EARTH 331: Course Syllabus VOLCANOLOGY and IGNEOUS PETROLOGY. EIT 2047 Office Hours: meetings by appointment

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1 EARTH 331: Course Syllabus VOLCANOLOGY and IGNEOUS PETROLOGY Instructor: Lab Instructor: Teaching Assistant: Katherine LaHay EIT 2047 Office Hours: meetings by appointment Schedule: Lectures: Thursday 10:30 to 12:20 Friday 9:30 10:20 Labs: Friday 2:30 5:20 EIT 1009 CALENDAR DESCRIPTION OF EARTH 331 VOLCANOLOGY AND IGNEOUS PETROLOGY The principles and theories of the origins of volcanic and plutonic igneous rocks. Physics and chemistry of magma; controls of volcanic eruptions, magmatic differentiation and the distribution and occurrence of magma types. WHAT IS THE PRINCIPLE OBJECTIVE OF THIS COURSE? To outline the physical and chemical properties of magma, to introduce the techniques that are used to interpret the origin and evolution of different series of magmas and to examine in more detail magma evolution in specific igneous/tectonic environments. WHY STUDY VOLCANOLOGY AND IGNEOUS PETROLOGY? Volcanoes are one of the main natural hazards to mankind. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms and processes controlling volcanic eruptions. It is also clear that the materials that constitute the Earth s atmosphere, oceans, and crust ultimately originated from the Earth s interior and were brought to the Earth s surface via igneous processes. Consequently igneous petrology is a key component to understanding how the Earth works as a system and how that system has changed over time. 1

2 LEARNING RESOURCES The required text for this course is Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (2001), by John Winter. The cost is somewhat high ~$140, but this textbook is also used in the course Earth 332 Metamorphic Petrology. Also note that Earth 331 and Earth 332 are offered on alternate years. For additional information and powerpoint copies of the figures, see (the website also has a list of errata). Some additional material in Earth 331 comes from other sources. Most of the additional figures and material come from: Igneous Petrology 2 nd ed., Anthony Hall (1996), QE461, H256 and Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, A.R. Philpotts (1990), QE461.P57. There are several other excellent textbooks of Volcanology, Igneous Petrology and related subjects in the library. These include: Igneous Petrology, M.G. Best and E.H. Christiansen, 2001, AE461.B Igneous Petrogenesis, Margorie Wilson, QE461.W Igneous Petrology 2 nd ed., A.R. McBirney, QE461.M Origins of igneous rocks, Paul C. Hess, QE461.H Basalts and phase diagrams: An introduction to the quantitative use of phase diagrams in igneous petrology, S.A. Morse, QE462.B3M Elementary Thermodynamics for Geologists, B.J. Wood & D.G. Fraser, QC W Geochemical Thermodynamics, D.K. Nordstrom & J.L. Munoz, QE515.5.T46N Radiogeneic Isotope Geology, A.P. Dickin, QE501.4.N9D Easton, R.M. and Johns, G.W., Volcanology and mineral exploration: The application of physical volcanology and facies studies: Wood, J., Wallace, H., eds. Volcanology and mineral deposits, Ont. Geol. Surv. Misc. Pap., v. 129, p LABORATORIES There is a mandatory laboratory manual for the course that is available at the bookstore. Details on the lab expectations and marking are given in the manual. Further questions about the lab should be directed to Katherine LaHay. Useful textbooks for the lab are: Petrography of igneous and metamorphic rocks, A.R. Philpotts QE 461.P

3 MARKING SCHEME Lab: 30% Lab Exam: 10% Assignments: 5% Midterm: 50 minutes on during class time Final Exam: 40% (2.5 hours, date and location ) Each student is required to complete labs and assignments individually (see academic integrity below). Lab marking is discussed in the lab manual. Assignments are normally marked and returned one week after they are due (they are normally due one week after they are handed out). Late assignments are penalized 10% per day for each day they are late and a mark of zero percent is given if the assignment is not submitted before corrected assignments are returned. Examples of previous midterm and final exam questions will be handed out prior to these tests. Students are responsible for all material that is presented during lectures. Note that, although there is a course text and most of the material comes from this text, material from other sources is also discussed during lectures. Also note that all additional material will be posted on the ACE website for the course. If you miss the final exam, you will have the opportunity to write the final exam the next time the course is offered (December 2010). There will be no make-up final exam. SYLLABUS Chapter 1 Introduction magmatic environments/tectonic setting structure of the Earth Chapter 2 Classification of Igneous Rocks based on minerals based on chemistry based on CIPW norms Chapter 3 Volcanology Field Relations forms of volcanoes volatile contents of volcanic glasses temperatures of volcanic rocks Chapter 4 Intrusions Field Relations forms of intrusions Chapter 5 Physical Properties of Magma cooling mechanisms of flows melt density calculations predicting volcanism versus plutonism viscosity, diffusion melt structure 3

4 Chapter 6 Phase Equilibria binary diagrams, ternary diagrams fractional/equilibrium crystallization/melting temperature-oxygen fugacity diagrams f 02 buffers Chapter 7 Thermodynamics systems, state functions heath, work, 1 st law, enthalpy, heat capacity entropy, free energy, chemical potential, equilibrium calculating mineral reactions at igneous temperatures and pressures Chapter 8 Major Element Geochemistry characteristic normative minerals Harker diagrams Pearce Element Ratios fractional crystallization magma series and tectonic settings Chapter 9 Element Partitioning major and trace element substitution in crystals partition coefficients thermodynamics Henry s law behaviour effects of temperature, melt composition, crystal compositions (Young s modulus) on partitioning batch melting and fractional crystallization partitioning of REE s tectonic applications Chapter 10 Radiogenic Isotope radioactive decay, ½ life Rb-Sr, age dating, initial ratio initial Sr ratios of different rock types, application to the evolution of the Earth Sm-Nd and its use in petrology Pb isotope systematics, model ages, isochron-geochron, application to the evolution of the Earth Chapter 11 Basalts evaluation of source, primary versus evolved melting of peridotite: effects of H 2 O, degrees of partial melting, P-T origin of alkaline and tholeiitic basalts radiogenic isotope systematics, mantle heterogeneity Chapter 12 MORB and OIB major element, trace element and isotopic composition of MORB petrogenesis of MORB major element, trace element and isotopic composition of OIB petrogenesis of OIB 4

5 Chapter 13 Island Arc Magmas major element, trace element and isotopic composition of continental arcs petrogenesis of continental arcs ACADEMIC INTEGRITY All students registered in the course of the Faculty of Science are expected to know what constitutes academic integrity, to avoid committing academic offences, and to take responsibility for their actions. When the commission of an offence is established, disciplinary penalties will be imposed in accord with Policy #71 (Student Academic Discipline). For information on categories of offences and types of penalties, students are directed to consult Policy #71 ( If you need help in learning what constitutes an academic offence; how to avoid offences such as plagiarism, cheating, and double submission; how to follow appropriate rules with respect to group work and collaboration; or if you need clarification of aspects of the discipline policy, ask your TA and/or your course instructor for guidance. Other resources regarding the discipline policy are your academic advisor and the Undergraduate Associate Dean. Perceived academic offences will be reported to the Office of the Dean of Science for further investigation. An informative website on plagiarism and related academic offences can be found at: Students who believe that they have been wrongfully or unjustly penalized have the right to grieve; refer to Policy #70 (Student Grievance) at: FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES The Office for Persons with Disabilities (OPD), located in Needles Hall, Room 1132, collaborates with all academic departments to arrange appropriate accommodations for students with disabilities without compromising the academic integrity of the curriculum. If you require academic accommodations to lessen the impact of your disability, please register with the OPD at the beginning of each academic term. 5