Crystalline The Solid State notes.notebook. April 15, crystalline : regular/repeating arrangement (pattern) of particles
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1 imgurl= m.georgetown.edu/s02/lect30/lect30.htm&usg= TlOCX3 Zy179Iiw4QP5X nuklxi=&h=305 &w=675&sz=190&hl=en&start=27&itbs=1&tbnid=zz3jzrsdfp0ogm:&tbnh=62&tbnw=138 &prev=/images%3fq%3dcrystaline%2bsolids%26start%3d20%26hl%3den%26safe% 3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26ndsp%3D20%26tbs%3Disch: The Solid State Solid Bodies crystalline : regular/repeating arrangement (pattern) of particles amorphous: no regular or repeating of particles in their arrangement usually in longer chains of particles Crystalline 1
2 Crystalline Amorphous 2
3 Effects of freezing Water/Ice 1) Water has it greatest density at 4 degrees C smallest volume, 4 0 water sinks 2) As warmer water (above 4 o ) cools by contact with cold air it increases in density and sinks to the bottom and is replaced by warmer water. This continues until it all reaches 4 degrees as the surface water cools further it remains on the top because it is less dense than the lower 4 degree water and freezes on the top crystalline structure begins to break down and it takes up less space 3) Water at 0 0 has its smallest density and therefore floats on colder 4 0 water. As water at 0 0 is heated it decreases in volume (increases in density) until it reaches 4 degrees. Then it expands as heated and increases in volume (decreases in density) at a regular rate. 4) When water freezes completely it goes totally into its crystalline structure which takes up more space than it had as a liquid. Water/Ice density 1) Water has it greatest density (least volume) at 4 degrees C Volume 3
4 ~mcshaffd/aquatic/sextant/physden.gif
5 salt water vs pure water Thermal Expansion Expansion Force Expansion due to 5
6 @ 4 x m This Thermal Expansion of a substance is a formal property of matter! Coefficient of linear expansion change in temperature change in length length of object note how "α" is a ratio of lengths per degree C ( ) page 317 6
7 ex Lab chair legs: l = 60.0 cm steel ti = 10.0 C in winter tf = 32.0 C in summer α steel = 12 x 10 6 / 0 C =? or, ex How much do the railroad tracks from Milwaukee to West Bend expand and contract from winter to summer? l = 32km ti = 10.0 C tf = 32.0 C steel =? 7
8 ex How much do the railroad tracks from Milwaukee to West Bend expand and contract from winter to summer? l = 32km ti = 10.0 C tf = 32.0 C steel =? = 16 m _small.jpg 8
9 Weather Adelaide.jpg buckled tracks.jpg 9
10 Sometimes we need to know how much an object expands in all directions volume for linear expansion for volume expansion its in all three dimensions, therefore, 3x linear expansion β 3α also on pg 317 How much does the steel cube (from Heat Exchange Lab) increase in volume when it went from 20.0 C to 100 C in our experiment? steel ti = 20.0 C tf = C 10
11 Expansion Force stretching (elastic) Change in length due to applied force elastic property of a substance (Young's Modulus) or, How much does our chair change in length due to someone sitting on it? Lab chair legs: l = 60.0 cm steel diameter = 2.00 cm ms = 55 kg =? 2.0 cm 8 leg of chair A circle 11
12 Force applied due to change in length because of a temperature change is called "Thermal Stress" Usually this is measured when two rigid objects are "tied" together and are incapable of moving. An internal stress results. This equation comes from putting "Young's Modulus" together with "thermal expansion". and, What force of compression is applied between two cement slabs 10.0 m long with a contace area of 0.20 square meters if the temperature goes from 10.0 C to 35.0 C? 12
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