8A, Chapter 1. Review of Atomic Structure: Chloroform, CHCl 3. Hydrogen, H Carbon, C Chlorine, Cl. ** Where are the electrons and what are they doing?
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1 EM 8A, Lecture 1 Structure & Bondg - rbitls & Electron onfigurtion - Lewis Structures - Vlence Bond ory & ybrid rbitls - ondensed & Skeletl Structures Review Amic Structure: hloro, l ydrogen, rbon, hlore, l ** Where re nd wht re dog? Bond à rbitls à Use eriodic tble ssign electron configurtion (e- config) L1-1
2 Electron onfigurtion (e-config) olumn Re* Totl #e- B N F Full e- config # Vlence e- Vlence e- config rbitl Digrm Lewis dot (m) Lewis dot (s) * Reresenttive m column on eriodic tble. Lecture 1 L1-
3 Vlence Bond ory - ovlent s ed shrg e- through terctions () orbitls Ex. ydrogen, Sigm (σ) Direct orbitl overl Loclized e- shrg AKA Sgle Ex. hloro ybridiztion = combg s & orbitls llow n m mke desired numbers nd tye s Pi (π) Bond Deloclized e- shrg orbitls L1-
4 1.9 ybrid rbitls nd Structure Vlence Bond ory 14 Acetylene In ddition g sgle nd s shrg nd trons, reectively, crbon ybridiztion14 APTER lso cn trile shrg six 1 Structure nd Bondg To ccount trile such s cetylene, Exmle 1 Structure nd Bondg orbitl, n. Imge tht, i we need third kd APTER orbitls result, nd one orbitl rems orbitls. Three combg or three orbitls, crbon s orbitl izes unchnged. Like s, sgle orbitls Two re unsymmetricl boutresult, nd orbit orbitl. orbitls nucleus nd re lyoriented ecific direction so cn unchnged. orbitls re oriented rt on x-xis, s. three orbitls lieremg lne t ngles 10 one n orbitls on y-xis nd # chrge 4 re erendiculr remg orbitl erendiculr lne, orbitls. Three orbitls result, nd one orbitl rems shown 1.15.s shown ybrid rbitls nd Structure 1.9 ybrid rbitls nd Structure Acetylene 1.8 ybrid rbitls nd Structure clouds* unchnged. Like s, orbitls re unsymmetricl bout In ddition g sgle nd s shrg nd elec Acetylene 1.15 ybridiztion. 1.1 ybridiztion. ecific direction so cn nucleus nd re ly oriented rbitls trons, reectively, crbon lso cn trile shrg six. 1 orbitls re oriented equivlent nd 1.1 ethne. s. three three orbitls lieorbitls In lne t ngles 10 sgle one n s shrg ddition g nd 10 electo ccount trile such s cetylene, q is, wy ech eren lie lne t ngles 10 one. crbon crbon ed remg orbitl erendiculr lne, s shown 1.1. trile shrg six trons, reectively, crbon lso cn need third kd orbitl, n. Imge tht, sted For diculrwe remg orbitls n nd sgle unized overl orbitls. To ccount trile such s cetylene, q, combg or three orbitls, crbon s orbitlclrity, izes orbitl (red/blue) is erendiculr (red/blue). smller lobesonly 1.1 ybridiztion. we need third.imge tht, sted kd orbitl, n 14 lne. sgle orbitl. Two orbitls result, nd orbitls orbitls rerem not shown. three equivlent orbitls combg or10 three orbitls, crbon s orbitl izes only unchnged. orbitls re oriented rt on x-xis, while lie lne t ngles 10 one sgle orbitl. Two orbitls result, nd orbitls rem s n nd sgle unized one orbitls re erendiculr on y-xis nd z-xis, orbitls. Three orbitlsremg result, nd orbitl rems unchnged. orbitls re oriented rt on x-xis, while orbitl (red/blue) is erendiculr re unchnged. Like s, shown orbitls unsymmetricl bout ne Anor orbitls re erendiculr on y-xis nd remg z-xis, s lne. nucleus nd re ly oriented ecific direction so cn crbon shown crbon ybridiztion. crbon ms roch ech orbitl 1.1 ybridiztion. three equivlent orbitls lie lne t ngles 10 one n nd sgle unized orbitl (red/blue) is erendiculr lne. s. three orbitls lie lne t ngles 10 one n orbitls re oriented crbon1.1. overl hed-on remg orbitl s shown. At sme 1.15 ybridiztion. erendiculr eren lne, wy ech 111. orbitls ech crbon z z " sidewys overl z orbitls reoriented Side view To view diculr remg orbitls y orbitls overl similrly y y ". net effect is th wy ech eren(red/blue). six roch nd tion crbon crbon diculr remg orbitls crbons 10 iztion ech trile. tw g At orbitls echtime, hydrogen comlete (red/blue). hed-on 154 m overl. sme unized Side view To view lene ( is 1.). orbitls terct sidewys overl wht clled i (). ne Anor " results shrg combtion n Ethne ech crbons iztion roch nd orbitl 1. tion nd hed-on overl. At sme time, unized crbon crbon ( ne Anor cetylene. crbon ms crbon ms roch ech orbitls on ech 1.14). Note tht occuy region centered orbitls terct sidewys overl wht is clled i (). re joed oneoverl crbon hed-on. At nd sme nuclei, whileresults " occuy belowtime, le combtion n nd " shrg bove orbitls " s. crbon ms roch ech orbitls on ech nd Problem 1.8 z orbitls ech drwn nuclei. z z " sidewys overl, nd tion crbon crbon ( nd crbon crbon overl hed-on. Atngle, sme time, is shrg Drw le- rone,. Predict vlue ech centered similrly overl ethylene, y. net effect 1.14). Note tht occuy region To comlete ms s y orbitls y " hydrogen zoverll orbitls ech crbon z sidewys overl, nd dicte she. z " nd orbitl orbitls. six nd tion crbon crbon trile. remnuclei, while " occuy bove nd below le remg thus hs lnr, similrly ". net effect is shrg y orbitlsg overl y y hydrogen comlete cety nd ech drwn nuclei.problem 1.9 orbitls ngles roximtely 10. ( ctul vlues re six nd tion 1.). trile. remside view To view To comlete ethylene, hydrogen ms crbon crbon s lene ( onvert followg moleculr model hexne, comonent gsole, le- ngle.) Ech ngle nd 11. g orbitls ech hydrogen comlete cety remg orbitls. thus hs lnr, (gry, ivory ). hs length orbitls m nd strength 464 kj/mol (111 kcl/mol). " ( 1.). lene e-config nd crbons ngles roximtely 10. ( ctul vlues re iztion roch ech orbitl 1. orbitls 1.14 ngle nd 11. orbitls Ech cetylene. hed-on overl. At sme time,ngle.) unized ms " crbon orbitl 1. hs joed length nd strength Structure 464 kj/mol 1.8 ybrid nd (111 1 ethylene. ne rt orbitls terct sidewys overl wht is clled kcl/mol). i (). re one m rbitls " 1.14 orbitls nd " results cetylene. nd crbon ms ethylene results " s. combtion n shrg orbitls " re joed one overl (hed-on) tion orbitls, nd crbon crbon ( rbitl orbitls 1.1 ethne. nd " s. or occuy region centered 1.14).nd Note thtrt results crbon crbon is ed orbitl Digrm " (sidewys) overl unexne ethylene. ne rt ethylene results (hed-on) overl orbitls, nd or rt results " (sidewys) overl unized orbitls (red/blue). " hs electron density bove nd below le drwn nuclei. crbon crbon rbon crbon tri " 106 m nuclei, while " occuy nd below le overl bove orbitls. For ized orbitls (red/blue). orbitl drwn nuclei. clrity, smller lobes " hs electron orbitls re not shown. To density comlete ethylene, hydrogen ms s bove nd below le orbitls " 10 m remg orbitls. thus hs lnr, drwn nuclei. orbitls orbitls " nd ngles roximtely 10. ( ctul vlues re orbitls " ngle nd 11. ngle.) Ech orbitls crbon crbon rbon crbon orbitls rbon crbon trile " hs length m nd strength 464 kj/mol (111 kcl/mol). 1.8 ybrid rbitls nd Structure crbon m oyright Lerng. All Rightsethne Reserved. My not be coied, scnned, or dulicted, becuse whole or rt.trile Due electronic rbon crbon crbon rbon crbon s we ve seen010engge methne nd re clled sgle s rights, some third rty content my be suressed orbitls " 11. lerng Ediril review hs deemed tht ny suressed content does not mterilly ffect overll exerience. engge Lerng reserves right remove dditionl content t ny time if su result shrg one electron ir ed ms. It ws m m recognized nerly 150 yers go, however, tht crbon ms cn lso ethylene. ne rt She Tetrhedrl Trigonl Plnr Ler ethylene results s shrg electron irs ms or trile s shr (hed-on) overl orbitls, Bond Angles m irs., hs m g three electron stnce, P nd nd or rt results 10 m 154 mmore " (sidewys) overl unconts crbon crbon, while cetylene hs 14 m conts crbon crbon trile. ized orbitls (red/blue). exmles q nd 10 m Ethne " hs electron ow re multile s described vlence ory? we disdensity bove nd below le oyright 010 engge Lerng. Rights Reserved. My not be coied, or dulicted, whole rt. Due electronic third rty content my be suressed ebook nd/or ehter(s). cussedall orbitls scnned, Section 1.6, weor sid tht rights, some vlence-shell Ediril review hs deemed tht ny suressed content does not mterilly ffect overll lerng exerience. engge Lerng reserves right remove dditionl content t ny time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. drwn nuclei. mic orbitls crbon combe equivlent s. Imge oyright 010 engge Lerng. AllDue Rights Reserved. Mysome not be coied, or dulicted, whole or ebook " rt. Due ehter(s). electronic rights, some third rty content my be suressed ebook nd/or ehter(s). orbitls oyright 010 engge Lerng. All Rights Reserved. My not be coied, scnned, or dulicted, whole or rt. electronic rights, third rtyscnned, content my be suressed nd/or Ediril review hs deemed tht ny suressed content does mterilly overll lerng exerience. engge Lerng reserves it.right remove dditionl content t ny time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. oril review hs deemed tht ny suressed content does not mterilly ffect overll lerng exerience. engge Lerng reserves not right removeffect dditionl content t ny time if subsequent rights restrictions require Problem 1.8 sted tht s orbitl combes only three vilble crbon not be crbon rbon crbon oyright 010 engge Lerng. All Rights Reserved. My coied, scnned, or dulicted, whole or rt. Due electronic rights, some third rty content my be suressed ebook nd/or ehter(s). Drw le- rone, hs Predict content vlue notech ngle, Ediril review deemed suressed does mterilly ffect overll lerng exerience. engge Lerng reserves right remove dditionl content t ny time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. tht. ny nd dicte overll she. 11. Problem 1.9 * hrge cloud =010m or108.7 lone ir round centrl m; number m Reserved. oyright engge All Rights notbe coied, scnned, or dulicted, whole ornt rt. Due electronic rights, some third rty s content my be suressed ebook nd/or ehter(s). onvert followg moleculr model hexne, comonent Lerng. gsole, le My (gry, ivory ). " bo Ediril review hs deemed tht ny suressed content does not mterilly ffect overll lerng exerience. engge Lerng reserves right remove dditionl content t ny time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 14 m oyright 010 engge Lerng. All Rights Reserved. My not be coied, scnned, or dulicted, whole or rt. Due electronic rights, some third rty content my be suressed ebook nd/or ehter(s). Ediril review hs deemed tht ny suressed content does not mterilly ffect overll lerng exerience. engge Lerng reserves right remove dditionl content t ny time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. exne L1-4
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