Oliver Stelzer-Chilton University of Oxford High Energy Physics Seminar Michigan State University
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1 First Run II Measurement of the W Boson Mass by CDF Oliver Stelzer-Chilton University of Oxford High Energy Physics Seminar Michigan State University April 3 rd, 2007
2 1. Motivation Outline 2. W Production at the Tevatron 3. Analysis Strategy 4. Detector Calibration Momentum Scale Energy Scale Recoil 5. Event Simulation 6. Results 7. Conclusions HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 2
3 The W Boson and the Standard Model 1930 s: Fermi explains nuclear β-decay as 4-point interaction 1960 s: Glashow, Weinberg and Salam unify electromagnetic and weak interaction explain interaction by exchange of massive vector bosons Became foundation of the Standard Model W boson mass is fundamental parameter HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 3
4 Introduction Derive W mass from precisely measured electroweak quantities m W 2 = "# em 2G F sin 2 $ W (1% &r) where M W =M Z cosθ W α EM (M Z )=1/ (18) G F = (1) 10-5 GeV -2 M Z = (21) GeV Δr: radiative corrections dominated by tb and Higgs loop HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 4
5 Measured Top Mass New Tevatron average (3 weeks ago): Top mass now measured to 1.8 GeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 5
6 Motivation Current top mass uncertainty 1.1% (1.8 GeV) contributes % (11 MeV) to δm W Before Winter 2007: W mass uncertainty 0.036% (29 MeV) Progress on W mass uncertainty now has the biggest impact on Higgs mass constraint With improved precision also sensitive to possible exotic radiative corrections HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 6
7 Higgs Mass Prediction Before Winter 2007 Predicted Higgs mass from W loop corrections (LEP EWWG): m H = GeV (<166 GeV at 95% CL) direct search from LEP II: m H >114.4 GeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 7
8 Analysis Strategy HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 8
9 Tevatron Collider Tevatron is a proton antiproton collider with ~1 TeV per beam Currently the only place in the world where W and Z bosons can be produced directly 36 p and pbar bunches, 396 ns between bunch crossing, E CM =1.96 TeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 9
10 W Production Quark-antiquark annihilation dominates (80%) precise charged lepton measurement is the key (achieved ~0.03%) Recoil measurement (restricted to u<15 GeV) allows inference of neutrino p T p Tν = -u-p Tl Combine information into transverse mass m T : m T = 2p T l p T " (1# cos$ l" ) HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 10
11 W/Z Boson Production at the Tevatron Initial state QCD radiation appears as soft hadronic recoil in calorimeter Pollutes W mass information fortunately p T W << M W W ± Z 0 Can use Z ll decays to calibrate recoil model HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 11
12 W/Z Boson Production and Decay σ(w lν)=2775 pb σ(z ll)=254.9 pb From the high p T lepton triggers (p T >18 GeV) After event selection E T (l,ν) > 30 GeV 51,128 W µν candidates 63,964 W eν candidates After event selection E T (l) > 30 GeV 4,960 Z µµ candidates 2,919 Z ee candidates HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 12
13 Measurement Strategy W mass is extracted from transverse mass, transverse momentum and transverse missing energy distribution Fast Simulation NLO event generator Model detector effects Detector Calibration Tracking momentum scale Calorimeter energy scale Recoil Data Binned likelihood fit W Mass templates 81 GeV 80 GeV + Backgrounds W Mass HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 13
14 W Mass Measurement p T W = 0 p T W 0 measured m T Insensitive to p T W to 1 st order Reconstruction of p T ν sensitive to hadronic response and multiple interactions p T Less sensitive to hadronic response modeling Sensitive to W production dynamics HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 14
15 CDF II Detector Silicon tracking detectors Central drift chambers (COT) η = 1.0 Solenoid Coil η = 2.0 EM calorimeter Hadronic calorimeter η = 2.8 Muon scintillator counters Muon drift chambers Steel shielding θ HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 15
16 CDF II Detector HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 16
17 Tracking Momentum Scale Calibration HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 17
18 Tracker Alignment Internal alignment is performed using a large sample of cosmic rays Fit hits on both sides to one helix Determine final track-level curvature corrections from electron-positron E/p difference in W eν decays Statistical uncertainty of track-level corrections leads to systematic uncertainty ΔM W = 6 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 18
19 Momentum Scale Measurements Template mass fits to J/Ψ µµ, Υ µµ, Z µµ resonances Fast simulation models relevant physics processes - internal bremsstrahlung - ionization energy loss - multiple scattering Simulation includes event reconstruction and selection First principles simulation of tracking Detector material model - Map energy loss and radiation lengths in each detector layer (3D lookup table in r, ϕ and z) Overall material scale determined from data HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 19
20 Momentum Scale from J/Ψ J/ψ µµ default material scaled to 0.94 to tune energy loss J/ψ mass independent of p T Slope affected by energy loss modelling Data Simulation Measurement dominated by systematic uncertainties QED and energy loss model HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 20
21 Momentum Scale from Υ Υ provide invariant mass intermediate between J/Ψ and Z s Data Simulation Υ are all primary tracks: can be beam-constrained, like W tracks Test beam constraint by measuring mass using unconstrained tracks Correct by half the difference between fits and take corrections as systematic uncertainty Data Simulation HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 21
22 Combined Momentum Scale from Quarkonia Systematic uncertainties: Δp/p = (-1.50 ± 0.20) x 10-3 HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 22
23 Momentum Scale Cross-Check Z µµ Apply momentum scale to Z µµ sample Data Simulation Z mass in good agreement with PDG (91188±2 MeV) All momentum scales consistent ΔM W = 17 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 23
24 EM Calorimeter Scale Calibration HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 24
25 Calorimeter Energy Calibration Transfer momentum calibration to calorimeter by fitting peak of E/p distribution of electrons from W decay Additional physics effects beyond those for muon tracks - photon radiation and conversion p E HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 25
26 Full Electron Simulation Response and resolution In EM calorimeter Electromagnetic Calorimeter Energy loss into hadronic calorimeter Energy loss in solenoid Track reconstruction In outer tracker Bremsstrahlung and Conversions in silicon t HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 26
27 Energy Scale Calibration Calibrate calorimeter energy with peak of E/p distribution Energy Scale S E set to S E =1± stat ± X0 ± Tracker Setting S E to 1 using E/p calibration W eν Calorimeter Energy< Track Momentum: Energy loss in Hadronic calorimeter Data Simulation Calorimeter Energy> Track Momentum: Energy loss in tracker HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 27
28 Consistency of Radiative Material Model Excellent description of E/p tail Radiative material tune factor: S mat =1.004±0.009 stat ±0.002 bkg Data Simulation Z mass reconstructed from electron track momenta only geometry confirmed: S mat independent of η S mat Data Simulation η i Measured value in good agreement with PDG HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 28
29 Z Mass Cross-Check and Final Energy Scale Fit Z Mass using scale from E/p calibration Measure non-linearity through E/p fits in bins of E T in W eν and Z ee data and apply correction to simulation Z ee Z mass in good agreement with PDG (91188±2 MeV) Data Simulation Include Z ee mass for final energy scale (30% weight) ΔM W = 30 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 29
30 Detector Resolutions Tracking resolution parametrized in fast Monte Carlo by - Drift chamber hit resolution σ h =150±3 stat µm - Beamspot size σ b =39±3 stat µm - Tuned on widths of Z µµ and Υ µµ distribution ΔM W = 3 MeV Electron cluster resolution parametrized by 13.5%/ E T κ - primary electron constant term: κ=0.89±0.15 stat % - secondary photon resolution: κ=8.3±2.2 stat % Tuned on the widths of the E/p peak and Z ee peak (selecting radiative electrons) ΔM W = 9 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 30
31 Hadronic Recoil Model HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 31
32 Recoil definition: Energy vector sum over all calorimeter towers, excluding: - lepton towers - towers near beamline ( ring of fire ) Hadronic Recoil Definition Lepton removal also removes underlying event Need to measure recoil under lepton Recoil under lepton depends on lepton tower definition HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 32
33 Lepton Removal Estimate removed recoil energy using towers separated in Φ Model tower removal in simulation Muons: Remove 3 towers (MIP) ΔM W = 5 MeV Electrons: Remove 7 towers keystone (shower) ΔM W = 8 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 33
34 Hadronic Recoil Simulation Recoil momentum vector u has two components: Soft spectator interaction component, randomly oriented - modelled using minimum bias data with tuneable magnitude A hard jet component, directed opposite the boson p T - p T -dependent response and resolution parametrization - Hadronic response R=(u meas /u true ) - R parametrized as a logarithmically increasing function of boson p T motivated by Z boson data Data Simulation HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 34
35 Hadronic Recoil Response Calibration Project vector sum of p T (ll) and u on orthogonal axes defined by lepton directions Use Z balancing to calibrate recoil energy scale Mean and RMS of projections as a function of p T (ll) provide information for model parameters Hadronic model parameters tuned by minimizing χ 2 between data and simulation Data Simulation ΔM W = 9 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 35
36 Hadronic Recoil Resolution Calibration µ η u µ ξ Resolution at low p T (Z) dominated by underlying event Resolution at high p T (Z) dominated by jet resolution Data Simulation ΔM W = 7 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 36
37 Apply model to W sample to check recoil model from Z s Recoil projection along lepton direction u Recoil Model Checks Data Simulation directly affects m T fits Sensitive to: lepton removal, efficiency model, scale, resolution, W decay Recoil projection perpendicular to lepton direction u Data Simulation Sensitive to resolution model HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 37
38 Recoil Model Checks Recoil distribution Sensitive to recoil scale, resolution and boson p T Data Simulation Recoil model validation plots confirm the consistency of the model HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 38
39 Event Simulation HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 39
40 Signal Simulation and Template Fitting All signals simulated using a fast simulation - Generate finely-spaced templates as a function of fit variable - perform binned maximum-likelihood fits to the data Custom fast simulation makes smooth, high statistics templates - provides analysis control over key components of simulation 81 GeV 80 GeV We will extract the W mass from six kinematic distributions: m T, p T and E T for muon and electron channel HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 40
41 Generator-level Signal Simulation Generator-level input for W&Z simulation provided by RESBOS [Balazs et.al. PRD56, 5558 (1997)] WGRAD RESBOS Radiative photons generated according to energy vs angle lookup table from WGRAD [Baur et.al. PRD59, (1998)] - Simulate FSR (ISR, photons off the propagator, ΔM W < 5 MeV) - Apply 10% correction for 2nd photon [Calame et.al. PRD69, (2004)] and take 5% systematic uncertainty ΔM W = 11 (12) MeV for e (µ) HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 41
42 Boson p T Model Model boson p T using RESBOS generator non pertubative regime at low p T parametrized with g 1, g 2, g 3 parameters [Landry et.al. PRD67, (2003)] Data Simulation g 2 parameter determines position of peak in p T distribution Data Simulation Measure g 2 with Z boson data (other parameters negligible) Find: g 2 = 0.685±0.048 ΔM W = 3 MeV HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 42
43 Parton Distribution Functions Affect W kinematic lineshape through acceptance cuts (only use η <1) We use CTEQ6M as the default Use CTEQ6 ensemble of 20 uncertainty PDFs : [Pumplin et.al. JHEP, 0207 (2002)] 20 free parameters in global fit compute δm W contribution from each error PDF Using CTEQ prescription and interpreting ensemble as 90% CL ΔM W = 11 MeV Cross-check: Fitting MC sample generated with MRST2003 [Martin et.al. Eur. Phys. Jour. C28, 455 (2003)] with default CTEQ6M template yields a 8 MeV shift in W mass HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 43
44 Backgrounds Backgrounds have very different lineshapes compared to W signal - distributions are added to template - QCD measured with data - EWK predicted with Monte Carlo Background Hadronic Jets Decay in Flight Cosmic Rays Z ll W τν %(Muons) 0.1± ± ± ± ±0.02 %(Electrons) 0.25± ± ±0.03 ΔM W = 8 (9) MeV for e (µ) HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 44
45 W Boson Mass Fits HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 45
46 Transverse Mass Fit (Muons) Data Simulation HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 46
47 Transverse Mass Fit (Electrons) Data Simulation Muon and Electron combined: M W =80417±48 MeV P(χ 2 )=7% HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 47
48 Transverse Momentum Fit (Muons) Data Simulation HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 48
49 Transverse Energy Fit (Electrons) Data Simulation Muon and Electron combined: M W =80388±59 MeV P(χ 2 )=18% HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 49
50 Missing Transverse Energy Fit (Muons) Data Simulation HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 50
51 Missing Transverse Energy Fit (Electrons) Data Simulation Muon and Electron combined: M W =80434±65 MeV P(χ 2 )=43% HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 51
52 Systematic Uncertainty Systematic uncertainty on transverse mass fit Combined Uncertainty: 48 MeV for 200 pb -1 HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 52
53 Results Combining all six mass fits yields: M W =80413±48 MeV (stat+syst), P(χ 2 )=44% New CDF result is the world s most precise single measurement World average increases: to MeV Uncertainty reduced ~15% (29 to 25 MeV) HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 53
54 Previous M W vs M top Summer 2006 HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 54
55 Updated M W vs M top Winter 2007 New CDF W Mass HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 55
56 Latest Higgs Constraint March 2007 New top mass HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 56
57 Standard Model Higgs Constraint Summer 2006 SM Higgs fit: (LEP EWWG) - M H = GeV - M H < 166 GeV (95% CL) - M H < 199 GeV (95% CL) Including LEPII direct exclusion Updated preliminary SM Higgs fit: (With new CDF W Mass) - M H = GeV (M. Grünewald, private communication) - M H < 153 GeV (95% CL) - M H < 189 GeV (95% CL) Including LEPII direct exclusion Updated preliminary SM Higgs fit: (With new Tevatron top mass) - M H = GeV - M H < 144 GeV (95% CL) - M H < 182 GeV (95% CL) Including LEPII direct exclusion HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 57
58 Progress since 1995 Winter 2007 direct m t and m w 2007 indirect m t and m w 1995 indirect m t and m w 1995 direct m t and m w HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 58
59 Projection Projection from previous Tevatron measurements HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 59
60 Summary W boson mass remains a very interesting parameter to measure with increasing precision CDF Run II measurement is the most precise single measurement M W = ± 34 ± 34 MeV = ± 48 MeV (preliminary) New preliminary Higgs constraint M H = GeV (LEP EWWG) (including new CDF W boson mass and new top quark mass average) Mass has moved further into the directly excluded region Looking forward: Expect ΔM W < 25 MeV with >1.5 fb -1 already collected by CDF HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 60
61 Higgs What is the Higgs mass? HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 61
62 Backup Slides HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 62
63 Systematic Uncertainty HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 63
64 Signed χ HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 64
65 Latest Higgs Constraint HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 65
66 Higgs Sensitivity HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 66
67 Consistency Checks of Results Use BLUE method to combine results and check consistency List of obtained χ 2 and probabilities for several combinations: two transverse mass fits: χ 2 /dof = 3.2/1, prob = 7% charged lepton fits: χ 2 /dof = 1.8/1, prob = 18% two MET fits: χ 2 /dof = 0.6/1, prob = 43% all three fits for electrons: χ 2 /dof = 1.4/2, prob = 49% all three fits for muons: χ 2 /dof = 0.8/2, prob = 69% all six fits, both channels: χ 2 /dof = 4.8/5, prob = 44% HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 67
68 Tevatron Run I Uncertainties CDF µ CDF e D0 e Statistics Lepton energy scale Lepton resolution Recoil model p T (W) Selection bias Backgrounds Parton dist. Functions QED rad. Corrections Γ(W) Total HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 68
69 Energy Loss Model Use GEANT to parametrize energy loss in solenoid and leakage into hadronic calorimeter Energy loss in hadronic calorimeter Relevant for E/p lineshape HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 69
70 Measurement of EM Calorimeter Non-Linearity Perform E/p fit-based calibration in bins of electron E T Parametrize non-linear response as S E =1+ξ(E T /GeV-39) Apply energy dependent scale to simulated electron and photon Tune W and Z data: ξ=(6±7)x10-5 S E S E E T (e) (GeV) E T (e) (GeV) HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 70
71 Measure cell tilts and shifts Tracker Alignment Central Outer Tracker: Open-cell drift chamber Use clean sample of cosmic rays for cell-by-cell internal alignment Fit COT hits on both sides simultaneously to a single helix HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 71
72 Alignment Example Cell shift (microns) Final relative alignment of cells ~5µm (initial alignment ~50µm) HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 72
73 COT Wire Alignment Fit separate helices to cosmic ray tracks on each side Compare track parameters of the two tracks Measure of track parameter bias Curvature: Z[cm] HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 73
74 Material Distribution HEP Seminar Oliver Stelzer-Chilton - Oxford 74
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