New JLab (PRad) Experiment on Proton Charge Radius
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1 New JLab (PRad) Experiment on Proton Charge Radius 10 th International Workshop on e + e - Collisions from Phi to Psi USTC, September 23-26, 2015 Haiyan Gao Duke University and Duke Kunshan University 1
2 QCD: still unsolved in non-perturbative region Gauge bosons: gluons (8) 2004 Nobel prize for ``asympto5c freedom non- perturba5ve regime QCD????? One of the top 10 challenges for physics! QCD: Important for discovering new physics beyond SM Nucleon structure is one of the most ac5ve areas
3 Lepton scattering: powerful microscope! Clean probe of hadron structure Electron (lepton) vertex is well- known from QED Vary probe wave- length to view deeper inside dσ dω = α 2 E ' 4E 2 sin 4 θ E 2 " G 2 2 E +τg $ M # 1+τ cos 2 θ 2 + 2τG 2 M sin 2 θ % 2 & ' τ = q 2 / 4M 2 Virtual photon 4- momentum q = k k ' = (! q,ω) Q 2 = q 2 k α = k 3
4 What is inside the proton/neutron? 1933: Proton s magneec moment "for and for his discovery of the magne;c moment of the proton". g 6= 2 Nobel Prize In Physics 1943 O.o Stern 1969: Deep inelasec e- p scafering 1960: ElasEc e- p scafering Nobel Prize In Physics 1961 Robert Hofstadter "for and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons" Form factors! Charge distributions 1974: QCD AsymptoEc Freedom Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall, Richard E. Taylor "for their pioneering inves;ga;ons concerning deep inelas;c sca<ering of electrons on protons ". Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 David J. Gross, H. David Politzer, Frank Wilczek "for the discovery of asympto;c freedom in the theory of the strong interac;on". 4
5 Proton Radius Puzzle
6 Mo5va5on for precise informa5on on proton radius A fundamental static property of the nucleon Important for understanding how QCD works Challenge Lattice QCD calculations An important physics input to the bound state QED calculations, affects muonic H Lamb shift (2S 1/2 2P 1/2 ) by as much as 2% Lamb Shift (2S 1/2 2P 1/2 ) measurements are becoming more and more precise High precision tests of QED? Needs inputs from electron scattering experiments on proton radius Turning things around one can determine proton radius using QED and Lamb shift measurements
7 Methods for measuring proton charge radius Electron- proton elasec scafering to determine electric form factor (Nuclear Physics) Spectroscopy (Atomic physics) Hydrogen Lamb shi] < r 2 > = 6 df( q) dq 2 ) q 2 =0 Muonic Hydrogen Lamb shi]
8 Unpolarized electron- nucleon scaoering (Rosenbluth Separa5on) ElasEc e- p cross seceon At fixed Q 2, fit dσ/dω vs. tan 2 (θ/2) Measurement of absolute cross seceon Dominated by either G E or G M Low Q 2 by G E High Q 2 by G M super Rosenbluth SeparaEon (Jlab Hall A experiment) τ = Q2 4M 2 ε = (1+ 2(1+ τ)tan 2 θ 2 ) 1
9 Recoil proton polariza5on measurement from e- p elas5c scaoering Polariza5on Transfer G E p G M p Recoil proton polarizaeon Focal Plane Polarimeter recoil proton scafers off secondary 12 C target P t, P l measured from ϕ distribueon P b, and analyzing power cancel out in raeo Focal-plane polarimeter
10 Asymmetry Super- ra5o Method Polarized electron- polarized proton elas5c scaoering Polarized beam- target asymmetry Super- raeo BLAST pioneered this technique, later also used in Jlab Hall A experiment
11 Muonic hydrogen Lamb shift at PSI (2010, 2013) 2010: new value is r p = (67) fm 11
12 New PSI results reported in Science 2013 r p = (39) fm, A. Antognini et al., Science 339, 417 (2013)
13 Recent ep Scattering Experiments Mainz Large amount of overlapping data sets Cross section measurement Statistical error 0.2% Luminosity monitoring with spectrometer! Q 2 = (GeV/c) 2 result: r p =0.879(5) stat (4) sys (2) mod (4) group J. Bernauer, PRL 105,242001, σ higher than muonic hydrogen result! (J. Bernauer)
14 Jlab Recoil Proton Polarization Experiment LHRS Δp/p0: ± 4.5%, out-of-plane: ± 60 mrad in-plane: ± 30 mrad ΔΩ: 6.7msr QQDQ Dipole bending angle 45 o VDC+FPP P p : 0.55 ~ 0.93 GeV/c E e : 1.192GeV P b : ~83% BigBite New pol. Target data soon from Hall A Non-focusing Dipole Big acceptance. Δp: MeV ΔΩ: 96msr PS + Scint. + SH X. Zhan et al. Phys. Lett. B 705 (2011) C. Crawford et al. PRL98, (2007)
15 The proton radius puzzle intensified r p = 0.879(11) fm by Arrington and Sick (2015) from reanalysis of ep data New ep analyses by Griffioen et al, Horbatsch and Hessels 15
16 Charge Radius of Other Light Nuclei Deuterium Helium Electron scattering consistent with µ-spectroscopy
17 Revisits of QED Calcula5ons. An addieonal 0.31 mev to match CODATA value Evaluation by Jentschura, Annals Phys. 326, 500 (2011) Recent summary by A. Antognini et al., arxiv: Birse and McGovern, arxiv: (4) mev (proton polarizability) J.M. Alarcon, et al mev G.A. Miller, arxiv: New experiments at HIGS and Mainz on proton polarizabiliees Talk by S. Karshenboim
18 Incomplete list New physics: new particles, Barger et al., Carlson and Rislow; Liu and Miller,. New PV muonic force, Batell et al.; Carlson and Freid; Quantum gravity at the Fermi scale R. Onofrio;. Contributions to the muonic H Lamb shift: Carlson and Vanderhaeghen,; Jentschura, Borie, Carroll et al, Hill and Paz, Birse and McGovern, G.A. Miller, J.M. Alarcon,. Higher moments of the charge distribution and Zemach radii, Distler, Bernauer and Walcher,.. J.A. Arrington, G. Lee, J. R. Arrington, R. J. Hill discuss systematics in extraction from ep data, no resolution on discrepancy Donnelly, Milner and Hasell discuss interpretation of ep data, Discrepancy explained by some but others disagree Dispersion relations: Lorentz et al. Frame transformation: D. Robson New experiments: Mainz (e-d, ISR), JLab (PRad), PSI (Lamb shift, and MUSE), H Lamb shift 18
19 PRad Experimental Setup in Hall B at JLab Hydrogen gas PRad Setup (Side View) GEM chamber Tagger Collimator 2H00 Harp bellows Cryocooler bellows target cell bellows 0.3 m New cylindrical vacuum box 1.7 m HyCal 1.2 m 1.7 m 5.0 m 1.5 m! High resolution, large acceptance calorimeter! Windowless H 2 gas flow target! Simultaneous detection of elastic and Moller electrons! GEM detectors! Q 2 range of 2x GeV 2 Future sub 1% measurements: (1) ep elasec scafering at Jlab (PRad) (2) μp elasec scafering at PSI - 16 U.S. insetueons! (MUSE) (3) ISR experiments at Mainz Ongoing H spectroscopy experiments 19
20
21 High Resolution Calorimeter! HyCal is a PbWO 4 and Pb-glass calorimeter (! 2.05 x 2.05 cm 2 x18 cm (20 rad. Length)! 1152 modules arranged in 34x34 matrix! ~5 m from the target,! 0.5 sr acceptance 21
22 Vacuum Box and GEM Two-cylinder design for vacuum box GEM detector to replace veto counter to improve Q2 resolution (particularly with using lead blocks) 550 cm GEM HyCal Face Gate valve 8.77 deg Varian 1000HT! GEM detector funded by DOE
23 Windowless H 2 Gas Flow Target! Target cell (original design): cell length 4.0 cm cell diameter 8.0 mm cell material 30 µm Kapton input gas temp. 25 K target thickness 1x10 18 H/cm 2 average density 2.5x10 17 H/cm 3 gas mass-flow rate 6.3 Torr-l/s 430 sccm! Target components: pumping system cryocooler motorized Manipulator chillers for pumps and cryocooler Target and secondary chambers Cryocooler 3D Motorized Manipulator! Kapton cell Target Cell Gas Feedthrough Target supported by NSF - MRI grant and is complete
24 PRad Projected Result 24
25 PRad Collaboration Institutional List! Currently 16 collaborating universities and institutions Jefferson Laboratory NC A&T State University Duke University Idaho State University Mississippi State University Norfolk State University Argonne National Laboratory University of North Carolina at Wilmington University of Kentucky Hampton University College of William & Mary University of Virginia Tsinghua University, China Old Dominion University ITEP, Moscow, Russia Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, Russia! Welcome new collaborators and institutional groups
26 Summary and outlook Proton charge radius: fundamental quantity important to atomic, nuclear, and particle physics Proton charge radius puzzle triggered by muonic hydrogen atom Lamb shift measurements motivated extensive theoretical and experimental activities New precision measurement from electron scattering at low Q 2 is a MUST PRad: new experiment on e-p elastic scattering will use novel experimental techniques Stay tuned for more news about proton charge radius Acknowledgement: the PRad Collaboration Supported in part by U.S. Department of Energy under contract number DE-FG02-03ER41231, NSF MRI PHY
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