PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers. Perceptual Interpretation. Psychology 7e in Modules 1. Perceptual Interpretation.

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1 PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition, in Modules) David Myers PowerPoint Slides Aneeq Ahmad Henderson State University Worth Publishers, Module 17 2 Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision Perceptual Adaptation Perceptual Set Perception and Human Factor 3 Psychology 7e in Modules 1

2 Is there Extrasensory Perception? Claims of ESP Premonitions or Pretensions? Putting ESP to Experimental Test. 4 Immanuel Kant ( ) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences. John Locke ( ) argued that through our experiences we also learn to perceive the world. How important is experience in shaping our perceptual interpretation? 5 After cataract surgery blind adults were able to regain sight. These individuals could differentiate figure and ground relationship however had difficulty discriminating a circle and a triangle (Von Senden, 1932). Restored Vision 6 Psychology 7e in Modules 2

3 Facial Recognition After blind adults were able to regain sight they were unable to recognize faces, they would only recognize distinct features. Normal observers also show difficulty in facial recognition when lower half of the pictures are changed. Courtesy of Richard LeGrand 7 Sensory Deprivation Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars. Blakemore & Cooper (1970) 8 Perceptual Adaptation Visual ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field, e.g., prism glasses. Courtesy of Hubert Dolezal 9 Psychology 7e in Modules 3

4 Perceptual Set A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures. From Shepard, Perceptual Set Other examples of perceptual set. Dick Ruhl Frank Searle, photo Adams/ Corbis-Sygma (a) Loch ness monster or a tree trunk; (b) Flying Saucers or Clouds? 11 Schemas Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information. Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil Children's schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see. 12 Psychology 7e in Modules 4

5 Features on a Face Face schemas are accentuated by specific features in the face. Kieran Lee/ FaceLab, Department of Psychology, University of Western Australia Students recognized caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger more than his actual photo. 13 Eye & Mouth Eyes and mouth play a dominant role in face recognition. Courtesy of Christopher Tyler 14 Context Effects Context can radically alter perception. Is the magician cabinet on the floor or hanging from the ceiling? 15 Psychology 7e in Modules 5

6 Cultural Context Context instilled by culture also alter perception. To an East African the sitting woman is balancing a metal box on her head and the family was sitting under a tree. 16 Perception Revisited Is perception innate or acquired? 17 Perception & Human Factors Human factors psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions. Courtesy of General Electric Photodisc/ Punchstock The knobs for the stove burners on the right is easier to understand than one on the left. 18 Psychology 7e in Modules 6

7 Human Factors & Misperceptions Understanding human factors can enable us in designing equipment that can avoid disaster. Two-thirds of airline crashes are due to human error. Largely based on errors of perception. 19 Human Factors in Space To combat conditions of monotony, stress and weightlessness in traveling to Mars, NASA engages Human Factor Psychologists. Transit Habituation (Transhab), NASA 20 Is There Extrasensory Perception? Perception without sensory input is called extrasensory perception (ESP). A large percentage of scientists do not believe in ESP. 21 Psychology 7e in Modules 7

8 Claims of ESP Paranormal phenomena include claims of astrological predictions, psychic healing, communication with the dead and out-of-body experience, but the most relevant are telepathy, clairvoyance and precognition. 22 Claims of ESP Telepathy: Mind-to mind communication. One person sending thoughts and the other receiving it. Clairvoyance: Perception of remote events. Like sensing a friend s house on fire. Precognition: Perceiving future events. Such as a political leader s death. 23 Premonitions or Pretensions? Can psychics see the future? Can psychics aid police in identifying locations of dead bodies? What about psychic predictions of the famous Nostradamus? The answers to these questions are NO! Nostradamus predictions are retrofitted to events that took place afterwards. 24 Psychology 7e in Modules 8

9 Putting ESP to Experimental Test In an experiment with 28,000 individuals, Wiseman tested psychically influencing or predicting a coin toss. People were able to correctly influence or predict a coin toss 49.8% of the time. 25 Psychology 7e in Modules 9