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1 Aspect tutorial Jean Mark Gawron San Diego State University, Department of Linguistics Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
2 Overview 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
3 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
4 Aspect Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
5 Aspect Goals Explain basic classification Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
6 Aspect Goals Explain basic classification Explain tests Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
7 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
8 Four classes State Activity Accomplishment Achievement eventuality event state John knows the answer activity John ran accomplishment John knitted a sweater achievement John reached the summit The classification of eventualities Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
9 Telic or not? in/for temporal: Does it have a natural endpoint? John swam the length of the pool in an hour.? John swam the length of the pool for an hour. # John swam in an hour. John swam for an hour. For phrase Telic Duration Good - + Bad + + In phrase Telic Duration Good + + Bad - + Not that positive results for either for and in indicate an event with Duration ( + Duration). However, due to onset readings (discussed below), it is possible for an achievement to have an acceptable reading with an in-pp. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
10 The progressive Progressive Dynamic Duration Good + + Bad - - John was drawing a circle. John was running. John noticed the mark on the wall. # John was noticing the mark on the wall (when I entered). # John was owning a Buick. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
11 Achievements and the Progressive 1 # John was recognizing the woman (when she sneezed). 2 # John was noticing the mark on the wall when the doorbell rang.) 3 # John was losing his key when I spotted him. Failing the progressive test Failing this test is a characteristic of both achievements and states. States are - Dynamic, Achievments are - Duration. Either feature creates a problem for the progressive. But sometimes achievements and states ahev acceptable progressives, making this test unreliable. See below. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
12 States and Progressive 1 # The road was being 25 feet wide. 2 # John was being tall. 3 # John was fearing heights. Failing the progressive test Failing this test is a characteristic of both achievements and states. States are - Dynamic, Achievments are - Duration. Either feature creates a problem for the progressive. But sometimes achievements and states ahev acceptable progressives, making this test unreliable. See below. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
13 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
14 Preliminary Dynamic Duration Telic In For Prog Activity State + + Achievement +? Accomplishment Achievements are marked? for Telic because they dont really have endpoints; rather they are endpoints. These test results have some problems discussed in the Section 4. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
15 Entailments: Subinterval property A sentence (like John ate a sandwich or John ran) has the subinterval property if whenever it is true of an interval of time I, it is also true any subinterval of I. 1 entails 2 because John ran has the subinterval property. 1 John was running. (At time t John was the agent in a subpart of a running event). 2 John ran. 3 does not entail 4 because John drew a circle does not have the subinterval property. 3 John was drawing a circle. (At time t John was the agent in a subpart of a circle-drawing event). 4 John drew a circle. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
16 Subinterval (Entailment from progressive) The progressive past says that a bounded event was in progress, but not that it was completed. The simple past says it was completed. However, an unbounded event does not have an endpoint, so this distinction does not hold for unbounded events. 1 John was drawing the circle. John drew the circle. 2 John was pulling the cart. John pulled the cart. 3 John was pulling the cart to the wall. John pulled the cart to the wall. 4 Activity: NP Progressive-past-VP NP Simple-past VP 5 Accomplishment: NP Progressive-past-VP NP Simple-past VP It is hard or impossible to use this test with states and achievements, since both are usually bad with the progressive. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
17 Subinterval Entailment Does X was Q-ing entail X Q-ed? Entailment Telic Yes - No + Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
18 What X did was... Test for Agentivity Bad with States, Achievements 1 What John did was push a cart. 2 What John did was draw a circle. 3 # What John did was know the answer. 4? What John did was notice the spot. Practically speaking: Another test for +Dur/+Dyn Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
19 Summary: The default conclusions, no complications in-pp yes +Dur, +Dyn, +Tel no -Tel for-pp yes +Dur, -Tel no?? (could be an achievment OR accomplishment) progressive yes +Dyn, +Dur no Either - Dyn or - Dur subinterval yes -Tel, +Dur (progressive good) no + Tel, +Dur (progressive good) what x did yes +Dyn, +Dur no Either - Dyn or - Dur Comment: If you look at the in/for results carefully, it s clear you should always apply both to get clear results. Note: it takes 10 minutes... test is equivalent to in PP; needs for-pp test as partner. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
20 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
21 Progressive/Duration Sometimes states pass the progressive test (unexpected!) 1 John was being an idiot. 2 The obelisk was occupying the top of the hill. (attributes temporariness) 3 John was standing at the entrance to the park. 4? The statue of Washington was standing at the entrance to the park. 5 The Beakers are living in Rome (temporrary state of affairs). In each case there is some sort of suggestion of temporariness, and where that doesn t work, the progressive is less natural. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
22 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
23 Achievements as Activities (Culmination Achievements) Sometimes, natural achievements can be turned into processes (activities) by using the progressive 1 John was winning/losing for the first three laps. (cf. John was running.) 2 John was dying for months. 3 They are reaching the summit now. 4 Flight 34 is now arriving at Gate To my amazement, John was solving the problem easily. In all these examples the achievements have natural processes that lead up to them (compare notice, remember, forget). Intuitively, the verb describes the culmination point of a larger event, that could be described by an accomplishment. In the right context, what is naturally an achievement is simply coerced into an activity describing the process leading up to the culmination by the presence of a for-phrase. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
24 Culmination achievements (ctd.) A progressive with a when-clause requires an event with internal structure. Achievements shouldn t have this, but culmination achievements do. 1 # John was recognizing the woman when she sneezed. 2 # John was noticing the mark on the wall when the doorbell rang. 3 John was reaching the summit when Bill called him on his cell. 4 The Cubs were winning the game when the umpires called it on account of darkness. Achievemnts with clearly identified processes leading up to them may still involve instantaneous transitions and pass this test. win the game, reach the summit describe culminations of events with structure of accomplishments. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
25 Resultant state for phrases When an action has a salient resultant state, sometimes a for-phrase measurtes the duration of the resultant state (leading to the false conclusion that sentence is an activity). 1 John put the beer in the fridge for 3 hours. 2 Silly iterative reading: John kept putting the beer in the fridge over and over for three hours, because John was a robot on the fritz. 3 Sensible resultant state reading: John put the beer in the fridge (Achievement). As a result, it was in the fridge (State). It stayed in the fridge for three hours. 4 John remembered my birthday for three hours. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
26 Event delay readings John will draw the circle in ten minutes. Reading one The act of drawing the circle will take John 10 minutes. Reading Two John will draw the circle after a delay of 10 minutes. starting now. Reading two is called the event delay reading. 1 Most robust in future tense; paraphrasable with after 2 Promoted by fronting the in-phrase: We saw John drink the potion at 3. In ten minutes, he began changing. 3 Can carry over to It takes [Duration]... construction. 1 It will take 10 minutes for John to draw the circle. 2 It will be 10 minutes before John draws the circle. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
27 Event delay readings: Achievements Event delay in-pps can measure a time interval before the culmination described by the achievement or the duration of the process that leads to the transition to the state. 1 John reached the summit in an hour. ( It was ten minutes before John reached the summit) 2 The cheese was rancid in an hour. ( It was an hour before the cheese was rancid.) Event delay readings are most natural with culmination achievements and states with a natural processes leading up to them, but they are basically always possible: Event delay Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
28 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Classes 3 From tests to classification 4 Complications 5 Things that go wrong 6 Semelfactives Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
29 Semelfactives Unmodified senetences can denote one single event. [Telic] 1 John rapped the table (once). 2 John blinked (once). 3 The light flashed (once). 4 John coughed (once) can denote an unspecified number of iterations of the same event. [Atelic] Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
30 Semelfactive entailments Because they can denote an unspecified number of iterations they pattern with atelic predicates 1 entails 2 1 The light was flashing. 2 The light flashed. Jean Mark Gawron ( SDSU ) Gawron: Aspect tutorial / 28
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