O Velk l eho h Tr T esku k L H L C

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1 Od Velkeho Tresku k LHC stvorenie Vesmiru v laboratoriu Karel Šafařík (CERN) based on many talks of my friends J.Ellis, J.Grygar, 1 December 2011

2 LHC resolution ~10-20 m Size of observable Universe ~28 Gpc pc Mpc

3 Vesmir od Velkeho Tresku 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 3

4 Cosmological Principle Universe looks the same from any point isotropic and homogeneous (To be interpreted in average sense) Perfect Cosmological Principle? Universe looks same at all times and all places Not correct: the Universe is expanding Olbers Paradox Why is the night sky not as bright as the surface of the Sun? In an infinite, static Universe, every line of sight would end at the surface of a star Universe must be finite in time and/or space 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 4

5 Cosmological Distance Ladder Trigonometric parallax: motion of Earth around orbit O(100) pc Spectroscopic Parallax: based on Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 50 Kpc Cepheid variables: 4 Mpc Other Standard Candles : clusters, galaxies, radio sources, supernovae weak lensing, microwave background, 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 5

6 Cosmological Redshifts Detectable effect on spectrum barcodes for different elements, e.g., Sodium: Döppler effect 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 6

7 The expansion of the Universe The Universe is expanding! Hubble constant = 70.4 km/s/mpc ± 2 % Hubble s data Recent data from the Hubble space telescope 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 7

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9 Big Bang 1ps 1µs 1s 1h 1r atomy vesmir je priehladny atomove jadra (He, Li) protony, neutrony quarky, leptony? LHC Cas s asymetria hmota antihmota inflacia 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 9

10 Cosmological Inflation Basic idea: very early in the history of the Universe (between s) the energy density was dominated by a constant piece V: would have caused an exponential expansion: size increased ~10 26 times 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 10

11 Geometry of the Universe Closed Universe? Flat Space? Open Universe? Will the expansion reverse or continue? Inflation Flat Universe Exponential expansion makes Universe look nearly flat! 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 11

12 Matter and Antimatter In Universe is only matter, practically no antimatter At the beginning we assume equal amount of matter and antimatter slight violation of this symmetry, i.e. ~10-9 more of matter matter and antimatter mostly annihilates -> giving photons thus we observe 1 proton per 10 9 photons need difference between matter, antimatter charge symmetry broken in laboratory a tiny effect need matter-creating interactions present in unified theories not yet seen 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 12

13 Phase transitions Discontinuous or rapid change of matter thermodynamic properties, change of state of matter (phase) Phase transitions in early Universe creates fluctuations in the initial state may influence the formation of different large scale structures Phase transitions in early Universe Directly observable Quark Gluon Plasma phase transition: ~1ms, T~ 100 MeV at LHC! Electroweak phase transition: ~10-12 s, T~ 100 GeV? water 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 13

14 Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Between 3 20 min the first elements build from protons and neutrons 75% of H, 25% of He 4, 0.01% of D, ~10-10 of Li, Be Exactly as predicted by Big Bang theory depends on γ/p ration and temperature Problem to few p/n to explain the density of the Universe All heavier elements produced much later in stars 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 14

15 Cosmic Microwave Background definitive prediction of Big Bang theory after 380,000 years Universe became transparent for light, temperature was ~3000 K CMB is in thermal equilibration with matter in Universe black body spectrum all deviations reflect initial conditions and dynamics of Universe evolution Observed by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1964 T = 2.7 K Horn antenna, in Holmdel, New Jersey 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 15

16 WMAP Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 16

17 CMB maps Final result, 7years data foreground subtracted 33 GHz with foreground 94 GHz with foreground Inhomogeneities ~ December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 17

18 WMAP results CMB power spectrum dipole moment gives our velocity 627±22 km/s age of the Universe 13.75±0.11 x 10 9 years total density of the Universe Hubble s constant (km/s) / Mpc CMB temperature K 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 18

19 Composition of matter today 72% of matter of the Universe dark energy before ~7 x 10 9 years the Universe accelerated its expansion vacuum energy? scalar field? cosmological constant? 23% is (cold) dark matter, what is it? 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 19

20 Open Cosmological Questions Why is the Universe so big and old? ~ 13,750,000,000 years Why is its geometry nearly Euclidean? almost flat: density nearly critical Where did the matter come from? 1 proton for every 1,000,000,000 photons How did structures form? ripples + invisible dark matter? What is the dark matter? What is the dark energy? Need particle physics to answer these questions 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 20

21 The Standard Model The matter particles = Cosmic DNA The fundamental interactions gravitation electromagnetism weak nuclear force strong nuclear force 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 21

22 Vákum v QED a QCD kvantová elektrodynamika: QED kvantová chromdynamika: QCD Energia páru nábojov spontánne narodených vo vákuu kvantová fluktuácia (h = 1, c = 1): E kin = p ~ 1/r (p r 1) E pot = q 2 /(4πr) (q = e or q = g s ) E = E kin + E pot = (1/r) (1 q 2 /4π) v QED toto je pravda pre lubovlonú škálu (už po Planckovu škálu ~ fm) v QCD to je však správne len pre velmi malé vzdialenost, niekol ko fm (10-13 cm) CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 22

23 Prípad QED v QED q 2 = e 2 = 4πα πα em α em sa mení zo vzdialenost ou (polarizácia vákua) kde pre velké vzdialenosti α em = 1/137 pri EW (elektro-slabej) škále (r = fm) α em = 1/128 pri Planckovej škále (r = fm) α em = 1/76 To znamená, ze číselný faktor pred 1/r: (1 q 2 /4π) sa mení zo vzdialonost ou, ale len málo, medzi (i.e. 0.6%) ak meníme vzdialenost od Planckovej škály až po nekonečno CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 23

24 Prípad QCD v QCD q 2 = g s2 = 4πα s kde α s sa zmenšuje vel mi rýchlo zo vzdialonost ou (asymptotická sloboda) pri Planckovej škále α s = 0.04 pri elektro-slabej skále α s = pri Λ QCD 0.2GeV (r 1 fm) α s 1 numerický faktor (1 q 2 /4π) = 1 α s sa znižuje so vzdialenost ou, pri Planckovej škále je 0.96 ale pozor, pre r 1 fm uz je záporný! pri vačších vzdialenostíach je E = σ r r (σ 1 GeV/fm) a tento faktor je opät kladný CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 24

25 QED versus QCD Energy of pair QED Energy of pair QCD Distance Distance r = 1fm Kinetická energia stále dominuje nad potenciálnou (pole je slabé) virtual páry Energia skrytá v poli prevázi pri nejakej vzdialenosti kinetickú reálne páry vakuový kondensát CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 25

26 Open Questions beyond the Standard Model Why do particles have mass? Why so many types of matter particles? Why the symmetry between matter antimatter is violated? Are the fundamental forces unified? Quantum theory of gravity? Large Hadron Collider! 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 26

27 Chirálna symetria Pre m q 0 helicita kavarkov sa zachováva pretože gluóny majú helicity ±1 QCD teória v tejto limite má SU(3) L SU(3) R symetriu QCD svet sa rozpadol na dva svety ktoré navzájom nekomunikujú lavácky svet a pravácky ak dáme do QCD vákua nehmotný lavotočivý kvark, on môže anihilovat s lavotočivým anti-kvarkom z vákuového kondenzátu tým sa ale oslobodí pravotočivý kvark pre vzdialeného pozorovatela naš testový kvark spontánne zmenil helicitu a preto musel nejako získat dynamickú hmotnost! QCD kvark anti-kvarkový kondenzátate generuje dynamické kvarkové hmotnost a narušuje chirálnu symetriu ak zvýšime teplotu kinetická energia nabitého páru (nad nejakou hodnotou) prevýši potenciálnu energiu kvark anti-kvark kondenzát zmizne z vákua chirálna symetria sa obnoví nad nejakou kritickou teplotou hodnota <0 qq 0> je order parameter fázového prechodu CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 27

28 23/05/2006 Physics Programme of ALICE Experiment K.Safarik 28 Physics at LHC

29 Collide heavy nuclei at high energies to create Hot and Dense Hadronic Matter Recreate the first 10-6 seconds and probe the quark-hadron phase transition

30 CMS LHCb ALICE ATLAS 16//03/2008 Starting Physic with ALICE K.Safarik 30 30

31 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) about 100 m underground 27 km circumference orbits per second pp collisions up to s = 14 TeV Pb-Pb collisions up to s NN = 5.5 TeV 31 16//03/2008 Starting Physic with ALICE K.Safarik 31

32 Accelerate

33 Úvod do urýchlovačov

34 Jednotky elektrónvolt Elektrónvolt, jednotka energie, oznacovaná ako ev, sa pouzivá pre malé energie: 1 ev je definovaný ako energia dodaná castici s nábojom jeden elektrón (t.j. okolo C) elektrickým polom s rozdielom potenciálov 1 Volt: 1 ev = joule Vo fyzike castíc jednotka ev sa pouzivá taktiez ako jednotka hmotnosti, protoze hmotnost a energia sú úzko spojené Einsteinovým vzt ahom: E = mc 2 kde m je hmotnost castice a c je rýchlost svetla vo vákuu Úrýchlovanie Celková energia Hmotnost elektrónu je okolo 0.5 MeV From Wikipedia

35 Prečo urýchlovače? Prečo stále vyššia energia? častice vlny (de Broglie) Rozlišovacia schopnost je daná vlnvou dlžkou λ = h / p (h Planckova konštanta) (napríklad elektrónový mikroskop má lepšie rozlíšenie než svetelný pre ktory λ ~ few 10 2 nm less than 1eV) 200 MeV 1 fm (10-13 cm) 1 GeV 0.2 fm 100 GeV cm (LEP) 10 TeV cm (LHC) 19 February 2008 Karel Safarik: Úvod do fyziky častíc 35

36 Pre A-A zrážky ky: LHC energia E cms = 5500 A GeV E lab = E cms / (2A m N ) = A GeV pre ióny olova E lab Pb-Pb = GeV = MeV dalej potrebujeme Harald Fritzsch Identity (definícia Anglo-Saxonskej libry a najaké iné definície AS AS = m e (= MeV) definície (gravitacné zrýchlenie g, jednotka casu tr) (rýchlost svetla c) c = in/tr g = 1 in/tr 2 (1 s = tr, trice) m e c 2 = AS in (= MeV) libry AS AS ) Nakoniec 1 MeV = AS in E lab Pb-Pb = 1 AS 4.7 (= 0.45 kg 12 cm) CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 36

37 LHC energia (pokracovanie) A pre pp zrázky: E lab pp(14tev) = 0.15 AS in ¼ AS ½ = ⅛ AS 1 = Pre tých ktorý neradi sedia na ióne olova (a lietajú vo vákuovej trubici LHC) (HFI, etc.) E cms Pb-Pb = 5500 A GeV = MeV E cms Pb-Pb = 10-3 AS 1.6 (= 0.45 g 4 cm) Stále, je to makroskopická energia!!! (zrážka by sa dala aj počut ) Ale rozmer oloveného jadra je viac ako menší!!! CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 37

38 Urýchlovače v CERNe Energie: Linac PSB PS 50 MeV 1.4 GeV 28 GeV SPS 450 GeV LHC 7 TeV

39 LHC

40 Prepojenie medzi dipólmi Ph.Lebrun, LHC

41 :Prvé častice v LHC! 41

42 10 septembra 2008: cirkulujúce zväzky! beam 1: 1 st complete orbit ~ 10:30 prvé signály z ALICE beam 2: 1 st complete orbit ~ 15:00 42

43 19 sepetembra 2008 a boli sme len niekolko minút od štartu Temperatures LHC Sector 34 Friday 19th Sep Jan Fiete Grosse-Oetringhaus

44 Prepojenie po havárii Košice, November 13, 2009 LHC, čo sa stalo a kedy začne Karel Šafařík

45 LHC start-up CERN, 27 April, 2007 Fyzika tázkých iónov Karel Šafařík 45

46 LHC detectors 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 46

47 23//03/2007 Starting Physic with ALICE K.Safarik 47

48 Starting the installation of the ITS detector 23//03/2007 Starting Physic with ALICE K.Safarik 48

49 High-multiplicity event No match for heavy ions, but not too bad for pp (>120 charged tracks in TPC) 06/09/2010, Karel Safarik, CERN Proton-proton collisions at LHC as seen by ALICE

50 A There Victory must for the be Standard New Physics Model! beyond the Higgs Boson Higgs potential collapses Higgs coupling less than in Standard Model Higgs coupling blows up

51 Fourier Decomposition Fourier coefficients are calculated d ϕc( ϕ)cos n ϕ V n = cos n ϕ = d ϕc( ϕ) Strong near-side ridge + double- peaked structure (in very central events) on away side at low p T 5 coefficients describe correlation well at low p T Away-side peak dominates at high p T Higher coefficients improve description J.F.Grosse-Oetringhaus, ALICE In-Medium Energy Loss and Correlations with ALICE - Jan Fiete Grosse-Oetringhaus 51

52 CP Violation in Charm A new frontier opened up by LHCb 3.5 σ at the moment: 10 larger than SM estimate, but difficult to calculate No consensus yet whether BSM required Are there more charming surprises in store?

53 BANGS 1 December 2011 Karel Safarik: Od velkeho tresku k LHC - stvorenie vesmiru v laboratotiu 53

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55 Zhrnutie LHC a vsetky experimenty pracuju druhy rok perfektne intezity zvazkov a mnozstvo zaznamenanych zrazok ovela nad ocakavanie prve fyzikalne vysledky publikovane presne potvrdenie stadartneho modelu Higgsov bozon nenajdeny (zatial) ak okolo 120 GeV velka sanca buduci rok priame narusenie CP symetrie v charmovom sektore! fluktacie v pociatocnom stave v zrazkach tazkych ionov Looking forward to explore the terra incognita at LHC 55 Hic sunt Leones! PLC 20J. Schukraft