1 MAR 110 Lecture #1 Introduction to Oceans Hazards SECTION I Volcano, Earthquake, and Tsunami Hazards
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1 1 MAR 110 Lecture #1 Introduction to Oceans Hazards SECTION I Volcano, Earthquake, and Tsunami Hazards Ocean Basin Rim Hazards - Earthquakes Earthquake-Induced Oil Storage Tank Conflagration Valdez, Alaska.(NG) Ocean Basin Rim Hazards - Volcanoes Volcanoes by the sea do explode creating ash that can bury a city and its inhabitants - Pompei, Italy and deadly tsunamis that can raise havoc many miles away (NG)
2 2 Earthquake Distribution (Top)The location of shallow earthquakes (less than 100km deep); note how they silhouette both ocean spreading ridges and convergent zones. (Bottom) The locations of deep earthquakes are usually associated with plate subduction. (e,g, circled Sumatra earthquake 26 December 2004) (?)
3 3 Sumatra Tsunami 2004 The 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsunami: It s origin and configuration in the Indian Ocean after 2 hr, 3.5 hr and about 10 hr. (NG Apr05) Lisbon Earthquake/Tsunami A tsunami wave generated by a earthquake in the Azores in 1755 pummeled Lisbon, Portugal.
4 4 Ancient Continental Configuration Pangaea: the continental configuration million years ago showing how most of the present day continents were physically connected to each other into two super continents called Laurasia and Gondwanaland. Note the location of the even older (i.e., paleo-) equator at that time as well and its relation to of coal beds, which along with other geologic structures were used by scientists to determine how the continents were connected. (ItO)
5 5 Continental Drift A time series showing the configuration and movement (arrows) of the continents at (top) 200 million years ago; (middle) 65 million years ago; and (bottom) today. (?)
6 6 Plate Tectonics Dynamics A schematic of the major plate tectonic features in the upper 450km of the Earth. Convection in the Asthenosphere, under the ocean ridge, causes the lithospheric plates to pull apart in the divergent zone, move in opposite directions across the ocean basin, collide with the adjacent plate in a convergent zone, and subduct to great depth. The subducting lithosphere melts at depth and rises as magma to form a volcanic island arc. (ItO) SECTION II Hurricane Surge, Storm & Rogue Wave Hazards Hurricane Carol Visits Narragansett Bay 1954 (left) Hurricanes form in the eastern tropical Atlantic and (right) can move rapidly northward to surprise New England. (projo)
7 7 The Gulf Stream and Exploration of the New World. Prominent ocean currents, such as the Gulf Stream, played a significant role in the exploration and colonization of the American continents. Hurricane Cross-Section. Hurricanes form where warm temperatures and the effects of the earth s rotation can combine to generate the classic spiral formation seen above.
8 8 The Great New England Hurricane The track of the September 1938 hurricane. Multiple ship reports allowed meteorologists to reconstruct the trajectory after it struck Long Island and New England without warning on 21 September. (projo) Hurricane Surge Destruction (above) The storm surge and waves of the Hurricane of 1938 lifted the cottages with people in them off their foundations in Watch Hill, RI (bottom) and swept them away. (sst)
9 9 Storm Waves Waves generated by winds at sea can travel long distances to cause great coastal destruction. (?) Rogue Waves (left) The Great Wave by Katsushika Hokusai (1830) was inspired by serious tsunami impacts on Tokyo Bay; with geography that amplifies tsunami waves more than would usually be expected. (right) Unexpected waves with heights exceeding 100ft rogue waves can imperil ships (?)
10 10 SECTION III - Climate Change Hazards Short-Term Changes El Nino El Nino-Related Destruction (NG Nov76) El Nino-Related Destruction (left above) East to west winds normally trap the warmer surface waters of the tropical pacific to the west. (left below) However, the winds change every 3-7 years allowing the warm water to race to the eastern side of the ocean changing the climatic conditions when they do. (right) In the case of Peru, storms are more frequent, more rain falls causing flooding and economic hardship.
11 Long-Term Changes MAR 110: Lecture 1 Outline Topic Preview 11 Long-Term Climate Change (above) Glacial cycles with their associated major temperature changes occur over time scales ranging from 10,000 to 100,000 years. (below) Some scientists believe that glacial cover was extreme at a time 100 millions of years ago.
12 12 Greenhouse Gas Buildup CO 2 concentration measurements on Mona Laua, HI between 1950 and 1995 showing a general increase. The annual CO 2 uptake by continental vegetation is reflected by the saw tooth form. (UWaC) Arctic Melting The shrinking of the arctic polar ice between (top) 1979 and (bottom) Significant melting occurred, reducing the ice cover by about half in only twenty four years. (NG????) The Titanic On April 12, 1912 the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank in the North Atlantic Ocean taking most of the crew and passengers aboard with it. That year had been one of an unusually large number of icebergs traveling much farther south than they had in previous years. (?)
13 13 Are We at the Tipping Point? Greenhouse Gas Buildup CO 2 concentration measurements on Mona Laua, HI between 1950 and 1995 showing a general increase. The annual CO 2 uptake by continental vegetation is reflected by the saw tooth form. (UWaC)
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