333 Unit operation in gro-industry III Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of gro-industry Kasetsart University Lecturer: Kittipong Rattanaporn 1 Outline Definition and mechanism Theory of
More informationAir-Water Gas Exchange of Chemicals
Air-Water Gas Exchange of Chemicals terry.bidleman@ec.gc.ca Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada Photo: Thule Bay, Alaska Jim Milne, DRDC Why? Air-Water
More informationAGITATION AND AERATION
AGITATION AND AERATION Although in many aerobic cultures, gas sparging provides the method for both mixing and aeration - it is important that these two aspects of fermenter design be considered separately.
More informationIn all electrochemical methods, the rate of oxidation & reduction depend on: 1) rate & means by which soluble species reach electrode surface (mass
Voltammetry Methods based on an electrolytic cell Apply potential or current to electrochemical cell & concentrations change at electrode surface due to oxidation & reduction reactions Can have 2 or 3
More informationChapter 2 Mass Transfer Coefficient
Chapter 2 Mass Transfer Coefficient 2.1 Introduction The analysis reported in the previous chapter allows to describe the concentration profile and the mass fluxes of components in a mixture by solving
More informationCHAPTER 3 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF THE PACKED COLUMN
37 CHAPTER 3 MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF THE PACKED COLUMN Absorption in a chemical process refers to a mass transfer between gas and liquid which transfers one or more components from the gas phase to the
More informationIntroduction to Mass Transfer
Introduction to Mass Transfer Introduction Three fundamental transfer processes: i) Momentum transfer ii) iii) Heat transfer Mass transfer Mass transfer may occur in a gas mixture, a liquid solution or
More informationPart I.
Part I bblee@unimp . Introduction to Mass Transfer and Diffusion 2. Molecular Diffusion in Gasses 3. Molecular Diffusion in Liquids Part I 4. Molecular Diffusion in Biological Solutions and Gels 5. Molecular
More informationDifferential equations of mass transfer
Differential equations of mass transfer Definition: The differential equations of mass transfer are general equations describing mass transfer in all directions and at all conditions. How is the differential
More informationDIFFUSION IN SOLIDS. IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-5
DIFFUSION IN SOLIDS IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-5 Diffusion The mechanism by which matter is transported through matter. It is related to internal atomic movement. Atomic movement;
More informationTransport (kinetic) phenomena: diffusion, electric conductivity, viscosity, heat conduction...
Transport phenomena 1/16 Transport (kinetic) phenomena: diffusion, electric conductivity, viscosity, heat conduction... Flux of mass, charge, momentum, heat,...... J = amount (of quantity) transported
More informationMASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS DURING AERATION BY A SELF-ASPIRATING IMPELLER
th European Conference on Mixing Warszawa, - September MASS TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS DURING AERATION BY A SELF-ASPIRATING IMPELLER Czesław Kuncewicz, Jacek Stelmach Lodz University of Technology, Department
More informationHydrodynamic modeling of the jet bubbling reactor
Hydrodynamic modeling of the jet bubbling reactor CORNEL MUNTEA*, IOAN CĂLDARE**, IOAN GIURCA*, DORIN CRISTIAN NĂSTAC*** * Building Services Engineering Department, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca
More informationPhysical Pharmacy. Diffusion
Physical Pharmacy Diffusion Diffusion Diffusion is defined as a process of mass transfer of individual molecules of a substance brought about by random molecular motion and associated with a driving force
More informationSolutions. Solutions. How Does a Solution Form? Solutions. Energy Changes in Solution. How Does a Solution Form
Ummm Solutions Solutions Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances. In a solution, the solute is dispersed uniformly throughout the solvent. Solutions The intermolecular forces
More informationConvective Mass Transfer
Convective Mass Transfer Definition of convective mass transfer: The transport of material between a boundary surface and a moving fluid or between two immiscible moving fluids separated by a mobile interface
More informationExchange of Volatiles between Air and Water, Lecture 5b, Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environment (Chapter 2)
Exchange of Volatiles between Air and Water, Lecture 5b, Contaminant Fate and Transport in the Environment (Chapter 2) Conrad (Dan) Volz, DrPH, MPH Bridgeside Point 100 Technology Drive Suite 564, BRIDG
More informationSteady-State Molecular Diffusion
Steady-State Molecular Diffusion This part is an application to the general differential equation of mass transfer. The objective is to solve the differential equation of mass transfer under steady state
More informationERT 216 HEAT & MASS TRANSFER SEM2, 2013/2014
ERT 16 HET & MSS TRNSFER SEM, 01/014 Tutorial: Principles of Mass Transfer (Part 1) gas of CH 4 and He is contained in a tube at 10 kpa pressure and 98 K. t one point the partial pressure of methane is
More informationTheories for Mass Transfer Coefficients
Mass Transfer Theories for Mass Transfer Coefficients Lecture 9, 5..7, r. K. Wegner 9. Basic Theories for Mass Transfer Coefficients Aim: To find a theory behind the empirical mass-transfer correlations
More informationDiffusion - The Heat Equation
Chapter 6 Diffusion - The Heat Equation 6.1 Goal Understand how to model a simple diffusion process and apply it to derive the heat equation in one dimension. We begin with the fundamental conservation
More information6. Transport phenomena. Basel, 2008
6. Transport phenomena Basel, 2008 6. Transport phenomena 1. Introduction 2. Phenomenological equations for transport properties 3. Transport properties of a perfect gas 4. Diffusion in a fluid 5. Measurement
More information- the flow of electrical charge from one point to the other is current.
Biology 325, Fall 2004 Resting membrane potential I. Introduction A. The body and electricity, basic principles - the body is electrically neutral (total), however there are areas where opposite charges
More informationMass transfer by migration & diffusion (Ch. 4)
Mass transfer by migration & diffusion (Ch. 4) Mass transfer equation Migration Mixed migration & diffusion near an electrode Mass transfer during electrolysis Effect of excess electrolyte Diffusion Microscopic
More informationSimilarities and differences:
How does the system reach equilibrium? I./9 Chemical equilibrium I./ Equilibrium electrochemistry III./ Molecules in motion physical processes, non-reactive systems III./5-7 Reaction rate, mechanism, molecular
More informationFree-energy change ( G) and entropy change ( S)
Free-energy change ( G) and entropy change ( S) A SPONTANEOUS PROCESS (e.g. diffusion) will proceed on its own without any external influence. A problem with H A reaction that is exothermic will result
More informationKnowledge Organiser Year 12 Semester 1: Measurements and Movement
Knowledge Organiser Year 12 Semester 1: Measurements and Movement 1.1 Practical Skills (assessed in the written exam) Show understanding of experimental design, including to solve problems set in a practical
More informationLecture 6. NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTONS
Lecture 6. NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTONS NONELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS SOLUTIONS single phase homogeneous mixture of two or more components NONELECTROLYTES do not contain ionic species. CONCENTRATION UNITS percent
More informationChemical Reactions II
Mass Transfer Chemical Reactions II Lecture, 6..7, r. K. Wegner . Homogeneous chemical reactions Chemical reactions can alter mass fluxes by orders of magnitude. Recall NH 3 absorption into water: log(c
More informationLECTURE 4: Marangoni flows
LECTURE 4: Marangoni flows Marangoni flows are those driven by surface tension gradients. In general, surface tension σ depends on both the temperature and chemical composition at the interface; consequently,
More informationPhysical-Chemistry Factors Affecting Oral Absorption. Objectives. ph - Partition Theory. 27 September Chapter 23 1
Physical-Chemistry Factors Affecting Oral Absorption Objectives Understand the physical-chemical factors that affect oral absorption Understand the ph-partition hypothesis as it applies to drug absorption
More informationHeat and Mass Transfer Unit-1 Conduction
1. State Fourier s Law of conduction. Heat and Mass Transfer Unit-1 Conduction Part-A The rate of heat conduction is proportional to the area measured normal to the direction of heat flow and to the temperature
More informationSteady-state diffusion is diffusion in which the concentration of the diffusing atoms at
Chapter 7 What is steady state diffusion? Steady-state diffusion is diffusion in which the concentration of the diffusing atoms at any point, x, and hence the concentration gradient at x, in the solid,
More informationConceptual Model of Diffusion
Conceptual Model of Diffusion This section introduces the concept of molecular diffusion based on the random path of molecules. The theory and animation demonstrate how, through Brownian motion, a Gaussian
More informationTransport processes. 7. Semester Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering
Transport processes 7. Semester Chemical Engineering Civil Engineering 1 Course plan 1. Elementary Fluid Dynamics 2. Fluid Kinematics 3. Finite Control Volume nalysis 4. Differential nalysis of Fluid Flow
More informationProperties of Solutions
Properties of Solutions The Solution Process A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent. Solutions may be gases, liquids, or solids. Each substance present is a component of the solution.
More informationNotes 4: Differential Form of the Conservation Equations
Low Speed Aerodynamics Notes 4: Differential Form of the Conservation Equations Deriving Conservation Equations From the Laws of Physics Physical Laws Fluids, being matter, must obey the laws of Physics.
More informationEXPERIMENT 1 DETERMINATION OF GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT
EXPERIMENT 1 DETERMINATION OF GAS DIFFUSION COEFFICIENT Objective: The objective of this experiment is to calculate diffusion coefficient of a volatile organic compound in air by means of Chapman Enskog
More informationElementary Non-Steady Phenomena
Elementary Non-Steady (Transient) Phenomena (T) Elementary Non-Steady Phenomena Because Transport deals with rates it is often the case that we must consider non-steady (or transient) operation (when the
More informationChemical Processes. Transport Processes in the Environment. Transport Processes. Advection. Advection. t 1 t 2
hemical Processes by Stefan Trapp (taken from course 4) Transport Processes in the Environment a definition of our nomenklatura Transport Processes Only 3 types of transport processes exist ) by advection
More informationNernst Equilibrium Potential. p. 1
Nernst Equilibrium Potential p. 1 Diffusion The conservation law for a compound with concentration c: rate change of c = local production + accumulation due to transport. Model: d c dv = p dv J n da dt
More informationCell membrane resistance and capacitance
Cell membrane resistance and capacitance 1 Two properties of a cell membrane gives rise to two passive electrical properties: Resistance: Leakage pathways allow inorganic ions to cross the membrane. Capacitance:
More informationChapter 13. Properties of Solutions
Chapter 13 Properties of Solutions Warm - Up Why doesn t salt dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as hexane? How does the orientation of water around Na + differ from the orientation of water around Cl
More information2 THEORY OF TRANSPORT IN MEMBRANES
2 THEORY OF TRANSPORT IN MEMBRANES 2.1 Driving forces for transport mechanisms A membrane process is a separation process that covers a broad range of problems from particles to molecules and a wide variety
More informationReaction and Diffusion in a Porous Catalyst Pellet. by Richard K. Herz
Reaction and Diffusion in a Porous Catalyst Pellet by Richard K. Herz Solid catalysts are often called "heterogeneous catalysts" meaning that they are in a different phase from fluid reactants
More informationDimensionality influence on energy, enstrophy and passive scalar transport.
Dimensionality influence on energy, enstrophy and passive scalar transport. M. Iovieno, L. Ducasse, S. Di Savino, L. Gallana, D. Tordella 1 The advection of a passive substance by a turbulent flow is important
More informationIntroduction to Partial Differential Equations
Introduction to Partial Differential Equations Philippe B. Laval KSU Current Semester Philippe B. Laval (KSU) 1D Heat Equation: Derivation Current Semester 1 / 19 Introduction The derivation of the heat
More informationPRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS
PRINCIPLES AND MODERN APPLICATIONS OF MASS TRANSFER OPERATIONS Jaime Benitez iwiley- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Preface Nomenclature xiii xv 1. FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSFER 1
More informationMechanical Engineering. Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER. GATE, IES & PSUs
Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 1 SAMPLE STUDY MATERIAL Mechanical Engineering ME Postal Correspondence Course HEAT TRANSFER GATE, IES & PSUs Heat Transfer-ME GATE, IES, PSU 2 C O N T E N T 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationKINETIC ANALYSES OF METALLURGICAL SYSTEMS
KINETIC ANALYSES OF METALLURGICAL SYSTEMS INTRODUCTION Dr. D. BANDYOPADHYAY Email : db@nmlindia.org Two questions about a chemical reaction are of paramount importance to engineers engaged in research,
More informationAP Chemistry Chapter 16 Assignment. Part I Multiple Choice
Page 1 of 7 AP Chemistry Chapter 16 Assignment Part I Multiple Choice 1984 47. CH 4 (g) + 2 O 2 (g) CO 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O(l) H = 889.1 kj H f H 2 O(l) = 285.8 kj mol 1 H f CO 2 (g) = 393.3 kj mol 1 What is
More informationThermal Systems. What and How? Physical Mechanisms and Rate Equations Conservation of Energy Requirement Control Volume Surface Energy Balance
Introduction to Heat Transfer What and How? Physical Mechanisms and Rate Equations Conservation of Energy Requirement Control Volume Surface Energy Balance Thermal Resistance Thermal Capacitance Thermal
More informationForced Convection: Inside Pipe HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI
+ Forced Convection: Inside Pipe HANNA ILYANI ZULHAIMI + OUTLINE u Introduction and Dimensionless Numbers u Heat Transfer Coefficient for Laminar Flow inside a Pipe u Heat Transfer Coefficient for Turbulent
More informationChemical Reaction Engineering II Prof. A. K. Suresh Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Chemical Reaction Engineering II Prof A K Suresh Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Lecture - 24 GLR-5: Transition to Instantaneous reaction; Reaction regimes in
More informationIntroduction to Marine Hydrodynamics
1896 1920 1987 2006 Introduction to Marine Hydrodynamics (NA235) Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering First Assignment The first
More informationAbsorption of gas by a falling liquid film
Absorption of gas by a falling liquid film Christoph Albert Dieter Bothe Mathematical Modeling and Analysis Center of Smart Interfaces/ IRTG 1529 Darmstadt University of Technology 4th Japanese-German
More informationPart II: Self Potential Method and Induced Polarization (IP)
Part II: Self Potential Method and Induced Polarization (IP) Self-potential method (passive) Self-potential mechanism Measurement of self potentials and interpretation Induced polarization method (active)
More informationDefinition of Environmental Media -
Lecture 1 Introduction to Environmental Contaminant Fate and Transport: Basic Concepts and Physics Review, Mass Balance and the Control Volume and Advective and Fickian Transport EOH 2122 TRANSPORT & FATE
More informationDirections: Complete the following assignment using any resources you have EXCEPT other people. This assignment will be graded as a take-home quiz.
Explain Equilibrium Directions: Complete the following assignment using any resources you have EXCEPT other people. This assignment will be graded as a take-home quiz. 1) A reversible reaction is shown
More informationConvective Heat and Mass Transfer Prof. A.W. Date Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Prof. A.W. Date Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Module No. # 01 Lecture No. # 32 Stefan Flow Model We are now familiar with
More informationDraw the Lewis structures of all 7 diatomic elements
Warm up Draw the Lewis structures of all 7 diatomic elements States of Matter - Part 1 - Gasses Definitions kinetic-molecular theory particles of matter are always in motion ideal gas hypothetical gas
More informationChapter 14. The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory
Chapter 14 The Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic Theory 14.1 Molecular Mass, the Mole, and Avogadro s Number To facilitate comparison of the mass of one atom with another, a mass scale know as the atomic mass
More informationChapter 18. Reversible Reactions. A chemical reaction in which the products can react to re-form the reactants is called a reversible reaction.
Section 1 The Nature of Chemical Equilibrium Reversible Reactions A chemical reaction in which the products can react to re-form the reactants is called a reversible reaction. Section 1 The Nature of Chemical
More informationHYDRAULICS STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDY MATERIAL HYDRAULICS
1 STAFF SELECTION COMMISSION CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDY MATERIAL Syllabus Hydraulics ( Fluid Mechanics ) Fluid properties, hydrostatics, measurements of flow, Bernoulli's theorem and its application, flow
More informationCalifornia Standards Test (CST) Practice
California Standards Test (CST) Practice 1. Which element has properties most like those of magnesium? (a) calcium (b) potassium (c) cesium (d) sodium 5. Which pair of atoms will share electrons when a
More informationMass Transfer Operations
College of Engineering Tutorial # 1 Chemical Engineering Dept. 14/9/1428 1. Methane and helium gas mixture is contained in a tube at 101.32 k Pa pressure and 298 K. At one point the partial pressure methane
More informationChapter 1 Fluid Characteristics
Chapter 1 Fluid Characteristics 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Phases Solid increasing increasing spacing and intermolecular liquid latitude of cohesive Fluid gas (vapor) molecular force plasma motion 1.1.2 Fluidity
More informationFORMULA SHEET. General formulas:
FORMULA SHEET You may use this formula sheet during the Advanced Transport Phenomena course and it should contain all formulas you need during this course. Note that the weeks are numbered from 1.1 to
More informationThermal Oxidation of Si
Thermal Oxidation of General Properties of O 2 Applications of thermal O 2 Deal-Grove Model of Oxidation Thermal O 2 is amorphous. Weight Density = 2.20 gm/cm 3 Molecular Density = 2.3E22 molecules/cm
More informationChapter 10 Gases Characteristics of Gases Elements that exist as gases: Noble gases, O 2, N 2,H 2, F 2 and Cl 2. (For compounds see table 10.
Chapter 10 Gases 10.1 Characteristics of Gases Elements that exist as gases: Noble gases, O 2, N 2,H 2, F 2 and Cl 2. (For compounds see table 10.1) Unlike liquids and solids, gases expand to fill their
More informationMODULE 2: DIFFUSION LECTURE NO. 2
PTEL Chemical Mass Transfer Oeration MODULE : DIFFUSIO LECTURE O.. STEDY STTE MOLECULR DIFFUSIO I FLUIDS UDER STGT D LMIR FLOW CODITIOS.. Steady state diffusion through a constant area Steady state diffusion
More informationConvection. forced convection when the flow is caused by external means, such as by a fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds.
Convection The convection heat transfer mode is comprised of two mechanisms. In addition to energy transfer due to random molecular motion (diffusion), energy is also transferred by the bulk, or macroscopic,
More informationMass Transfer Operations-I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati
Mass Transfer Operations-I Prof. Bishnupada Mandal Department of Chemical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati Module - 2 Mass Transfer Coefficients Lecture - 1 Concept of Mass Transfer
More informationCHAPTER 19 Molecules in Motion. 1. Matter transport is driven by concentration gradient.
CHAPTER 19 Molecules in Motion I. Transport in Gases. A. Fick s Law of Diffusion. 1. Matter transport is driven by concentration gradient. Flux (matter) = J m = D dn dz N = number density of particles
More informationA modication of the lm. model. Heikki Haario. Department of Mathematics. University of Helsinki. Hallituskatu 15, Helsinki.
A modication of the lm model Heikki Haario Department of Mathematics University of Helsinki Hallituskatu 15, 00100 Helsinki Finland e-mail: hhaario@convex.csc.i Thomas I. Seidman Department of Mathematics
More informationWe now turn to the subject of central importance in thermodynamics, equilibrium. Since
18 Lecture 28 We now turn to the subect of central importance in thermodynamics, equilibrium. Since we are interested in equilibria under chemically interesting conditions and for chemical reactions, we
More informationCHM 213 (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY): Applications of Standard Reduction Potentials. Compiled by. Dr. A.O. Oladebeye
CHM 213 (INORGANIC CHEMISTRY): Applications of Standard Reduction Potentials Compiled by Dr. A.O. Oladebeye Department of Chemistry University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Nigeria Electrochemical Cell Electrochemical
More informationWYSE Academic Challenge State Finals Chemistry 2005 SOLUTION SET
WYSE Academic Challenge State Finals Chemistry 2005 SOLUTION SET 1. Correct answer: d. Magnesium nitrate has the formula Mg(NO 3 ) 2, so 4.0 mol of magnesium nitrate dissolves to form 8.0 mol of nitrate
More information1 Model for gas-liquid reactions Based on film model
1 Model for gas-liquid reactions Based on film model A(g >l) +νb(l) Products Governing equations are as follows: d 2 C A dx 2 = k 2 C A C B (1) D B d 2 C B dx 2 = νk 2 C A C B (2) Here x is the actual
More informationFundamentals of Transport Processes Prof. Kumaran Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Chemical Engineering
Fundamentals of Transport Processes Prof. Kumaran Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore Chemical Engineering Module No # 05 Lecture No # 25 Mass and Energy Conservation Cartesian Co-ordinates Welcome
More informationLecture 15: Optoelectronic devices: Introduction
Lecture 15: Optoelectronic devices: Introduction Contents 1 Optical absorption 1 1.1 Absorption coefficient....................... 2 2 Optical recombination 5 3 Recombination and carrier lifetime 6 3.1
More informationIdentify the bonding types molecular, covalent network, ionic, and metallic - in various solids (11.8)
Intermolecular Forces, Liquids, and Solids (Chapter 11) Very brief review of Lewis structures and molecular geometry Draw Lewis structures for and determine polarity of molecules through sp 3 8.45 8.64,
More informationDraw the Lewis structures of all 7 diatomic elements
Warm up Draw the Lewis structures of all 7 diatomic elements Jan 27-7:44 AM States of Matter - Part 1 - Gases Definitions kinetic-molecular theory particles of matter are always in motion ideal gas hypothetical
More informationEffect of microscopic heterogeneities on water transfer in frozen ground
Permafrost, Phillips, Springman & Arenson (eds) 2003 Swets & Zeitlinger, Lisse, ISBN 90 5809 582 7 Effect of microscopic heterogeneities on water transfer in frozen ground I.A. Komarov Geological Department,
More informationHeat processes. Heat exchange
Heat processes Heat exchange Heat energy transported across a surface from higher temperature side to lower temperature side; it is a macroscopic measure of transported energies of molecular motions Temperature
More information6, Physical Chemistry -II (Statistical Thermodynamics, Chemical Dynamics, Electrochemistry and Macromolecules)
Subject Paper No and Title Module No and Title Module Tag 6, Physical -II (Statistical Thermodynamics, Chemical Dynamics, Electrochemistry and Macromolecules) 25, Activity and Mean Activity coefficient
More informationModern Chemistry Chapter 12- Solutions
Modern Chemistry Chapter 12- Solutions Section 1- Types of Mixtures Solutions are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances in a single phase. Soluble describes a substance as capable of being dissolved.
More informationDiffusive Evolution of Gaseous and Hydrate Horizons of Methane in Seabed
Diffusive Evolution of Gaseous and Hydrate Horizons of Methane in Seabed Denis S. Goldobin (University of Leicester), et al. ( Quaternary Hydrate Stability ) MethaneNet Early Career Workshop Milton Keynes
More informationMEMBRANE COVERED POLAROGRAPHIC OXYGEN SENSOR MANUFACTURING THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
ANALELE ŞTIINŢIFICE ALE UNIVERSITĂŢII AL. I. CUZA IAŞI Tomul II, s. Biofizică, Fizică medicală şi Fizica mediului 006 MEMBRANE COVERED POLAROGRAPHIC OXYGEN SENSOR MANUFACTURING THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS
More informationMASS TRANSFER AND GAS ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT
MASS TRANSFER AND GAS ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT Mark J McCready University of Notre Dame Indiana, USA TOPICS Review of heat transfer and heat exchangers Some fundamental aspects of mass transfer Analysis of
More informationChapter 13 Properties of Solutions
Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E. Bursten Chapter 13 Properties of John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006,
More informationPerfect Gases Transport Phenomena
Perfect Gases Transport Phenomena We have been able to relate quite a few macroscopic properties of gasses such as P, V, T to molecular behaviour on microscale. We saw how macroscopic pressure is related
More informationBIG IDEA: A covalent bond forms when nonmetal atoms share one or more pairs of electons with one another
Chemistry 20 notes molecular compounds BIG IDEA: A covalent bond forms when nonmetal atoms share one or more pairs of electons with one another Can be solid, liquid or gas at SATP (Standard Ambient Temperature
More informationChapter 16 Simple Kinetic Theory of Matter
Chapter 16 Simple Kinetic Theory of Matter MCQ 1: Air trapped inside a single-piston-cylinder exerts a pressure of 760 mmhg. If its volume is increased by 30% at a constant temperature, then the pressure
More information1. Read all questions thoroughly and answer each question completely. ALL WORK MUST BE SHOWN IN ORDER TO RECEIVE ANY CREDIT.
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Read all questions thoroughly and answer each question completely. ALL WORK MUST BE SHOWN IN ORDER TO RECEIVE ANY CREDIT. 2. You will be allowed to use only the given sheet of thermodynamic
More information