Measurement of the photon structure function (x,q 2 ) with the LUMI detector at L3. Gyongyi Baksay

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1 Measurement of the photon structure function F (x,q ) with the LUMI detector at L3 Gyongyi Baksay Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne, Florida, USA Advisor: Dr. Marcus Hohlmann Orlando, March -3, 004

2 Topics of Discussion Introduction:CERN, L3, LUMI Theoretical considerations Data analysis and results Summary Orlando, March -3, 004

3 Introduction Two-photon reactions dominant LEP, CERN, Switzerland, France (future LHC) L [pb - ] L3 e + e e + e hadrons W > 5 GeV σ [nb] s' / s > 0.85 e + e /Z qq _ () e + e W + W qq _ qq _ 0-4 m H =4 GeV e + e HZ qq _ qq _ e + e ZZ qq _ qq _ s [GeV] highest centre-of-mass energy : 07 GeV (Giga-electron Volts) 3

4 The L3 experiment MAIN SUBSYSTEMS: central tracker (SMD, TEC) electromagnetic (ECAL), hadronic (HCAL) calorimeters, and muon chambers. e + e - Tagging: Luminosity Monitor (LUMI), Very Small Angle Tagger (VSAT), Active Lead Rings (ALR), Electromagnetic Calorimeter endcaps Orlando, March -3, 004 4

5 The photon QED: Photon mediator. Photon structureless: direct/bare photon Heisenberg uncertainty principle: Photon violates conservation of energy: f E t > f f f or interacts => parton content resolved, photon reveals its structure. Photon extended object=> charged fermions+gluons Dual nature of photon: direct or resolved One possible description: Photon Structure Function Orlando, March -3, 004 5

6 The different appearances of the photon Photon: QED-photon couples to fermions (quarks & leptons) Lepton pair production => process can be calculated in QED Quark pair production => QCD corrections Photon interactions receive several contributions: photon fluctuates into a hadronic state which subsequently interacts bare photon Does not reveal a structure The QED structure functions can only be used for the analysis of leptonic final states. For hadronic final states the leading order QED diagrams are not sufficient and QCD corrections are important. Orlando, March -3, 004 6

7 e + e - e + e - * * e + e - + hadrons deep-inelastic scattering reaction θ tag >> 0 electron observed inside the detector θ antitag 0 other electron undetected single-tag HADRON CALORIMETER ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER LUMI e - tag LUMI θ tag e - BEAM PIPE * e + (*) LUMI e + antitag θantitag 0 LUMI ELECTROMAGNETIC CALORIMETER HADRON CALORIMETER Orlando, March -3, 004 7

8 Photon Structure Function F (x,q ) ~ probability that the probe photon with virtuality Q sees a parton (quark or gluon) with momentum fraction x inside the target quasi-real photon. dσ * e(k) (q) e tag dxdq (k )X (x,q y = (p q)/(p K) ' ) πα = [(+ ( y) )F 4 xq (x,q ) y ( E E ) cos (θ ), y 0 tag beam tag F L (x,q )] Single-tag variables: Q x = = q Q ( Q + W + P ) = Q ( p q) E E tag beam( cos θ tag ) q q k i i q q = ( E = E * i * i = Q = ( xq, p = Q * i p 0 * masssquaredof + q ), Q ) q x = q q i ( i =,) > 0 the outgoinginteracting fermion: = q + xq Q = q q q 0 W + = ( q + q) = ( E * + E ) ( q p) q = ( E *, q), q ( E, p) = For single tagged events: P 0 Q x = Q + W The Bjorken variable x tells us what fraction of the photon four momentum was carried by the particle which participated to the interaction: the target photon itself or a parton (quark or gluon) inside the photon. Orlando, March -3, 004 8

9 Analysis Method ) Selection ) Split x and Q in several bins 3) Unfolding energy of the target photon is not known Correction with MC (Pythia, Phojet, Twogam) 4) Calculate measured cross section: unfolding Example: selection 998 Q well measured N unfolded N background L acceptance trigger efficiency 5) F (x,q ) obtained using analytically calculated differential cross section (program Galuga) Correlations between the generated and measured Q, x, W; MC: Phojet 9

10 Orlando, March -3, 004 0

11 Evolution of F with x F /α F (x,q ) vs x with the different contributions: VDM, QCD, QPM quarks Preliminary results: gluons F (VDM) x

12 Q evolution of F Expected LUMI-L3 results add data points to the low x region! High statistics! Test of QCD and QED. Orlando, March -3, 004

13 The Grand Daddy prominence Summary Photon is not just a simple structureless object. It s more than that! It can fluctuate into other states (resolved photon, QCD corrections). The photon can be regarded as an object with an internal structure consisting of charged fermions and gluons. Photon structure function analyzed for e + e - e + e - * * e + e - + hadrons Results obtained at LEP/ L3 (using LUMI for tagging the scattered electron) provides the highest statistics ever obtained (highest c.m. energy). Orlando, March -3, 004 3

14 Thank you! Orlando, March -3, 004 4

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