LESSON 1 of 3 (IJMPA)

Transcription

1 LESSON 1 of 3 (IJMPA) Compile for International Journal of Modern Physics A (World Scientific) FOR TYPING JOURNAL PAPERS (NOT APPROPRIATE FOR BOOKS) (1) Open up the zip file. It contains (A) a graphic (eps) file* (B) a readme file (DOC) (C) a CLASS file (ws-ijmpa.cls)# (D) ws-ijmpa.tex (this is the LaTex file, you can open it to view, to seek out complicated examples)^ (E) PDF file of (D) *(2) Graphic file can be generated by any graphic software. LaTex takes PS or EPS files. [Other format - I do not know.] #(3) ws-ijmpa.cls - it helps you to define fonts, printing areas, printing-style, etc. [We do not need to know what is inside. Only when you are a very advanced user that you may be tempted to change it hence, ignore it at the moment.] ^(4) If you compile ws-ijmpa.tex using the LaTex-software (downloadable free-ware), the LaTex-software will combine the graphic-file command and the CLS-file inside the CPU and after a few milliseconds you will get ws-ijmpa.dvi. [You can view this file using a standard viewing program. What you see will be nicely arranged text - as in printed Journals.] [The viewing program should also allow you to convert ws-ijmpa.dvi to PS or PDF file (namely, ws-ijmpa.pdf ).] (5) template-b.tex is a shortened version of ws-ijmpa.tex. (6) ws-ijmpa.tex too complicated for learning purposes. (7) All the above files must be put in the same directory as the LaTex programme. (8) In the Next Lesson, we will learn how to type plain text. (9) In Lesson 3 we will learn how to do equations. (10) In Lesson 4 we will learn how to create tables and embed figures. E&OE 1

2 LESSON 2 of 3 (3 Pages) (1) Open template- b.tex and print a copy of it. (2) Delete away all the %-Box and %-Line (using pencil). [In LaTex if the first character is % this means it is a comment line.] (2) You will see the actual template to be:- \documentclass{ws-ijmpa} \begin{document} \markboth{type FIRST AUTHORS' NAMES HERE} {Instructions for Typing Manuscripts (TYPE SHORT-TITLE HERE)} \catchline{}{}{}{}{} \title{title OF PAPER PUT HERE} \author{first AUTHOR'S NAME} \address{author ADDRESS AND } \author{second AUTHOR'S NAME} \address{author ADDRESS AND } \maketitle \begin{history} \received{(day MONTH YEAR)} \revised{(day MONTH YEAR)} \end{history} \begin{abstract} TYPE THE ABSTRACT HERE \end{abstract} \keywords{type KEYWORDS HERE, SEPARATE THEM WITH SEMI-COLON} \section{section 1 HEADING TYPE HERE} TYPE YOUR TEXT HERE FOR SECTION 1. \section{section 2 HEADING TYPE HERE} TYPE YOUR TEXT HERE FOR SECTION 2. \section{conclusions SECTION HEADING TYPE HERE} TYPE YOUR CONCLUSIONS HERE. \section*{acknowledgements} TYPE ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS HERE. \appendix \section{heading FOR APPENDIX A} TYPE TEXT FOR APPENDIX A HERE. \section{heading FOR APPENDIX B} TYPE TEXT FOR APPENDIX B HERE. \begin{thebibliography}{0} \bibitem{ja} M. Barranco and J. R. Buchler, {\it Phys. Rev.}{\bf C34}, 1729 (1980). \bibitem{c1} J. Callaway, {\it Phys. Rev. Lett.} {\bf B335}, 8723 (1987). \bibitem{m2} M. Tinkham, {\it Group Theory & Quantum Mechanics} (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1964). \end{thebibliography} \end{document} (3) Compare the %-Deleted and %-Undeleted files. [The %-Undeleted files have some instructions on where to type what.] [Do not worry too much about the blank lines for the moment.] [Carefully look at the last part thebibliography section Reference 2 is Physical Review Letter! This is how references are written. Later, we will learn how to call references.] E&OE 2

3 (4) What to do now? Type over the CAPITALIZED words. It is self-explanatory. Read (5) and (6) before typing! [Do not touch those words that are not FULLY-CAPITALIZED.] (5) {} curly brackets are special characters e.g. e.g. e.g. { \it This whole line will appear as italicized word.} Outside it goes back to normal. { \large This whole line will appear in larger fonts.} Outside it goes back to normal. [Type the above two lines in Section 1.] (5) \ slash is special character it is used to initiate a LaTex command \it = italicized \large = use larger fonts \bf = bold fonts \noindent = do not indent this paragraph \indent = indent this paragraph e.g.. e.g \indent New paragraph is indented by default \noindent This paragraph is not indented. [Type the above two lines in Section 2.] (6) There are many more special characters. The above two are the most common. NEVER FORGET THIS! (7) To type the curly bracket, do this: \{ = open bracket \} = close bracket (8) To type the slash, do this: \\ (9) Type some sentences over the all the CAPITALIZED words to get confident. In particular create this:- (a) Title of your paper (b) Author s name and address (c) Received and Revised date (Can delete if there is not needed) (d) Abstract (e) Keywords (f) Heading of Section 1 (g) A few paragraphs in Section 1 (Note: To start a new paragraph. Use a blank line.) (h) Heading of Section 2 (i) A few paragraphs in Section 2 (j) (You can add more sections or subsection or subsubsections) (k) Conclusions (l) Appendix (m) Use the given example and create more references ] [Note: This can be time consuming, but then there is never a free-lunch!] (10) Then compile the file and see what goes where. (Do you know how to compile LaTex files?)* (11) After you have gained confidence in typing plain LaTex, we will learn (in Lesson 3) how to do equations and relabelling. If we have time, we will try Figures-Embedding and Table. *In Win98 & Win2000 (using miktex) run LaTex.exe and then type the name of the file. (Is the path correctly set?) *In UNIX or LINUX it should be latex FILE-NAME. You must always compile a LaTex files TWO times (i.e. run it twice)! (12) As an exercise, try to type a few short essays and compile them. E&OE 3

4 Doing References (13) To do references: use this \cite{type REFERENCE LABEL HERE} the reference-label will appear as superscript numbering the IJMPA style. [Remember to put it after the punctuation mark!] To make it non-superscript: use this Ref.~\refcite{TYPE (NON-SUPERSCRIPT) REFERENCE LABEL HERE} (14) Examples: type these on the Section 1 Barranco and Buchler had proven\cite{ja} it in One can deduce from Refs.~\refcite{ja}, \refcite{c1} and \refcite{m2} that quantum mechanics is a wonderful subject. Compile to get: Barranco and Buchler had proven 1 it in One can deduce from Refs. 1, 2 and 3 that quantum mechanics is a wonderful subject. NOTE: [These are the first three references given in template-b.tex.] [See ws-ijmpa.tex and ws-ijmpa.pdf for more examples and instructions.] [If you forget to put the reference in the bibliography section, the reference number will be replaced by?? ] Type this in Section 1and compile: Dirac s wonderful paper gave us relativistic quantum field theory.\cite{dp} E&OE 4

5 APPENDIX to LESSON 2 (1 Page) (1) Finally, before concluding this Lesson 2. Let us discuss how to do standard LaTex. For standard LaTex, you do not need ws-ijmpa.cls. The document will come out (I think) in double space on letter size pages. The format is like this: \documentstyle[12pt]{article} \begin{document} \end{document} TYPE EVERYTHING HERE! (2) Every special section has a begin and an end. Normal sections do not have these, for example: \documentstyle[12pt]{article} \begin{document} \begin{abstract} TYPE ABSTRACT HERE \end{abstract} TYPE NORMAL SECTIONS HERE \begin{equation} TYPE EQUATION HERE \end{equation} TYPE NORMAL SECTIONS HERE \begin{equation} TYPE ANOTHER EQUATION HERE \end{equation} TYPE NORMAL SECTIONS HERE \begin{thebibliography}{0} TYPE REFERRENCES HERE \end{thebibliography} \end{document} (3) Note: 12pt ~ font size 12 point (4) In standard LaTex, \cite will give you a square-bracket enclosing the reference number. (5) In standard LaTex, \refcite will not work. (6) To learn more about LaTex, see E&OE 5

6 LESSON 3 of 3 (4 Pages) {Short equation, long equation, multiple-equation, vector and matrix} Equations and references are best learnt by examples. Kindly refer to examples in ws-ijmpa.tex and ws-ijmpa.pdf AT THE SAME TIME to learn them. If it is too difficult see then the simplified instructions below. (1) To write short equation written in the text do this:- $ TYPE EQUATION HERE $ i.e. use the dollar signs to enclose the equation. For example, type these: Everyone agrees that $ E = mc^2 $ and $ {\bf \rm r} \cdot {\bf \rm p} = rp {\rm cos} ( \theta) $ are wonderful formulae. Consider the equation $ E = mc^{2+\delta} $, one must agree that $ \delta $ is zero. \ldots $ (2) When compile, you will get these: Everyone agrees that E = mc 2 and r p = rp cos (θ) are wonderful formulae. Consider the equation E = mc 2+δ, one must agree that δ is zero. NOTE: [Within the $-environment, the inappropriate spacing after = is automatically taken care by the compiler.] [Compiler also knows that $ must comes in pair one for open the next for close,. If you accidentally forget a $, then the compiler will give you rubbish.] [Within the $-environment, you can write to the next line if the equation is too long.] [Within the $-environment, the default is italic. To type normal font, use \rm (which stands for roman ).] [\cdot gives a dot at the center. \ldot gives a dot at the lower part, i.e. a full stop.] [\ldots give many dots] [Also note that ^{SUPERSCRIPT TYPE HERE} and not shown above: _{SUBSCRIPT TYPE HERE}.] [Greek alphabets are off course Greek alphabets you need a slash in front to call them.] E&OE 6

7 (3) Other useful commands: A^{\prime} = A \int = integration \tilde{a} = put a tilde on top of a \int_{a}^{b} = integration from A to B. \bar{a} = put a bar on top of a \sum_{a}^{b} = will give a summation from A over B. \detla = lower case \partial = give the symbol for partial derivative \Delta = upper case \infty = infinity \leftarrow = arrow pointing left \sqrt{a} = square-root of A \leq = less then or equal to \lim_{a}^{} = in the limit of A \pm = plus and minus { {NUMERATOR} \over {DENOMINATOR} } gives a fraction. There are many more useful commands you have to find out from books or websites on LaTex! (4) Exercises: Find a way to type these using LaTex. Type them in Section 2 of template-b.tex. (a) (b) (5) Long equation, i.e. equation which stands alone. Use this format: \begin{equation} TYPE YOUR EQUATION HERE \end{equation} (6) A few lines of equations, use the equation array \begin{eqnarray} TYPE FIRST LINE HERE \\ TYPE SECOND LINE HERE \\ TYPE THIRD LINE HERE \end{eqnarrary} NOTE: [\\ means line break; there is an automatic line break for the last line.] (7) Examples: Type this b ± b 2 4ac x = lim α( H ( t) ) t = α( H ( t) ) dt J 2a m i= 1 \noindent Everyone agrees that \begin{equarray} E = mc^2 \\ {\bf \rm r} \cdot {\bf \rm p} = rp {\rm cos} ( \theta) \end{equarray} are wonderful formulae. m Compile and get this Everyone agrees that are a wonderful formulae. E = mc 2 (1) r p = rp cos (θ) (2) NOTE: [Numbering is automatic to switch it off type \nonumber just before \\] NOTE: [If you forget to put \\ then the two lines will appear as one line of equation.] E&OE 7

8 (8) More commands for long equations: \quad = medium blank space \qquad = large blank space \, = small blank space \label{lgkt} = label it LGKT \; = slightly bigger space \left[ = left side of a square bracket \right] = right side of a square bracket \left. = left side of \right. = right side of \to = arrow \mbox{text} = Text within equation (9) More examples very long equations with brackets The following is a long equation that goes up to two lines \begin{eqnarray} L^{G} (\sigma) &=& {\lim_{\epsilon \to 0}^{}}\;{1 \over {\beta}} \left[ {1 \over 2} (K_\alpha (\sigma) K_\alpha (\sigma^\prime) + K_\alpha (\sigma^\prime) K_\alpha (\sigma) + {a_k \over {\epsilon^2}} + b_k \right. \label{lgkt} \\ & & \qquad + \; \; \; \left. {i \over 4}(h_\alpha (\sigma) h_\alpha (\sigma + \epsilon) - h_\alpha (\sigma + \epsilon) h_\alpha (\sigma)) + {a_h \over {\epsilon^2}} + b_h \right] \,, \nonumber \end{eqnarray} where The following is a long equation that goes up to three lines \begin{equation} \beta & \sim & \Lambda {\partial \over \partial \Lambda} g_r \,. \label{eq2} \end{equation} Equation~(\ref{LGKT}) is longer than Eq.~(\ref{eq2}). Compile the above and see what you get. NOTE: [LaTex is case sensitive!] [Just before \\, we can put the label (or can switch of the label by \ nonumber).] [You can label section heading using \label, for examples, see ws-ijmpa.tex.] [Normally, we do not put a blank line before \ begin{equation}.] [& & is used to do alignment It comes in pairs inside equation-array.] Note: If alpha and sigma are appearing very often you can redefine them in the first part of your file ; just after \begin{document}, write this \def\kas{k_\alpha (\sigma)} Whenever, you type \kas it will mean K_\alpha (\sigma)} In a typical paper, usually there are many such definitions. E&OE 8

9 (10) Matrix Equations The following is a matrix equation \begin{equarray} g_{\alpha \beta} = e^{\phi} \eta_{\alpha \beta} \, \longrightarrow \, { \left( \begin{array}{cc} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & -1 \end{array} \right) } \,. \label{conformal} \end{equarray} The following is a branching equation \begin{equarray} g & = & \left\{ \begin{cases}{cc} 0 \qquad & \qquad \rho \to 0 \\ 1 \qquad & \qquad \rho \to \infty \end{cases} \right. \, \,. \label{bound} \end{equarray} Equation~(\ref{conformal}) is a matrix but Eq.~(\ref{bound}) is not. NOTE: [Use some more & to increase the number of columns.] [Use some more \\ to increase the number of rows.] [{cc} center column 1 center column 2] [Naturally, for a three-by-three matrix, we use {ccc}] [Try {rrr} instead of {ccc} for a three-by-three matrix and see what you get.] Note: r = right-aligned [{cc} is also used in the second equation.] [The 3 X 3 identical matrix] \begin{equarray} Id = \left( \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array} \right) } \end{equarray} [Indentations are for easy viewing only.] E&OE 9

10 LESSON 4 of 3 (1) Print out ws-ijmpa.pdf. Then, open up ws-ijmpa.tex. Locate the Figures on both files. The commands are: Figure Method 1 % Use this if your figures are put in a subdirectory having the same name as the % main LaTex file, (in this example it is ws-ijmpa.tex): % % ws-ijmpa/ijmpaf1.eps % ws-ijmpa/ijmpaf2.eps % ws-ijmpa/ijmpaf3.eps % etc. \begin{figure}[htbp] %ORIGINAL SIZE: width=1.4truein; height=1.5truein \figurebox{}{}{ijmpaf1} %100 percent \caption{labeled tree {\it T}.} \end{figure} % This will allow you to embed the figure somewhere nearby. % Note the size of the figure is 1.4 in x 1.5 in % Note the letter T is made italic. Figure Method 2 \begin{figure}[th] \centerline{\psfig{file=ijmpaf1.eps,width=5cm}} \vspace*{8pt} \caption{a schematic illustration of dissociative recombination. The direct mechanism, 4m$^2_\pi$ is initiated when the molecular ion S$_{\rm L}$ captures an electron with kinetic energy.} \end{figure} % In this method, the figure(eps) files are in the same directory as the main LaTex-file. % This caption is very long. (2) To do table, the commands are: \begin{table}[htbp] \ttbl{30pc}{number of tests for WFF triple NA = 5, or NA = 8.} {\begin{tabular}{lccccc}\\ \multicolumn{6}{c}{np} \\[6pt]\hline {} &{} &3 &4 &8 &10\\ \hline {} &\phantom03 &1200 &2000 &\phantom02500 &\phantom03000\\ NC &\phantom05 &2000 &2200 &\phantom02700 &\phantom03400\\ {} &\phantom08 &2500 &2700 &16000 &22000\\ {} &10 &3000 &3400 &22000 &28000\\ \hline \end{tabular}} \end{table} [As before & is used to do alignment. Here it does not come in pairs.] [{lccccc} It means 1 st column left-aligned, 2 nd -5 th columns centered.] [Type this in Section 1 and compile to see what you have.] E&OE 10