Studies on the e + e - spectrum with the first data of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider
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1 Studies on the e + e - spectrum with the first data of the CMS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider Dottorando: Alessandro Palma alessandro.palma@roma1.infn.it Relatori: Prof. E. Longo Dott. R. Paramatti Dott. P. Meridiani Progetto di Tesi Dottorato di Ricerca in Fisica XXII ciclo
2 My PhD project in 1 slide Fall 2008: LHC starts exploring the TeV region Essential to do commissioning and early physics at CMS e+e- spectrum ( ) allows: Calibration of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter with Z e + e - Early Standard Model physics: Z e + e - cross-section measurement Early Exotic physics: discover/exclude Z resonances and investigate the high-mass Drell-Yan spectrum Up to now: prepared analysis concepts & tools for real data Plans: develop missing parts, apply to first CMS data A. Palma 2
3 My paper contributions during PhD 1. F.Cavallari et al., Linearity of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter from H2 test beam data, CMS DN-2007/ T.Camporesi et al., Pre-calibration of the CMS ECAL with cosmic ray muons, CMS DN-2007/ A. Bartoloni et al., High Voltage System for the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter, Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A, 582 (2), p , Nov A. Palma et al., Tuning of SuperCluster energy correction for TeV electrons in the ECAL barrel, CMS IN-2006/ A. Palma et al., Search for Z' gauge bosons in the dielectron channel in CMS, CMS AN-2006/ J.Brooke et al., Search for massive resonance production decaying into an electron or a photon pair, CMS AN-2007/ J.Brooke et al., HEEP (High Energy Electrons and Photons) Strategy Toward First CMS Data, CMS IN-2007/028 A. Palma 3
4 The Large Hadron Collider and CMS
5 LHC: the physics TeV scale can be the realm of a lot of new physics Higgs boson(s), Standard Model like or not Supersymmetry New gauge bosons: W, Z Phenomenology of Extra Dimensions (i.e. mini-black Holes) Contact interactions Crucial to check Standard Model (SM) show that detector behaviour is understood avoid fake signals Measure SM in unexplored centre-of-mass energy collisions A. Palma 5
6 CERN & LHC: overall views A. Palma 6
7 LHC: the machine 27 km long!! First collisions: Fall 08 centre-of-mass energy: 10 TeV in 2008, 14 in /pb expected in 2008 p p A. Palma 7
8 The CMS detector A. Palma 8
9 A slice of the CMS detector A. Palma 9
10 CMS electromagnetic calorimeter 75,848 PbWO 4 scintillating crystals fast response (25 ns between bunches) Light Yield (LY): 5 p.e./mev ~0.5% resolution for high energy e/γ test beam data 120 GeV electrons A. Palma 10
11 e + e - studies at CMS
12 How to select Z e + e - events Select events in CMS that: 1. pass loose electron High Level Trigger (HLT) paths transverse energy deposit in fixed matrices of ECAL crystals ( Towers ) 2. have 2 reconstructed electrons with inv. mass around Z and p T >20 GeV need to reduce jet contamination from QCD events using i.e. isolation variables track isolation electrons jets hadronic calorimeter isolation H/E < ~0.1 A. Palma 12
13 My PhD project in 1 slide Fall 2008: LHC starts exploring the TeV region Essential to do commissioning and early physics at CMS e+e- spectrum allows: Calibration of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter with Z e + e - Early Standard Model physics: Z e + e - cross-section measurement Early Exotic physics: discover/exclude Z resonances and investigate the high-mass Drell-Yan spectrum Up to now: prepared analysis concepts & tools for real data Plans: develop missing parts, apply to first CMS data A. Palma 13
14 Startup calibration of CMS ECAL Barrel is pre-calibrated using various techniques: cosmic rays (2%), test beam (0.5%), Light Yield (4%) σ c /c (%) I have contributed to Barrel calibration [CMS DN-2007/009] Endcaps are pre-calibrated using LY measurements (~15%) A. Palma 14
15 In situ Calibration of ECAL with first data 1. φ-symmetry physics (and detector?) is symmetric in azimuthal angle, in each phi-slice energy deposited in ECAL must be the same use very abundant events: QCD jets and minimum bias With first 10/pb: brings miscalibration to 8% ( useful for Endcaps) 2. Z e + e - Ratio of true/measured Z mass gives recalibration coefficient sets ECAL absolute scale Can be applied to eta-rings or other ECAL regions With first 10/pb: no improvement if miscalibration is gaussian, but only way to detect local biases and correct for them A. Palma 15
16 Achievable calibration using Z 10/pb end 2008 eta-ring miscalibration 100/pb 100/pb A. Palma 16
17 Simulation of calibration with early data CSA08 calibration exercise (May 2008):10/pb of data simulated with startup calibration: processed and subdetectors recalibrated (in a few hours) My contribution: ECAL calibration, successful, results presented to collaboration A. Palma Z peak gets narrower after in situ calibration A. Palma 17
18 Correct electron response with Z e + e - Some energy radiated in Bremsstrahlung is not recovered by reconstruction algorithms Amount of non-recovered energy depends on Brem. probability (i.e. on material budget of Tracker in front of ECAL) eta-dependence Even with perfect ECAL calibration, the Z algorithm allows to correct the energy response of ECAL to electrons decreases tracker material increases Barrel-Endcap junction A. Palma 18
19 My PhD project in 1 slide Fall 2008: LHC starts exploring the TeV region Essential to do commissioning and early physics at CMS e+e- spectrum allows: Calibration of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter with Z e + e - Early Standard Model physics: Z e + e - cross-section measurement Early Exotic physics: discover/exclude Z resonances and investigate the high-mass Drell-Yan spectrum Up to now: prepared analysis concepts & tools for real data Plans: develop missing parts, apply to first CMS data A. Palma 19
20 How to extract a cross-section from CMS from data from MC main systematic uncertainty 5-10% with first data A. Palma 20
21 Z e + e - cross section: simulation ~4,000 evts in 10/pb [CMS PAS EWK ] MC input cross section cross section from analysis A. Palma 21
22 Optimization of signal selection Study w/ all backgrounds, next-to-leading order cross sections Work ongoing: plots below just show how important isolation is... S/B~170 TK iso requested on 2 ele S/B~2.5 No track iso requested A. Palma 22
23 My PhD project in 1 slide Fall 2008: LHC starts exploring the TeV region Essential to do commissioning and early physics at CMS e+e- spectrum allows: Calibration of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter with Z e + e - Early Standard Model physics: Z e + e - cross-section measurement Early Exotic physics: discover/exclude Z resonances and investigate the high-mass Drell-Yan spectrum Up to now: prepared analysis concepts & tools for real data Plans: develop missing parts, apply to first CMS data A. Palma 23
24 What is Z? Neutral additional gauge boson Predicted in Grand Unified Theories, Dimensional scenarios... Various models exist called Z η, Z χ, Z ψ Mass is in TeV region, coupling constants are of EW strenght A. Palma 24
25 How should Z look like? [A. Palma et al., CMS AN-2006/096] few evts expected in 10/pb M Z = 1.5 TeV VERY low backgd Signal is outstanding A. Palma 25
26 Search for Z e + e - : state of the art NO Z FOUND YET! Z masses below GeV ( model-dep ) excluded A. Palma 26
27 How to look for Z? Look at e + e - spectrum at high invariant mass Have a pdf that models both SM expected spectrum (bckg only), and a SM+resonance (signal+bckg) Build a statistical estimator from ratio of likelihoods Mee (GeV) this gives evidence for discovery if >5, CMS claims Z discovery A. Palma 27
28 Conclusions & plans LHC scheduled to give collisions in Fall 2008, deliver ~50/pb before 2009 e + e - spectrum allows ECAL calibration and early physics at CMS I will apply tools and concepts to real data Work ongoing: CALIBRATION: almost done Z CROSS SECTION: optimize event selection (i.e. isolation) Z SEARCHES: measure reconstruction efficiencies from data (collaboration with ULB Bruxelles) A. Palma 28
29 Backup slides A. Palma 29
30 ECAL energy resolution A. Palma 30
31 ECAL calibration A hallmark feature of CMS is the high resolution PWO crystal ECAL Barrel: η < Super Modules crystals (2 x 2 x 23 cm 3 ) 26X 0 Endcaps: 1.48 < η < Dee s crystals (3 x 3 x 22 cm 3 ) 25 X 0 Preshower 3X 0 (Pb/Si) Calibration aims at the best estimate of the energy of e/γ s Achieve/maintain in situ the performance measured in test beams Energy deposited over different crystals E e/γ = G F e/γ Σ i c i E i Intercalibration: relative calibration of the channel response c i Particle s energy reconstruction (geometry and clustering for e/γ s) F e/γ Global scale calibration G A. Palma 31
32 e+e- events at the LHC A. Palma 32
33 How to calibrate ECAL using Z e + e - For each event i : the quantity is computed the energy weight of each ECAL region j is computed ( ) for each region j, the quantity is put in a histogram with weight After N events, the histogram is fitted with Gaussian and the peak goes in the recalibration coefficient of that region: Procedure is iteratively repeated Elaboration time: ~ 1min /10K evts/iteration A. Palma 33 ε
34 Convergence of the calibration algorithm The algorithm converges when distance between coefficients at iterations n and n-1 gets stable: Energy resolution improves w/ iterations E reco /E MC 100/pb A. Palma 34
35 Switzerland in 1 slide A. Palma 35
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