GEOL 437 Global Climate Change 2/1/18: Solar radiation and the annual cycle
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1 GEOL 437 Global Climate Change 2/1/18: Solar radiation and the annual cycle Why are there seasons? How does the climate respond to the radiative annual cycle? How does the climate respond to changes in radiative forcing (year-to-year timescales?)
2 Why are there seasons? Figures from Aguado and Burt (2004)2/e; Not to Scale!
3 Annual cycle: Net surface) short wave radiation J. Shinker, University of Oregon and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, acc. 1/30/13
4 Annual cycle: Net surface) long wave radiation J. Shinker, University of Oregon and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, acc. 1/30/13
5 Annual cycle: Net surface) long wave+short wave radiation J. Shinker, University of Oregon and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, acc. 1/30/13
6 What are the consequences for the climate system? IPCC AR4 (2007) WG1 FAQ, Fig. 2 (
7 Annual cycle: surface air temperature J. Shinker, University of Oregon and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, acc. 1/30/13
8 Annual cycle: precipitation-evaporation Animation courtesy J. Shinker, University of Oregon Geography Dept. ( accessed 2/4/09
9 Annual cycle: soil moisture (in top 10cm) J. Shinker, University of Oregon and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, acc. 1/30/13
10 Annual cycle: sea level pressure and vector winds J. Shinker, University of Oregon and Digital Library for Earth Science Education, acc. 1/30/13
11 Annual cycle: biological productivity SeaWiFS chlorophyll-a retrieval animation for ( accessed 2/4/09)
12 Annual cycle: sea ice Sea ice climatological extremes, from passive microwave remote sensing data archived at the National Snow and Ice Data Center ( accessed 2/4/09
13 The annual cycle is a big deal! Power spectrum of temperature estimates from a variety of instrumental and proxy data sources; from Huybers and Curry (2006)
14 Perturbations to atmospheric composition: The Pinatubo eruption (1991) before... And during the 1991 eruption. From the Wikipedia entry on Mt. Pinatubo ( based on references therein), accessed 2/4/09
15 Perturbations to atmospheric composition: The Pinatubo eruption (1991) Sulfur dioxide converts to tiny persistent sulfuric acid (H2SO4) aerosols. These aerosols reflect energy coming from the sun, thereby preventing the sun's rays from heating Earth's surface. NASA Earth Observatory, What are aerosols? accessed 2/4/09; graphic by R. Simmon, Goddard DAAC.
16 Perturbations to the mean climate: The Pinatubo eruption (1991) Space Shuttle (Mission STS 43) photograph of the Earth over South America taken on August 8, 1991, showing double layer of Pinatubo aerosol cloud (dark streaks) above high cumulonimbus tops. From the Wikipedia entry on Mt. Pinatubo ( accessed 2/4/09
17 Perturbations to the mean climate: The Pinatubo eruption (1991) Model prediction for -4W/m2 radiative forcing at top of tropopause: B=linear CO2 increase P1=Pinatubo+B What actually happened: P2=P1+noise IPCC total net anthropogenic radiative forcing, : W/m2 Hansen et al. (1992) simulation of the effect on global temperature of the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo (1991); GISTEMP global average temperature estimates updated through 2017 ( accessed 1/25/18; IPCC AR5WG1 Tech. Summ, Fig TS.6, p 54 (2013)
18 What are the consequences for the climate system? IPCC AR4 (2007) WG1 FAQ, Fig. 2 (
19 Summary The annual cycle in solar radiation received at Earth's surface results from the tilt of the Earth on its rotational axis, and its orbital period about the Sun. The annual cycle in solar radiation drives annual variations in the climate: heating, circulation, biosphere, and cryosphere. This accounts for a lot of observed climate variation. If episodic volcanic eruptions can eject aerosols into the stratosphere, they can cool the climate substantially for a few years at a time, and temporarily rival the climate forcing resulting from anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Next: ocean and atmospheric circulation (readings: Kump et al., ch 4, pp 55-66); interannual variation (Thompson and Wallace, 2001).
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