Warming is >1 degree in the last three decades.

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1 3. Global Warming Infra red radiation is increasingly trapped by greenhouse gases (GHGs), leading to a warming of the oceans and risks of inundation/tsunamic catastrophy in the North West Atlantic. A sizeable proportion of GHGs derives from electricity generation. Anthropogenic releases of GHGs in the biosphere are the major cause for climate change, and electricity generation accounts for 2.1 Gt yr 1 (Giga metric tons of carbon per year)

2 Warming is >1 degree in the last three decades.

3 Electricity generation affects global warming Some 37.5% of total global carbon emissions come from electricity generation [Metz 2001].

4 Global warming effects on oceans y Increased sea levels as polar and other continental ice melts will place a greater burden on tectonic systems, leading to offshore earthquakes, a major cause of tsunamis. y The Indian Ocean tsunami saw less than 300,000 lost lives, but a North Western Atlantic tsunami would inundate many large cities, leading to several million fatalities.

5 Tsunami Risk in the Northwest Atlantic Conclusions Given the our present state of knowledge attention is drawn to the fact that large areas of ocean floor not only in the NE Atlantic but also in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas are characterised by sediments that owe their origins to underwater slides and slumps. Most information is available for the Storegga Slides west of Norway. The ages of the slides are reasonably well known, whereas the ages of most of the other slides are not known. Most information is available for the Second Storegga Slide that took place approximately 7,100 years ago and which is believed to have generated a very large tsunami not only across the North Atlantic but also in the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea. Tsunami flood levels in western Norway were locally as high as +20m, while in Scotland the generally accepted view that the highest flood levels reached between +4 and +6m OD. Geological analyses of tsunami sediments in the Shetland Islands also indicate the former occurrence of a large tsunami circa 5,700 years ago. The origin of this tsunami is not known. We consider here that most underwater slides and associated tsunamis were triggered either by the release of methane gas from seabed sediments or as a result of moderately high magnitude offshore earthquakes. Quoted from Dawson, 2000

6 La Palma: the trigger? Cumbre Vieja Volcano Potential collapse and tsunami at La Palma, Canary Islands, (published 2001) Steven N. Ward Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz California, USA Simon Day Benfield Greig Hazard Research Centre, Department of Geological Sciences, University College, London, UK Abstract. Geological evidence suggests that during a future eruption, Cumbre Vieja Volcano on the Island of La Palma may experience a catastrophic failure of its west flank, dropping 150 to 500 km3 of rock into the sea. Using a geologically reasonable estimate of landslide motion, we model tsunami waves produced by such a collapse. Waves generated by the run out of a 500 km3 (150 km3) slide block at 100 m/s could transit the entire Atlantic Basin and arrive on the coasts of the Americas with m (3 8 m) height.

7 Effect in 3 hours

8 Effect in 6 hours

9 Wave height forecast at 10 to 25 metres in the Americas. Evolution of the La Palma landslide tsunami). Red and blue contours cover elevated and depressed regions of the ocean respectively and the yellow dots and numbers sample the wave height, positive or negative, in meters. Note the strong influence of dispersion in spreading out an original impulse into a long series of waves of decreasing wavelength. See also that the peak amplitudes generally do not coincide with the first wave. Even after crossing the Atlantic, a lateral collapse of Cumbre Vieja volcano could impose a great sequence of waves of m height on the shores of the Americas.

10 Another recent tsunami forecast: Galen Gisler, Los Alamos National Laboratory and University of Oslo Ro b e r t Weaver, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Michael L. Gittings, Science Applications International It is very important to note that although these waves probably do not pose a significant danger to the western shores of the Atlantic Ocean, these large amplitude waves will be very dangerous locally, i.e. to the shores of other islands in the Canaries Archipelago and to mainland Africa and Europe. Science of Tsunami Hazards, Vol. 24, No. 4, page 293 (2006)

11 Global effects on fauna and flora Some insects (e.g. corn earworm moth, bees) rely on far IR or other frequencies to locate mates and report food sources. Disruption of these activities would lower pollination, with important adverse consequences for global food production. Detection of moths and plants by infrared radiation (IR) is possible by night flying moths. The thermal radiation emissivity of green plants is high (0.96) and that of a plowed field low (0.28). Four elements of the biosphere, temperature, atmospheric moisture, CO 2 and O 3 could hinder transmission. (Valli and Callahan, 1968).

12 Global effects on the birds There is evidence of similar disruption to bird migration from EMFs (Larkin and Sutherland, 1977, Larkin and Frase, 1988) And to avian breeding patterns (Balmori, 2005, Fernie, Bird et al., 2000). Species loss may lead to lowered seed dissemination with global consequences for food production.

13 and the bees From 1971 through 2006, there was a dramatic reduction in the number of feral (wild) honeybees in the US (now almost absent). Colony collapse disorder (CCD) was originally found in Western honey bee colonies in North America in late Apis mellifera European beekeepers observed a similar phenomenon in Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Greece Italy, Portugal and Spain, and initial reports have also come in from Switzerland and Germany, albeit to a lesser degree. Possible cases of CCD have also been reported in Taiwan since April 2007.

14 Summary of Planetary mechanisms 1. Schumann resonances are increasingly being affected by EMF traffic, thereby perturbing brain rhythms and intracorporeal signal transduction 2. Ozone depletion may partly be the result of using Heaviside layers for RF telecommunications, thereby increasing UV irradiation of plant and animal kingdoms with adverse health sequelae. 3. Global warming as a result of increasing electricity generation may cause a catastrophic NW Atlantic tsunami.