Review: Heat, Temperature, Heat Transfer and Specific Heat Capacity

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1 Name: Block: Date: IP 614 Review: Heat, Temperature, Heat Transfer and Specific Heat Capacity All these questions are real MCAS questions! 1. In a copper wire, a temperature increase is the result of which of the following? A. an increase in the size of the copper particles B. a decrease in the mass of the copper particles C. an increase in the motion of the copper particles D. a decrease in the distance between the copper particles Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy per molecule; temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving for a given substance. 2. The masses and specific heats of some samples of liquids are shown in the table below. The substance with the lowest specific heat will heat up the most. High specific heat = Hard to change the temperature The temperature of which sample will rise most when 1000 J of heat is added? A. water B. glycerin C. methanol D. cooking oil 3. The illustration below shows a student bending a piece of wire back and forth at a single point X. The wire s temperature rises noticeably at point X. Temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving for a given substance. By bending the material back and forth we are transferring some of the kinetic energy directly to the atoms, so they heat up. Which of the following best describes the source of the temperature increase? A. Some of the wire s mass is transformed into heat energy as the wire is bent. B. Some of the kinetic energy is transformed into heat as the wire is bent. C. The bending transfers potential energy to the wire, heating it. D. The bending causes a current that heats the wire.

2 4. An iron bar is placed in a flame, as shown below, and is heated until the end glows. Conduction is the transfer of heat from solid to solid or throughout a solid by molecular motion. Q 1 = m 1 c ΔT 1 Q 2 = m 2 c ΔT 2 m 1 c ΔT 1 = m 2 c ΔT 2 The other end of the iron bar soon becomes hot, too. Which of the following statements best describes what happens? A. A convective flow of energy is set up inside the iron bar. B. Energy is conducted from atom to atom along the length of the iron bar. C. Radiation moves through the iron bar and is absorbed by the end not in the flame. D. Air heated by the flame radiates down the iron bar and heats the end not in the flame. 5. Perfume sprayed from a bottle spreads more easily in a warm room of 25 C than in a cool room of 15 C. Which of the following correctly compares perfume molecules at 25 C to those at 15 C? A. At 25 C, they have more mass. B. At 25 C, they are moving faster. C. At 25 C, they have less kinetic energy. Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy per molecule; temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving for a given D. At 25 C, they are decreasing in volume. substance. 6. Popcorn is made by heating corn kernels. Different methods may be used to heat the kernels. Which of the following methods uses radiation as the primary means of transferring energy to the corn kernels? Radiation is the heat transfer A. heating corn kernels in a hot air popper through electromagnetic waves. B. heating corn kernels in a microwave oven Microwave ovens use C. heating corn kernels in a foil pan on a hot plate m 1 ΔT 1 = m 2 ΔT 2 If ΔT 1 is higher than ΔT 2 Then m 1 has to be less than m 2 electromagnetic waves to heat up D. heating corn kernels in oil in a pot on an electric stove water molecules 7. The molecules in which of the following have the greatest average molecular kinetic energy? Temperature is a measure of how fast A. air in a person s lungs molecules are moving for a given B. ice cubes in a glass of iced tea substance. Boiling water has the highest C. raindrops collecting in a puddle temperature of all the options: 100 ºC D. water boiling in a pot on a stove 8. Two blocks of zinc with different masses are at room temperature. Each block then absorbs the same amount of heat over 10 minutes. When the temperature of each block is then measured, block 1 is at a higher temperature than block 2. Which of the following statements most likely describes the zinc blocks? A. The mass of block 1 is less than the mass of block 2. B. The mass of block 1 is greater than the mass of block 2. C. The specific heat of block 1 is less than the specific heat of block 2. D. The specific heat of block 1 is greater than the specific heat of block 2.

3 9. The diagram below represents four empty copper containers at room temperature. An equal amount of water at 90 C is added to each copper container. Assume there is no loss of heat to the environment. Which container will have had the greatest change in temperature when the water and the container reach equilibrium? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 ΔT = Q/(m c) More mass, less temperature change Less mass, more temperature change 10. The specific heat of wood is about 1,700 J (kg C). How much energy is required to heat a 12 kg piece of wood from 20 C to 30 C? A. 1,400 J Q = m c ΔT = (12 kg)(1,700 J/kg ºC)(10 ºC) = 204,000J B. 17,000 J C. 204,000 J D. 612,000 J 11. Which of the following changes occurs as a solid is heated? Temperature is related to the A. The kinetic energy of the solid decreases. average kinetic energy per molecule; B. The average density of the solid increases. temperature is a measure of how C. The specific heat capacity of the solid decreases. D. The average molecular speed in the solid increases. fast molecules are moving for a given substance. 12. The instructions below outline the procedure for a demonstration. Materials: four 100 g metal blocks, each of a different metal, four polystyrene foam cups, each containing 150 g of 10 C water Procedure: 1. Place the four cups of water next to each other on the lab bench. 2. Heat each block to a temperature of 60 C. 3. Place each heated block in a separate cup of 10 C water. 4. Measure the temperature change in each cup of water after 100 s. At the end of the demonstration, which block raised the temperature of the 10 C water the greatest amount? A. the block with the greatest density B. the block with the lowest surface area C. the block with the greatest specific heat D. the block with the lowest thermal conductivity Specific heat and conductivity are the only quantities related to temperature. A material with low conductivity will change its temperature a lot and it won t change the water s temperature by a lot.

4 13. The graph below represents changes in molecular motion in a solid plastic cylinder over time Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy per molecule; temperature is a measure of how fast molecules are moving for a given substance. temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule. More speed means more T These changes in the molecules of the plastic cylinder must be accompanied by which of the following? A. an increase in mass B. a decrease in volume C. an increase in temperature D. a decrease in heat capacity 14. A recycling plant manager needs to melt 1500 kg of scrap copper to sell to a wire manufacturer. The copper is at 15 C and its melting point is 1083 C. The copper has a specific heat of 385 J/kg K. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of the copper to its melting point? A J B J Q = mcδt = (1500kg)(385 J/kgK)( ) = 616,770,000 J C J D J Rounding it to J 15. Two boxes, A and B, both contain the same number of nitrogen gas molecules. The gas molecules in box A have twice the average speed of the molecules in box B. Which of the following best describes the nitrogen gas in box A? A. The nitrogen gas in box A has a greater mass than the nitrogen gas in box B. B. The nitrogen gas in box A has a greater density than the nitrogen gas in box B. C. The nitrogen gas in box A has a greater temperature than the nitrogen gas in box B. D. The nitrogen gas in box A has a greater specific gravity than the nitrogen gas in box B. 16. A 10 g sample of aluminum and a 10 g sample of iron were each heated by 100 joules of energy. The temperature of the aluminum sample rose 11 C, while the temperature of the iron sample increased 23 C. Which statement best accounts for these results? A. Iron is twice as dense as aluminum. B. Atoms of aluminum are smaller than atoms of iron. C. Using equal masses results in similar heat capacities. D. The specific heat of iron is less than that of aluminum. High specific heat means it is harder to change the temperature

5 17. A party shop delivers helium-filled balloons to homes and businesses. The owners realize from experience that on hot summer days they should inflate the balloons only three-quarters full. On cold winter days they can fully inflate the balloons. Which of the following is the best hypothesis to explain this observation? A. The helium gas is more active in the winter season. B. Air outside the balloons leaks into the balloons. C. As the temperature increases, the helium in the balloons expands. D. Outdoor air pressure in the summer is less than indoor air pressure More temperature means more motion. More motion means the particles will expand When two objects at different temperatur es are put in contact heat is transferred until they reach thermal equilibrium: the same final temperatur 18. The illustration below represents an experiment in which a hot object is added to a container of water at room temperature. The water is continuously stirred while the hot object is immersed in it. Which of the following graphs best shows the temperature changes that follow? 19. Which of the following figures correctly shows the conduction of heat within the system of metal blocks? Heat always goes from HOT to COLD

6 Open Response: 1. The table below shows initial data from a laboratory demonstration. In the demonstration, a heated 0.06 kg copper pipe was dropped into a beaker of water. Students in the class were asked to predict the final temperature of the beaker of water when it reached equilibrium with the copper pipe. a. If this demonstration took place in a closed insulated beaker, instead of in an open beaker, what would be the relationship between the heat lost by the copper and the heat gained by the water and glass? C: The heat lost by the copper would be equal to the heat gained by the water. E: The experiment takes place in an insulated beaker. R: An insulated beaker means the no heat is lost to the environment, so all the heat lost by one is gained be the other. b. Which material in the table above requires the most heat for a given change in temperature? C: Water requires the most heat for a given temperature change. E: The specific heat of water is the highest of the three. R: High specific heat capacity means that it is hard to change the temperature. c. The students found that the measured temperature was lower than they predicted. How would the students best explain this difference from the predicted temperature? C: The measured temperature is different than the predicted one because some heat was lost to the environment. E: The beaker was not completely insulated. R: When the experiment is not completely insulated some heat is lost to the environment, meaning that not all of the heat transfer to the water. The calculations assumed all the heat from the copper would go to the water. d. Assume a heated 0.12 kg copper pipe was used instead of the given pipe. How would this change affect the final temperatures of the water and of the glass beaker? C: If there were twice the amount of copper, the final temperature of the water and beaker would be higher. E: The mass of copper increased R: Heat transferred to the water depends on the mass of copper: the more copper, the more heat will be transferred to the water.

7 2. The illustration below shows a container of water on an electric hot plate. Point A is in the water close to the hot plate, and point B is in the water near the top of the container. The water in the container is at room temperature before the hot plate is turned on. a. Describe the differences in the average motion of the water molecules at point A and at point B shortly after the hot plate is turned on. Shortly after the hot plate is turned on, molecules are moving faster at point A than at point B. Point A is closer to the hot plate. The closer to the hot plate, the higher the temperature. The higher the temperature, the faster the molecules. This is because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy in the material. b. The water is heated until a thermometer placed in the center of the container reaches 100 C. Compare the average motion of the water molecules at points A and B at this temperature and explain your answer. Molecules at point A will be moving at the same speed that the molecules at point B. The temperature of the water is 100 ºC At 100 ºC the water will start boiling. While boiling, the liquid will not increase its temperature, instead it will change phase. c. The hot plate is then turned off. Describe the average motion of the molecules at points A and B after several hours. After several hours, the molecules at point A will be moving at the same speed than the molecules at point B. We waited several hours. We can assume the water reached thermal equilibrium with the room. This will make all the water in the container have the same temperature as the room.

8 3. A can of juice at 20 C is completely submerged in a closed, insulated container filled with water at 4 C, as shown in the diagram below. a) Describe what happens to the temperature of the can of juice and the temperature of the water in the container within the first few minutes after the can is submerged. Explain your answer. C: The temperature of the can of juice will decrease and the temperature of the water will decrease. E: The juice is warmer and the water is colder R: Heat (thermal energy) always moves from hot to cold b) After four hours, will the can and the water have the same temperature or different temperatures? Explain your answer. C: After four hours the can and the water will have the same temperature E: The have different temperatures and they are put in contact R: Thermal equilibrium is reached after two things at different temperature are put in contact c) Estimate the numerical value(s) of the final temperatures of the can of juice and the water after four hours. Explain your answer. C: The final temperature will be closer to the water s temperature than the can s temperature. Juice s temperature = 7 ºC. Water s temperature = 7 ºC E: This is because there is more cold water than there is warm juice. R: The more mass, the less temperature change. ΔT = Q mc

9 4. On a hot day, a student places a glass of cold lemonade on a table outdoors. After a few minutes, water droplets have formed on the outside of the glass. a) Is energy absorbed or released by the cold lemonade? Explain your answer. C: Water is absorbed by the cold lemonade E: The lemonade is colder than the environment R: Heat always goes from hot to cold b) Compare average kinetic energy for the air molecules and lemonade molecules when the student first places the lemonade outdoors. Explain your answer. C: The molecules of air have more average kinetic energy than the molecules of lemonade E: Lemonade is colder than air R: Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule. The warmer an object is, the more average kinetic energy its molecules have. c) Explain how and why the water droplets form on the outside of the glass. Water droplets form on the outside of the glass because water from the environment condenses. Molecules of vapor water in the air loose energy when they get in contact with the cold lemonade; when enough energy is lost they molecules of vapor water are able to link together and become a liquid: by condensing.

10 5. A car s brakes absorb a large amount of energy and heat up as the car slows down and stops. Several materials with different thermal properties have been used for car brakes. In the table below, the specific heat capacities of three of these materials are shown. Specific Heat Capacity Material (Joules per gram degrees Celsius) aluminum carbon-ceramic steel In an experiment, 500 g each of aluminum, carbon-ceramic, and steel are heated and their temperature changes are recorded. The amount of heat absorbed and the temperature change for the 500 g sample of steel are shown in the graph below. a) In your Student Answer Booklet, copy the graph. Draw a line on your graph to show the relationship expected for the 500 g sample of aluminum. Draw a line on your graph to show the relationship expected for the 500 g sample of carbon-ceramic. Identify each line on your graph, and explain why you drew each line where you did. Aluminum (green-dashed line) has a higher specific heat than steel; this means that given the same amount of heat it will not increase its temperature as much as steel. Carbon-ceramic (blue-solid line) has a higher specific heat than both aluminum and steel; this means that given the same amount of heat, carbon-ceramic will increase its temperature less than aluminum and steel. b) If brake materials get too hot they soften or melt, resulting in loss of braking power. Of the three materials in the table, which is best suited to resist large changes in temperature? Explain your answer. C: Carbon-ceramic is best suited to resist large changes in temperature. E: Carbon-ceramic has the greatest specific heat capacity of the three. R: When a substance has a larger specific heat capacity it will not increase its temperature as much given the same heat transfer.

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