Facilities for Demonstrating Compliance Appendix O Conditions
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1 Determining i the Suitability of IWT Test Facilities for Demonstrating Compliance with Certification Requirements in Appendix O Conditions Kamel Al-Khalil, Cox & Company, Inc. Joseph Vogel, Cox & Company, Inc. David Parkins, American Kestrel Co., LLC
2 Introduction: SLD tunnel testing needed for certification Concern #1 droplets not 1% super cooled Short distance short residence time not enough cooling Concern # reduced cloud size Issues addressed by test & analysis
3 Outline: Analysis Droplet temperature (FLUENT & AEDC) Ice shapes (Modified LEWICE D) Cloud size (FLUENT) Icing tunnel tests Cloud calibration and Ice shapes Conclusions Backup
4 Fluent Analysis: ANSYS FLUENT modeling Test Section Outlet, X= Middle X=11- Test Section Inlet, X=1 Spraybar, X= Air Velocity & Temp field obtained Droplets released at Spraybar Tracked thru tunnel Droplet Temperature Obtained Thru Tunnel
5 Fluent Analysis: Example, MVD=1 μm, T water =1 F Droplet Trajectories Tdr, F Droplet Temperature T cloud > Air Static Temperature (. F vs -. F) Size reduced Cloud Temperature & Uniformity Predicted At Test Section Cloud Uniformity
6 Fluent Analysis: Cloud supercooling results Air: U= mph, Tt= F, Ts=. F MVD, mcr Twater, F Tcloud, F Tcloud-Ts, F Air: U= mph, Tt= F, Ts=- F MVD, mcr Twater, F Tcloud, F Tcloud-Ts, F Cloud Temperature > Air T static Not 1% Supercooled to T static
7 Tdro oplet, F Fluent Analysis: Cloud supercooling: FLUENT vs AEDC mph, Tt= F, Twater= F mcr mph, Tt= F, Twater= F mcr mcr AEDC AEDC 1 AEDC mcr 1 mcr - mcr AEDC AEDC 1 -AEDC - XY AEDC-1D thermodynamic model AEDC predicts higher temperatures for larger droplets Good overall agreement between AEDC and Fluent for Dia< μm (difference~ F)
8 Fluent Analysis: Cloud size and Uniformity Predictions: MVD= μm MVD= μm MVD= μm MVD=1 μm MVD=1 μm Reduced cloud with increased MVD. No significant reduction above μm
9 LEWICED Analysis: Does cloud need to be 1% supercooled to ambient static temperature? t Water droplet temperature is normally assumed at ambient static temperature Two extreme cases were considered for the water droplet temperature at the nozzle release location ( F & 1 F) Water droplets in the cloud distribution were tracked from the nozzle location and individual temperatures predicted at the tunnel test t section location. The bulk cloud temperature t is calculated from the results at that location The NASA ice shape prediction code LEWICE D was modified to allow user input of the water droplet temperature just before impact on the airfoil surface Calculations performed on a NACA1 ft chord at two ambient temperatures (very warm and cold)
10 LEWICED Analysis (warm case): mph, Tt= F, Ts=1 F, MVD=1 mcr, LWC=. g/m T-droplets =.F (from F) T-droplets = 1F T-droplets =.F (from 1F) T-droplets = F Airfoil Y/C X/C Not 1% Supercooled No Effect On Ice Shapes
11 LEWICED Analysis (cold case): mph, Tt= F, Ts=- F, MVD=1mcr, LWC=. g/m T-droplets = -.1F (from F) T-droplets = -F T-droplets =.F (from 1F) T-droplets = F Airfoil Y/C X/C Not 1% Supercooled No Effect On Ice Shapes
12 Icing Tunnel tests: Cloud size Case C, 1 μm Cloud gets smaller for bigger MVD Uniform Cloud size ~1 x for MVD=1 μm
13 Icing Tunnel Tests at the Cox LIRL Tests conducted in the main test Cox uses the NASA MOD-1 type section (-1) nozzles Model: NACA 1, ft chord MVD for SLD droplets assumed AOA = same as NASA s at the same water & air pressure setup
14 Tunnel tests: Appendix O- proposed SLD distributions MVD~11 μm for Freezing Drizzle Tests done for MVD up to 1 μm
15 Tunnel tests: Ice Shapes, NACA1, ft chord Medium T water ( F) High T water (1 F) Low T water ( F) Shapes Obtained For Various MVD, OAT, & spraybar water temperature
16 Tunnel tests: t Condition 1: MVD= μm, LWC=. g/m, Time=1. min, T total =1. F, KTAS= NASA: Same Little variation with Twater Supercooling level has little effect on ice shape Good match with NASA
17 Tunnel tests: Condition : MVD=1 μm, LWC=. g/m, Time=1 min, T total =. F F, KTAS=1 Run (Tw = F) Runb(Tw= F) NACA Little variation with Twater Supercooling level has little effect on ice shape
18 Tunnel tests: Condition : MVD=1 μm, LWC=. g/m, Time=1 min, T total =. F, KTAS=1 Little variation Run (Tw = F) Run b (Tw = F) NACA1 with T water Supercooling 1 level has little effect on ice -1 shape
19 Tunnel tests: Condition : MVD=1 μm, LWC=1. g/m, Time=1. min, T total =. F, KTAS=1 NASA: MVD=1 μm, LWC=1.1 g/m, Time=1. min, T total =. F, KTAS=1 Little variation with Twater Supercooling level has little effect on ice shape Good match with wt NASA
20 Tunnel tests: Condition : MVD=1 μm, LWC=1.1 g/m, Time=1 1. min, T totalt = F F, KTAS=1 Little variation with T water Supercooling level has little effect on ice shape
21 Cox Tunnel SLD Envelope LW WC Spray Envelope SLD mph SLD 1 mph SLD 1 mph MVD
22 Conclusions Large droplets do not supercool 1% to T static No or little effect on ice shapes Effective test section size is reduced Tunnels relatively smaller than NASA IRT are also suitable for SLD testing up to a specifically defined/demonstrated MVD
23 Acknowledgement The authors would like to recognize Dr. Pavel Shamara of Cox & Company for providing the Fluent analytical predictions in support of the current study
24 Backup
25 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet temperature vs distance traveled (specific droplet sizes) 1-1 mph, Tt= F, Twater= F 1 1 mph, Tt= F, Twater= F mph, Tt= F, Twater= F mph, Tt= F, Twater= F
26 Analysis (FLUENT vs AEDC) 1 Droplet temperature vs distance traveled (specific droplet sizes) mph, Tt= F, Twater= F mph, Tt= F, Twater= F AEDC.AEDC 1 AEDC , F Tdroplet, mcr - 1 mcr mcr -1-1 AEDC - AEDC 1 - AEDC - mph, Tt= F, Twater= F AEDC AEDC 1 AEDC mph, Tt= F, Twater= F 1 1 mcr mcr mcr 1 AEDC AEDC 1 AEDC
27 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) T water =1 F Tcloud=1. F mph, T total = F, T static =1.1 F, MVD=μm, RH=1% # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F Middle 1 Middle F T, Tcloud=1. F 1
28 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) T water =1 F mph, T total = F, T static =1.1 F, MVD=μm, RH=1% # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle Tcloud=. F Middle Tcloud=. F 1
29 F T, Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) T water =1 F 1 1 mph, T total = F, T static =1.1 F, MVD=μm, RH=1% # 1 1 D, mcr % Middle F T, 1 1 T water = F Middle Tcloud=.1 F Tcloud=. F
30 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) mph, T total = F, T static =1.1 F, MVD=1μm, RH=1% T water =1 F # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle Middle Tcloud=. F Tcloud=. F
31 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) mph, T total = F, T static =1.1 F, MVD=1μm, RH=1% T water =1 F # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle Middle Tcloud=. F Tcloud=. F
32 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) T water =1 F mph, T total = F, T static =-. F, MVD=μm, RH=1% # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F Middle 1 Middle Tcloud=-. F Tcloud=-. F
33 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) T water =1 F mph, T total = F, T static =-. F, MVD=μm, RH=1% # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle 1 Middle Tcloud=-. F Tcloud=-. F
34 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) T water =1 F mph, T total = F, T static =-. F, MVD=μm, RH=1% # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle Tcloud=-. F Middle Tcloud=-. F 1 1
35 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) mph, T total = F, T static =-. F, MVD=1μm, RH=1% T water =1 F # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle Middle Tcloud=-. F Tcloud=-. F
36 Analysis (FLUENT) Droplet & lump cloud temperatures (specific MVD) mph, T total = F, T static =-. F, MVD=1μm, RH=1% T water =1 F # 1 1 D, mcr % T water = F 1 1 Middle Tcloud=. F Middle Tcloud=-.1 F 1 1
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