Earlier Lecture. Basics of Refrigeration/Liquefaction, coefficient of performance and importance of Carnot COP.
|
|
- Gladys Price
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 9 1
2 Earlier Lecture Basics o Rerigeration/Liqueaction, coeicient o perormance and importance o Carnot COP. Throttling, heat exchanger, compression/expansion systems. Deinition o a rerigerator, liqueier and a combination o these two systems. J T expansion is an isenthalpic process and initial temperature o the gas should be less than T INV to have a cooling eect. T For an ideal gas = 0 p. Hence, µ JT = 0. h 2
3 Outline o the Lecture Topic : Gas Liqueaction and Rerigeration Systems (contd) J T expansion o a real gas Adiabatic expansion Comparison o J T and Adiabatic expansions Ideal Thermodynamic Cycle 3
4 Introduction We know that work input is needed to generate and maintain low temperatures. As T L decreases, Carnot COP decreases stating that more work input is required to maintain very low temperatures. Hence, a knowledge o perormance o various rerigeration/liqueaction cycles is necessary to design the system with maximum COP. 4
5 Joule Thompson Coeicient Enthalpy (h) is the sum o the internal energy (u) and pv work. h = u + pv µ µ JT JT T T h = = p h p h p T Substitution o Enthalpy (h) in above expression o J T coeicient, we get ( pν ) 1 u = + cp p p T T In order that the J T expansion results in cooling, the bracket should be negative. 5
6 Joule Thompson Coeicient µ JT ( pν ) 1 u = + cp p p T T The irst term represents the departure rom Joule s law. At low pressures, the molecules are pulled apart. This results in increase in the potential energy. As a result, the kinetic energy decreases to keep the total energy constant and hence the temperature. Thereore, the irst term is always negative or a real gas. 6
7 Joule Thompson Coeicient µ JT ( pν ) 1 u = + cp p p T T The second term can either be positive, negative or zero. It represents the departure rom the Boyle's law. At high pressures, the molecules are squeezed together and hence, are less compressible than the Boyle's law prediction. 7
8 Joule Thompson Coeicient µ JT ( pν ) 1 u = + cp p p T T The second term is negative at low pressures and low temperatures, where the gases are more compressible than the Boyle s law. For a real gas, J T coeicient depends upon the relative magnitude o both the terms. 8
9 Equation o State van der Waals equation o state or a real gas is as given below. a p + 2 ( v b) = RT v where, a and b are constants, which gives the measure o intermolecular orces and size o the particles respectively. For an ideal gas both a and b are 0. Rearranging the terms, we get RT a p = v b v ( ) 2 9
10 Equation o State Upon dierentiating the ollowing equation at constant pressure (only T and v are variables), we get RT a p = v b v ( ) 2 R T RT 2a 0 = + ( v b) v ( v b) 2 v 3 Rearranging the terms, we have R v ( v b = ) T RT 2a p v b v p ( )
11 Equation o State v Substituting T p in the J T Coeicient equation, we have ( v b) v = T RT p 2a ( v b) 2 v 3 For real gas, we get µ JT = c p R 2a b 1 b RT ν 2a b 1 1 νrt ν 2 2 µ JT 1 v = T v cp T p For large speciic volumes ν >>> ab, 1 2a µ JT = b c RT p 11
12 Joule Thompson Coeicient For a real gas with large speciic volumes µ JT 1 2a = b c RT p µ JT >0 <0 =0 Cond. 2a b > RT 2a b < RT 2a b = RT a= b= T T < T > T = 2a Rb 2a Rb 2a Rb Ideal 12
13 Isenthalpic lines on T s Chart p h Typical isenthalpic lines are as shown in T s diagram. The drop in temperature obtained ater isenthalpic expansion at lower temperatures is very high. s This is because the gases are imperect at very low temperatures. 13
14 Maximum Inversion Temp. 2 h=const 3 1 The igure shows the J T expansion on a T s diagram. When the luid expands rom state 2 to state 3, the temperature rises. s This occurs because the initial temperature at state 2 is above the inversion temperature. 14
15 Maximum Inversion Temp. Gas T inv (K) Helium 45 Hydrogen 205 Neon 250 Nitrogen 621 Air 603 Argon 794 Oxygen 761 Methane 939 For the gases like He, Hydrogen and Neon, in order to experience J T eect, they have to be precooled below T INV. While the other gases show J T cooling when expanded at room temperature. 15
16 Isentropic Expansion Enthalpy (h) and Entropy (s) are the two thermodynamic state properties o matter which are unctions o pressure and temperature. When the gases are expanded at constant enthalpy, as in a J T expansion, it is called as an Isenthalpic expansion. On the similar lines, when the high pressure gases are expanded at constant entropy, it is called as an Isentropic expansion or a Reversible Adiabatic expansion. 16
17 Isentropic Expansion The commonly used expansion devices are turbo expanders and reciprocating expanders. This is a work producing process as shown in the schematics. W e T The ratio is called as an p Isentropic Expansion Coeicient. s W e 17
18 The enthalpy (s) is a unction o both pressure (p) and temperature (T). s= ( pt, ) Using the calculus, the ollowing can be derived. s p T = 1 p T s s p T Isentropic Expansion Rearranging the terms, we have T T s µ s = = p s p s p T 18
19 Isentropic Expansion For the same variables, entropy (s), temperature (T) and pressure (p), using the calculus, we can arrive at the ollowing. s s ds = dt + dp T p s s Tds = T dt + T dp T p p T p T c p ν T p Maxwell s Equation µ s T T s = = p s p s p T µ s T v = + c T p p 19
20 Isentropic Expansion For an ideal gas, the equation o state is ν = RT p Dierentiating w.r.t T at constant p, we get On substitution, we get T ν T ν ν µ s = = = c T c T c p p p p ν R ν = = T p T p For an ideal gas µ s 0, unlike the case in the J T expansion µ JT = 0. It means that the ideal gas does exhibit a cooling eect, when it undergoes an isentropic expansion. 20
21 Isentropic Expansion T v µ s = + c T The derivative term represents the variation o volume with temperature at constant pressure. p p This term is called as the volumetric coeicient and is always positive and hence the isentropic expansion coeicient. It is clear that the isentropic expansion results in cooling irrespective o its initial state, unlike the J T expansion. 21
22 Equation o State As derived in the earlier slide, dierentiating the van der Waals equation, we get RT v ( v b) = T RT 2a p v b v µ s Substituting in, we get µ s = c p ( ) 2 3 b ν 1 ν 2a b 1 1 νrt ν 2 22
23 For real gas µ s = c p Equation o State b ν 1 ν 2a b 1 1 νrt ν For large speciic volumes ν >>> µ = JT ab, v c p 2 23
24 Comparative Study J T Expansion Adiabatic Expansion It has a condition o T INV. No such condition exists. It produces no work. This is an Internal Work process. The device is simple in construction. Normally used or a phase change o luids. The clogging o constriction is a disadvantage. It produces work. This is an External Work process. The device involve complex mechanisms. Normally used or a single phase luids. Regular maintenance and periodic checks are required. 24
25 Gas Liqueaction Systems System Thermodynamically Ideal System Linde Hampson System Precooled Linde Hampson System Linde Dual Pressure System Claude System Kapitza System Heylandt System Collins System 25
26 Thermodynamic Ideal System m 1 2 W c Q R The salient eatures o this system are as ollows. All the gas that is compressed, gets liqueied. m W e All the processes are ideal in nature and there are no irreversible pressure drops. Process o compression and expansion are isothermal and isentropic respectively. 26
27 Thermodynamic Ideal System Q R m W c T W e m g s The initial condition 1 o the gas determines the position o point. 27
28 Thermodynamic Ideal System Q R m 1 2 It is an open thermodynamic system because the working luid lows across the system. W c Consider a control volume or this system as shown in the igure. m W e 1 st Law o Thermodynamics is applied to analyse the system. The changes in the velocities and datum levels are assumed to be negligible. 28
29 Thermodynamic Ideal System m 1 2 W c Q R The quantities entering and leaving the system are as given below. IN m 1 OUT Q R W e W c W e m Using 1 st Law, we get m E in = E out mh + W = Q + W + m h 1 1 c R e 29
30 Thermodynamic Ideal System m 1 2 W c Q R The work W e produced by the expander is negligible as compared to other terms. mh + W = Q + W + m h 1 1 c R e W e Rearranging the terms, we have ( ) Q W = m h h R c 1 1 m The compression process is assumed to be isothermal. 30
31 Thermodynamic Ideal System m 1 2 W c Q R W e Hence, rom the Second Law o Thermodynamics, we can write R ( ) Q = mt s s Also, the expansion process is an isentropic process. Thereore, s 2 =s. m By substitution, ( ) ( ) W = mt s s m h h c
32 Thermodynamic Ideal System m 1 2 W c Q R This work o compression is done on the system. Hence, the value is expressed as a negative quantity. ( ) ( ) W = mt s s m h h c m W e Work required per unit mass o the gas compressed is given by Wc T 1 s 1 s h 1 h m 1 ( ) ( ) = 32
33 Thermodynamic Ideal System Q R m 1 2 Since in an ideal system, mass o gas compressed is same as mass o gas liqueied, m 1 =m. W c Work required per unit mass o the gas liqueied is given by m W e Wc T 1 s 1 s h 1 h m ( ) ( ) = Work required per unit mass o the gas is dependent on the initial condition o the gas. 33
34 Tutorial 1 Determine the ideal work requirement or liqueaction o nitrogen beginning at 1 bar pressure and 300 K. Step 1 The T s diagram or an ideal thermodynamic cycle is as shown T 2 1 s g 34
35 Tutorial 1 Step 2 The state properties at dierent points are as given below. p T h s (bar) (K) (J/g) (J/gK) T 2 1 g s 35
36 Step 3 Substitution into the equation. Wi T 1 s 1 s h 1 h m ( ) ( ) Tutorial 1 p T h s (bar) (K) (J/g) (J/gK) = = 300( ) (462 29) = 767 J / g T 2 1 s g 36
37 Tutorial 2 Calculate the ideal work requirement or liqueaction o Helium and Hydrogen beginning at 1 bar pressure and 300 K. Compare the results. Step 1 The T s diagram or an ideal thermodynamic cycle is as shown T 2 1 s g 37
38 Step 2 Tutorial 2 The state properties or Hydrogen and Helium at dierent points are as given below. p T h s (bar) (K) (J/g) (J/gK) Hydrogen Helium
39 Step 3 Substitution into the equation. Tutorial 2 p T h s (bar) (K) (J/g) (J/gK) Hydrogen Helium = Wi T 1 s 1 s h 1 h m H 2 ( ) ( ) = 300(65 18) ( ) = 9835 J / g He = 300( ) ( ) = J / g 39
40 Ideal Work Requirement Gas Normal Boiling Point (K) Ideal Work (kj/kg) Helium Hydrogen Nitrogen Air Argon Oxygen Ammonia
41 Assignment 1. Calculate using the charts, ideal work o liqueaction or Air Oxygen Helium Ammonia 2. Compare the values obtained with the values given in the table 41
42 Summary For an ideal gas µ JT = 0, but or a real gas, J T coeicient depends upon the relative magnitude o departure rom Joule s Law and Boyle s Law. The gases like nitrogen, air show J T cooling when expanded at room temperature because the T INV is more than room temperature. While the gases like He, Hydrogen and Neon, are to be precooled in order to experience J T eect. 42
43 Summary In expansion devices like turbo-expanders and expansion engines, the expansion process is isentropic or reversible adiabatic. Coeicient o an isentropic expansion is given by µ s T v = + c T p p The isentropic expansion is always positive or both real and ideal gases. It results in cooling or any initial state, unlike the J T expansion which is dependent on T INV. 43
44 Summary J T expansion is normally used where phase changes are required, where as isentropic expansion is used or single phase luids. In a thermodynamic ideal system, all the gas that is compressed gets liqueied. The work required per unit mass o the gas compressed and gas liqueied are given by Wc T 1 s 1 s h 1 h m ( ) ( ) = 44
45 Thank You! 45
Earlier Lecture. We studied the effect of the heat exchanger effectiveness ε on the performance of a Linde Hampson system. max
2 Earlier Lecture We studied the eect o the heat exchanger eectiveness ε on the perormance o a Linde Hampson system. Mathematically, ε = Q act Q max In a Linde Hampson cycle, the heat exchanger eectiveness
More informationEarlier Topics. Introduction to Cryogenic Engineering An introductory knowledge of Cryogenic Engineering.
8 1 Earlier Topics Introduction to Cryogenic Engineering An introductory knowledge of Cryogenic Engineering. Properties of Cryogenic Fluids Properties of Cryogens, T s diagram, Hydrogen, Helium. Properties
More informationThe Ideal thermodynamic cycle for gas liquefaction is impractical and hence modified cycles are proposed.
Earlier Lecture The Ideal thermodynamic cycle or as liqueaction is impractical and hence modiied cycles are proposed. An Ideal cycle is used as a benchmark and in eect, dierent ratios and unctions are
More informationBasic Thermodynamics Module 1
Basic Thermodynamics Module 1 Lecture 9: Thermodynamic Properties of Fluids Thermodynamic Properties of fluids Most useful properties: Properties like pressure, volume and temperature which can be measured
More informationChemistry. Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations. NC State University
Chemistry Lecture 10 Maxwell Relations NC State University Thermodynamic state functions expressed in differential form We have seen that the internal energy is conserved and depends on mechanical (dw)
More informationCM 3230 Thermodynamics, Fall 2016 Lecture 16
CM 3230 Thermodynamics, Fall 2016 Lecture 16 1. Joule-Thomsom Expansion - For a substance flowing adiabatically through a throttle (valve or pourous plug): in > out and negligible change in kinetic and
More informationR13. II B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, Jan THERMODYNAMICS (Com. to ME, AE, AME) PART- A
SET - 1 II B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, Jan - 2015 THERMODYNAMICS (Com. to ME, AE, AME) Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70 Note 1. Question Paper consists of two parts (Part-A and Part-B) 2. Answer
More informationENERGY ANALYSIS: CLOSED SYSTEM
ENERGY ANALYSIS: CLOSED SYSTEM A closed system can exchange energy with its surroundings through heat and work transer. In other words, work and heat are the orms that energy can be transerred across the
More informationCryocoolers (CryoCoolers.tex)
Cryocoolers (CryoCoolers.tex) A.T.A.M. de Waele Eindhoven University of Technology September 4, 2009 Abstract This document describes the main features of cryocoolers in general and pulse-tube refrigerator
More informationUNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - SANTA CRUZ DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS PHYS 112. Homework #4. Benjamin Stahl. February 2, 2015
UIERSIY OF CALIFORIA - SAA CRUZ DEPARME OF PHYSICS PHYS Homework #4 Benjamin Stahl February, 05 PROBLEM It is given that the heat absorbed by a mole o ideal gas in a uasi-static process in which both its
More informationUBMCC11 - THERMODYNAMICS. B.E (Marine Engineering) B 16 BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW PART- A
UBMCC11 - THERMODYNAMICS B.E (Marine Engineering) B 16 UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW PART- A 1. What do you understand by pure substance? 2. Define thermodynamic system. 3. Name the different types
More informationFirst Law CML 100, IIT Delhi SS. The total energy of the system. Contribution from translation + rotation + vibrations.
Internal Energy he total energy of the system. Contribution from translation + rotation + vibrations. Equipartition theorem for the translation and rotational degrees of freedom. 1/ k B Work Path function,
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS1013W1 SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2014-2015 ENERGY AND MATTER Duration: 120 MINS (2 hours) This paper contains 8 questions. Answers to Section A and Section B must be in separate
More informationII/IV B.Tech (Regular) DEGREE EXAMINATION. (1X12 = 12 Marks) Answer ONE question from each unit.
Page 1 of 8 Hall Ticket Number: 14CH 404 II/IV B.Tech (Regular) DEGREE EXAMINATION June, 2016 Chemical Engineering Fourth Semester Engineering Thermodynamics Time: Three Hours Maximum : 60 Marks Answer
More informationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS. Andrew S. Rosen
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Andrew S. Rosen SYMBOL DICTIONARY 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Symbol Dictionary... 3 1. Measured Thermodynamic Properties and Other Basic Concepts... 5 1.1 Preliminary Concepts
More informationThis follows from the Clausius inequality as a consequence of the second law of thermodynamics. Therefore. (for reversible process only) (22.
Entropy Clausius inequality can be used to analyze the cyclic process in a quantitative manner. The second law became a law of wider applicability when Clausius introduced the property called entropy.
More informationChapter 4: Properties of Pure Substances. Pure Substance. Phases of a Pure Substance. Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances
Chapter 4: roperties o ure Substances ure Substance A substance that has a ixed chemical composition throughout is called a pure substance such as water, air, and nitrogen A pure substance does not hae
More informationChapter 12 PROPERTY RELATIONS. Department of Mechanical Engineering
Chapter 12 THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY RELATIONS Dr Ali Jawarneh Department of Mechanical Engineering Hashemite University it Objectives Develop fundamental relations between commonly encountered thermodynamic
More informationChapter 3. Property Relations The essence of macroscopic thermodynamics Dependence of U, H, S, G, and F on T, P, V, etc.
Chapter 3 Property Relations The essence of macroscopic thermodynamics Dependence of U, H, S, G, and F on T, P, V, etc. Concepts Energy functions F and G Chemical potential, µ Partial Molar properties
More informationLecture 12. Refrigerators. Toward Absolute Zero (Ch. 4)
0 9 0 7 Center of hottest stars Center of Sun, nuclear reactions Lecture. Refrigerators. oward Absolute Zero (Ch. ) emperature, K 0 5 0 0 0-0 - 0-5 Electronic/chemical energy Surface of Sun, hottest boiling
More informationChemical Engineering Thermodynamics
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics P Liquid P x 1 sat P 1 T sat T 2 T x 1 T x 1 T y 1 Liquid Vapour sat P 2 P x 1 P y 1 P y 1 Vapour sat T 1 x, y 1 1 x, y 1 1 Pradeep Ahuja Contents CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
More information5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics Spring 2008
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 5.60 Thermodynamics & Kinetics Spring 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 5.60 Spring 2008 Lecture
More informationME6301- ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS UNIT I BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW PART-A
ME6301- ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS UNIT I BASIC CONCEPT AND FIRST LAW PART-A 1. What is meant by thermodynamics system? (A/M 2006) Thermodynamics system is defined as any space or matter or group of matter
More informationFLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HFC-134a IN AN ADIABATIC HELICAL CAPILLARY TUBE
E HEFAT7 5 th International Conerence on Heat Transer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics Sun City, South Arica Paper number: KM1 FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HFC-1a IN AN ADIABATIC HELICAL CAPILLARY TUBE Khan
More informationReal Gases 1. The value of compressibility factor for one mole of a gas under critical states is 1) 3/8 2) 2/3 3) 8/27 4) 27/8 2. an der Waal s equation for one mole of CO2 gas at low pressure will be
More informationis more suitable for a quantitative description of the deviation from ideal gas behaviour.
Real and ideal gases (1) Gases which obey gas laws or ideal gas equation ( PV nrt ) at all temperatures and pressures are called ideal or perfect gases. Almost all gases deviate from the ideal behaviour
More informationUNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON PHYS1013W1 SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION 2014-2015 ENERGY AND MATTER Duration: 120 MINS (2 hours) This paper contains 8 questions. Answers to Section A and Section B must be in separate
More informationClassification following properties of the system in Intensive and Extensive
Unit I Classification following properties of the system in Intensive and Extensive Extensive : mass, weight, volume, potential energy, Kinetic energy, Internal energy, entropy, exergy, energy, magnetization
More informationLecture Notes Set 4c: Heat engines and the Carnot cycle
ecture Notes Set 4c: eat engines and the Carnot cycle Introduction to heat engines In the following sections the fundamental operating principles of the ideal heat engine, the Carnot engine, will be discussed.
More informationThermodynamics of solids 5. Unary systems. Kwangheon Park Kyung Hee University Department of Nuclear Engineering
Thermodynamics of solids 5. Unary systems Kwangheon ark Kyung Hee University Department of Nuclear Engineering 5.1. Unary heterogeneous system definition Unary system: one component system. Unary heterogeneous
More informationBasic Thermodynamics Prof. S. K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Basic Thermodynamics Prof. S. K. Som Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture - 15 Joule-Kelvin Expansion; Properties of Pure Substances Good morning. Last
More information7. Development of the 2nd Law
7-1 7. Development of the 2nd Law 7.1 1st Law Limitations The 1 st Law describes energy accounting. Once we have a process (or string of processes) we can calculate the relevant energy interactions. The
More informationIdeal Gas Behavior. NC State University
Chemistry 331 Lecture 6 Ideal Gas Behavior NC State University Macroscopic variables P, T Pressure is a force per unit area (P= F/A) The force arises from the change in momentum as particles hit an object
More informationME 201 Thermodynamics
8 ME 0 Thermodynamics Practice Problems or Property Evaluation For each process described below provide the temperature, pressure, and speciic volume at each state and the change in enthalpy, internal
More informationThere are six problems on the exam. Do all of the problems. Show your work
CHM 3400 Fundamentals o Physical Chemistry First Hour Exam There are six problems on the exam. Do all o the problems. Show your work R = 0.08206 L. atm/mole. K N A = 6.022 x 10 23 R = 0.08314 L. bar/mole.
More informationThermodynamics 1 Lecture Note 2
Thermodynamics 1 Lecture Note 2 March 20, 2015 Kwang Kim Yonsei University kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr 39 8 7 34 53 Y O N Se I 88.91 16.00 14.01 78.96 126.9 Physical Chemistry Chemistry is the study of Matter and
More informationLecture 35: Vapor power systems, Rankine cycle
ME 00 Thermodynamics I Spring 015 Lecture 35: Vapor power systems, Rankine cycle Yong Li Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai, 0040, P. R.
More informationChapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts
Chapter 1 Introduction and Basic Concepts 1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy Application Areas of Thermodynamics 1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units Some SI and English Units Dimensional Homogeneity Unity
More information4.1 LAWS OF MECHANICS - Review
4.1 LAWS OF MECHANICS - Review Ch4 9 SYSTEM System: Moving Fluid Definitions: System is defined as an arbitrary quantity of mass of fixed identity. Surrounding is everything external to this system. Boundary
More informationIsentropic Efficiency in Engineering Thermodynamics
June 21, 2010 Isentropic Efficiency in Engineering Thermodynamics Introduction This article is a summary of selected parts of chapters 4, 5 and 6 in the textbook by Moran and Shapiro (2008. The intent
More informationME Thermodynamics I
Homework - Week 01 HW-01 (25 points) Given: 5 Schematic of the solar cell/solar panel Find: 5 Identify the system and the heat/work interactions associated with it. Show the direction of the interactions.
More informationMAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI-621213. Department: Mechanical Subject Code: ME2202 U N IT - 1 Semester: III Subject Name: ENGG. THERMODYNAMICS 1. 1 kg of gas at 1.1 bar, 27 o C is compressed
More informationCHEM1100 Summary Notes Module 2
CHEM1100 Summary Notes Module 2 Lecture 14 Introduction to Kinetic Theory & Ideal Gases What are Boyle s and Charles Laws? Boyle s Law the pressure of a given mass of an ideal gas is inversely proportional
More informationLecture 44: Review Thermodynamics I
ME 00 Thermodynamics I Lecture 44: Review Thermodynamics I Yong Li Shanghai Jiao Tong University Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai, 0040, P. R. China Email : liyo@sjtu.edu.cn
More informationPhysics 4C Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Physics 4C Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases Whether you think you can or think you can t, you re usually right. Henry Ford The only thing in life that is achieved without effort is failure. Source
More informationISENTHALPIC THROTTLING (FREE EXPANSION) AND THE JOULE-THOMSON COEFFICIENT
ISENTHALPIC THROTTLING (FREE EXPANSION) AND THE JOULE-THOMSON COEFFICIENT Charles R. Koppany, PhD, Chem. Eng. January, 014 ISENTHALPIC THROTTLING (FREE EXPANSION) AND THE JOULE-THOMSON COEFFICIENT This
More informationClausius Clapeyron Equation
Course - BSc. Applied Physical Science (Computer Science) Year & Semester - Ist, IInd Subject - Physics Paper No. - 6 Paper Title - Thermal Physics Lecture No. 18 Clausius Clapeyron Equation Hello friends,
More informationChapter 6. Using Entropy
Chapter 6 Using Entropy Learning Outcomes Demonstrate understanding of key concepts related to entropy and the second law... including entropy transfer, entropy production, and the increase in entropy
More informationContent. Entropy and principle of increasing entropy. Change of entropy in an ideal gas.
Entropy Content Entropy and principle of increasing entropy. Change of entropy in an ideal gas. Entropy Entropy can be viewed as a measure of molecular disorder, or molecular randomness. As a system becomes
More informationChapter 4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS
Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach Seventh Edition in SI Units Yunus A. Cengel, Michael A. Boles McGraw-Hill, 2011 Chapter 4 ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies,
More information2. Under conditions of constant pressure and entropy, what thermodynamic state function reaches an extremum? i
1. (20 oints) For each statement or question in the left column, find the appropriate response in the right column and place the letter of the response in the blank line provided in the left column. 1.
More informationCHAPTER 7 ENTROPY. Copyright Hany A. Al-Ansary and S. I. Abdel-Khalik (2014) 1
CHAPTER 7 ENTROPY S. I. Abdel-Khalik (2014) 1 ENTROPY The Clausius Inequality The Clausius inequality states that for for all cycles, reversible or irreversible, engines or refrigerators: For internally-reversible
More informationSection 3 Entropy and Classical Thermodynamics
Section 3 Entropy and Classical Thermodynamics 3.1 Entropy in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics 3.1.1 The Second Law of Thermodynamics There are various statements of the second law of thermodynamics.
More informationGeneral Physical Chemistry I
General Physical Chemistry I Lecture 5 Aleksey Kocherzhenko February 10, 2015" Last time " Diffusion, effusion, and molecular collisions" Diffusion" Effusion" Graham s law: " " " 1 2 r / M " (@ fixed T
More informationProperties of Gases. 5 important gas properties:
Gases Chapter 12 Properties of Gases 5 important gas properties: 1) Gases have an indefinite shape 2) Gases have low densities 3) Gases can compress 4) Gases can expand 5) Gases mix completely with other
More informationTest Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Team Name: Team Number: Score: / 43. Made by Montgomery High School -
1 Test Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Team Name: Team Number: Score: / 43 Made by Montgomery High School - montyscioly@gmail.com 2 Questions are worth between 1 and 3 points. Show calculations for all
More informationLecture 03/30 Monday, March 30, :46 AM
Chem 110A Page 1 Lecture 03/30 Monday, March 30, 2009 9:46 AM Notes 0330 Audio recording started: 10:02 AM Monday, March 30, 2009 Chapter 1: Ideal Gases Macroscopic properties of gases Equation of state
More informationMore Thermodynamics. Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes
More Thermodynamics Specific Specific Heats of a Gas Equipartition of Energy Reversible and Irreversible Processes Carnot Cycle Efficiency of Engines Entropy More Thermodynamics 1 Specific Heat of Gases
More informationTtions, and its relation to states of matter. This chapter covers the
Related Commercial Resources CHAPTER 1 THERMODYNAMICS AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES THERMODYNAMICS... 1.1 First Law of Thermodynamics... 1.2 Second Law of Thermodynamics... 1.2 Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration
More informationLecture 2 The First Law of Thermodynamics (Ch.1)
Lecture he First Law o hermodynamics (h.) Lecture - we introduced macroscopic parameters that describe the state o a thermodynamic system (including temperature), the equation o state (,,) 0, and linked
More informationMARIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
MARIA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ATTOOR ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS (TWO MARK QUESTION BANK) UNIT 1 (BASIC COMCEPTS AND FIRST LAW) 1. Define the term thermal engineering. Thermal engineering
More informationModeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems
Modeling and Analysis of Dynamic Systems Dr. Guillaume Ducard Fall 2017 Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control ETH Zurich, Switzerland G. Ducard c 1 / 34 Outline 1 Lecture 7: Recall on Thermodynamics
More informationReal Gases. Sections (Atkins 6th Ed.), (Atkins 7-9th Eds.)
Real Gases Sections 1.4-1.6 (Atkins 6th Ed.), 1.3-1.5 (Atkins 7-9th Eds.) Molecular Interactions Compression factor Virial coefficients Condensation Critical Constants Van der Waals Equation Corresponding
More informationCHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT, PORTLAND STATE UNIVERSITY CHEMISTRY 440/540, PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. FALL, 2014 Venue: CR 250 Instructor: R. H. Simoyi (SB2 372) Syllabus: The chapters and page numbers referred to in
More informationGases. T boil, K. 11 gaseous elements. Rare gases. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn Diatomic gaseous elements H 2, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2
Gases Gas T boil, K Rare gases 11 gaseous elements He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn 165 Rn 211 N 2 O 2 77 F 2 90 85 Diatomic gaseous elements Cl 2 238 H 2, N 2, O 2, F 2, Cl 2 H 2 He Ne Ar Kr Xe 20 4.4 27 87 120
More informationModification In Charging Composition In Order To Arrive At Desired Circulation Composition In The Context Of Sorption Compressor Based J-T Cooler
Modification In Charging Composition In Order To Arrive At Desired Circulation Composition In The Context Of Sorption Compressor Based J-T Cooler R. N. Mehta, S. L. Bapat, M. D. Atrey Department of Mechanical
More informationME 2202 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW
ME 2202 ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS AND FIRST LAW 1. What is thermodynamics? It is a basic science that deals with energy and its transformations. The
More informationGases: Their Properties & Behavior. Chapter 09 Slide 1
9 Gases: Their Properties & Behavior Chapter 09 Slide 1 Gas Pressure 01 Chapter 09 Slide 2 Gas Pressure 02 Units of pressure: atmosphere (atm) Pa (N/m 2, 101,325 Pa = 1 atm) Torr (760 Torr = 1 atm) bar
More informationExam 1 Solutions 100 points
Chemistry 360 Fall 018 Dr. Jean M. Standard September 19, 018 Name KEY Exam 1 Solutions 100 points 1.) (14 points) A chunk of gold metal weighing 100.0 g at 800 K is dropped into 100.0 g of liquid water
More informationCourse: MECH-341 Thermodynamics II Semester: Fall 2006
FINAL EXAM Date: Thursday, December 21, 2006, 9 am 12 am Examiner: Prof. E. Timofeev Associate Examiner: Prof. D. Frost READ CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU PROCEED: Course: MECH-341 Thermodynamics II Semester: Fall
More informationName: Discussion Section:
CBE 141: Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Spring 2017, UC Berkeley Midterm 2 FORM A March 23, 2017 Time: 80 minutes, closed-book and closed-notes, one-sided 8 ½ x 11 equation sheet allowed Please show
More informationCommon Terms, Definitions and Conversion Factors
1 Common Terms, Definitions and Conversion Factors 1. Force: A force is a push or pull upon an object resulting from the object s interaction with another object. It is defined as Where F = m a F = Force
More informationSome Fundamental Definitions:
Lecture 2. The GAS LAWS Some Fundamental Definitions: SYSTEM: the part of the universe being the subject of study 1 Some Fundamental Definitions: State of the System: condition of a system at any given
More information8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 8.21 The Physics of Energy Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. 8.21 Lecture 10 Phase Change
More informationEssential Physics and Engineering of Cryogenics for Accelerators
Essential Physics and Engineering of Cryogenics for Accelerators Simplified Concepts & Practical Viewpoints By VenkataRao Ganni November 5, 2012 Page 1 What is Cryogenics? It is the production of temperature
More informationPractice Examinations Chem 393 Fall 2005 Time 1 hr 15 min for each set.
Practice Examinations Chem 393 Fall 2005 Time 1 hr 15 min for each set. The symbols used here are as discussed in the class. Use scratch paper as needed. Do not give more than one answer for any question.
More informationPaper-II Chapter- TS-equation, Maxwell s equation. z = z(x, y) dz = dx + dz = Mdx + Ndy. dy Now. = 2 z
aper-ii Chapter- S-equation, Maxwell s equation Let heorem: Condition o exact dierential: Where M Hence, z x dz dx and N Q. Derive Maxwell s equations z x z zx, z dx + dz Mdx + Nd z d Now 2 z x M N x x
More informationThermodynamics Qualifying Exam Study Material
Thermodynamics Qualifying Exam Study Material The candidate is expected to have a thorough understanding of undergraduate engineering thermodynamics topics. These topics are listed below for clarification.
More informationPES 2130 Exam 1/page 1. PES Physics 3 Exam 1. Name: SOLUTIONS Score: / 100
PES 2130 Exam 1/page 1 PES 2130 - Physics 3 Exam 1 Name: SOLUTIONS Score: / 100 Instructions Time allowed or this is exam is 1 hours 15 minutes 10 written problems For written problems: Write all answers
More informationFirst Law of Thermodynamics
CH2303 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics I Unit II First Law of Thermodynamics Dr. M. Subramanian 07-July-2011 Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College
More informationCHAPTER 8 ENTROPY. Blank
CHAPER 8 ENROPY Blank SONNAG/BORGNAKKE SUDY PROBLEM 8-8. A heat engine efficiency from the inequality of Clausius Consider an actual heat engine with efficiency of η working between reservoirs at and L.
More informationfiziks Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
Content-Thermodynamics & Statistical Mechanics 1. Kinetic theory of gases..(1-13) 1.1 Basic assumption of kinetic theory 1.1.1 Pressure exerted by a gas 1.2 Gas Law for Ideal gases: 1.2.1 Boyle s Law 1.2.2
More informationChemical Engineering Thermodynamics Spring 2002
10.213 Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Spring 2002 Test 2 Solution Problem 1 (35 points) High pressure steam (stream 1) at a rate of 1000 kg/h initially at 3.5 MPa and 350 ºC is expanded in a turbine
More informationApplied Thermodynamics for Marine Systems Prof. P. K. Das Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur
Applied Thermodynamics for Marine Systems Prof. P. K. Das Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur Lecture No - 03 First Law of Thermodynamics (Open System) Good afternoon,
More informationPROBLEM 6.3. Using the appropriate table, determine the indicated property. In each case, locate the state on sketches of the T-v and T-s diagrams.
PROBLEM 63 Using the appropriate table, determine the indicated property In each case, locate the state on sketches of the -v and -s diagrams (a) water at p = 040 bar, h = 147714 kj/kg K Find s, in kj/kg
More informationTest Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Answer Key
1 Test Exchange Thermodynamics (C) Test Answer Key Made by Montgomery High School montyscioly@gmail.com 2 Questions are worth between 1 to 3 points. Show calculations for all open-ended math questions
More informationLecture 25: Heat and The 1st Law of Thermodynamics Prof. WAN, Xin
General Physics I Lecture 5: Heat and he 1st Law o hermodynamics Pro. WAN, Xin xinwan@zju.edu.cn http://zimp.zju.edu.cn/~xinwan/ Latent Heat in Phase Changes Latent Heat he latent heat o vaporization or
More informationImperfect Gases. NC State University
Chemistry 431 Lecture 3 Imperfect Gases NC State University The Compression Factor One way to represent the relationship between ideal and real gases is to plot the deviation from ideality as the gas is
More informationPreface Acknowledgments Nomenclature
CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgments Nomenclature page xv xvii xix 1 BASIC CONCEPTS 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Thermodynamic Systems 3 1.3 States and Properties 4 1.3.1 State of a System 4 1.3.2 Measurable and Derived
More informationProcess Nature of Process
AP Physics Free Response Practice Thermodynamics 1983B. The pv-diagram above represents the states of an ideal gas during one cycle of operation of a reversible heat engine. The cycle consists of the following
More informationSpeed Distribution at CONSTANT Temperature is given by the Maxwell Boltzmann Speed Distribution
Temperature ~ Average KE of each particle Particles have different speeds Gas Particles are in constant RANDOM motion Average KE of each particle is: 3/2 kt Pressure is due to momentum transfer Speed Distribution
More informationThermodynamics is the Science of Energy and Entropy
Definition of Thermodynamics: Thermodynamics is the Science of Energy and Entropy - Some definitions. - The zeroth law. - Properties of pure substances. - Ideal gas law. - Entropy and the second law. Some
More informationES 202 Fluid and Thermal Systems
ES Fluid and Thermal Systems Lecture : Power Cycles (/4/) Power cycle Road Map of Lecture use Rankine cycle as an example the ideal Rankine cycle representation on a T-s diagram divergence of constant
More information5/6/ :41 PM. Chapter 6. Using Entropy. Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba, PE
Chapter 6 Using Entropy 1 2 Chapter Objective Means are introduced for analyzing systems from the 2 nd law perspective as they undergo processes that are not necessarily cycles. Objective: introduce entropy
More informationMAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE TIRUCHIRAPALLI 621 213. Department: Mechanical Subject Code: ME2202 Semester: III Subject Name: ENGG. THERMODYNAMICS UNIT-I Basic Concept and First Law 1. What do you understand
More informationIS A PARTICULAR PROCESS / REACTION FEASIBLE? TO WHAT EXTENT DOES THE PROCESS / REACTION PROCEED?
Limitations of First Law of Thermodynamics The first law of thermodynamics is a law of conservation of energy. It does not specify the direction of the process. All spontaneous processes processed in one
More informationAn introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles
An introduction to thermodynamics applied to Organic Rankine Cycles By : Sylvain Quoilin PhD Student at the University of Liège November 2008 1 Definition of a few thermodynamic variables 1.1 Main thermodynamics
More informationUNIT I Basic concepts and Work & Heat Transfer
SIDDHARTH GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS :: PUTTUR Siddharth Nagar, Narayanavanam Road 517583 QUESTION BANK (DESCRIPTIVE) Subject with Code: Engineering Thermodynamics (16ME307) Year & Sem: II-B. Tech & II-Sem
More informationThermodynamics. Joule-Thomson effect Ideal and Real Gases. What you need: Complete Equipment Set, Manual on CD-ROM included
Ideal Real Gases Thermodynamics 30600 What you can learn about Real gas Intrinsic energy Gay-Lussac theory Throttling Van der Waals equation Van der Waals force Inverse Inversion temperature Principle:
More informationChapter 7. Entropy. by Asst.Prof. Dr.Woranee Paengjuntuek and Asst. Prof. Dr.Worarattana Pattaraprakorn
Chapter 7 Entropy by Asst.Prof. Dr.Woranee Paengjuntuek and Asst. Prof. Dr.Worarattana Pattaraprakorn Reference: Cengel, Yunus A. and Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, 5th ed.,
More information