A new burst of seafloor mapping and discovery driven by advances in satellite altimetry
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1 A new burst of seafloor mapping and discovery driven by advances in satellite altimetry! R. Dietmar Müller*, Kara J. Matthews* and David T. Sandwell^! *EarthByte Group, School of Geosciences, The University of Sydney, Australia ^Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, USA
2 Outline New global marine gravity grid and visualisation tool overview Buried tectonic features Outlook
3 New global marine gravity grid Radar altimetry measurements of the ocean surface topography from two satellites have recently been used to construct a new global marine gravity model (Sandwell et al., Science, 2014) It is twice as accurate as previous models A new cloud-based web portal (portal.gplates.org) allows users to view the vertical gravity gradient (VGG) grid interactively The GPlates Portal allows interactive tectonic reconstruction of the grid back to the Jurassic at 200 Ma
4 *SRTM coming soon*
5 Improved imaging of smallscale seafloor features Previously invisible abyssal hill fabric - improved constraints on changes in spreading direction Previously unmapped oceanic microplates and unknown extinct mid-ocean ridges - improved understanding of tectonic reorganisations and past spreading Important for more than just tectonics! - ocean circulation, tsunami forecasting, submarine navigation
6 Welcome to the Portal: SE Indian Ridge Aust. Ant. AAD Extinct Ridges Pseudofaults Westward view. Note detailed image of conjugate extinct ridges and pseudofaults
7 Welcome to the Portal: SE Indian Ridge Aust. Ant. AAD Extinct Ridges Pseudofaults Westward view. Note detailed image of conjugate extinct ridges and pseudofaults
8 Eastern South Atlantic West Africa St Helena seamounts Extinct Africa MOR Northward view. Note extinct mid-ocean ridge in abyssal plain.
9 Western South Atlantic South America Pseudofault Northward view. Note pseudofault in abyssal plain.
10 Vertical Gravity Gradient grid reconstruction at 83.5 Ma Sandwell et al. (2014) The mid-ocean ridge is outlined in red and the reconstructed position of the Cardno hotspot (CS) is outlined by a red star. Most of the seafloor shown was formed during the Cretaceous Normal Superchron.
11 ! GPlates Portal VGG grid raster reconstruction! Grey regions are where the seafloor no longer exists at present-day
12 Gulf of Mexico USA FL Cuba Extinct MOR NE view. Note extinct mid-ocean ridge (below ~8 km of sediment) outlined by negative VGG anomaly
13 Gulf of Mexico USA FL Cuba Extinct MOR NE view. Note extinct mid-ocean ridge (below ~8 km of sediment) outlined by negative VGG anomaly
14 Fault Structures The new grid provides breathtakingly detailed views of individual fault structures, previously only mapped via expensive seismic surveys. Two examples: Falkland Plateau (N Falkland Basin) and Lord Howe Rise. Ant. Peninsula NFB Falkland Plateau S. America Southwestward view
15 Vertical gravity gradient (VGG) map, North Falkland Basin Black lines are normal faults interpreted from seismic reflection data (Richards and Hillier, 2000) Normal faults follow the boundaries of elevated horst blocks, expressed as VGG highs Red lines are normal faults interpreted from VGG data A fault network emerges that illustrates that this region of the Falkland Plateau is characterised by broadly distributed faulting
16 Lord Howe Rise
17 Lord Howe Rise ide rifts only occur in regions of higher than normal heat flow with elatively thick crust, where local crustal buoyancy effects dominate localising rocesses (see Buck et al., 1999). TS NT LHR Southward view. Note Basin and Range -style wide rift characteristics
18 Conclusions The new gravity grid sheds light on many small-scale features in abyssal plains, along continental margins and on submerged continental plateaus, facilitating a new period of discovery in remote parts of the oceans, and leading to a revised tectonic fabric map of the seafloor The grid will play a major role in mapping and modelling buried tectonic structures along continental margins and in submerged continental plateaus Check out the GPlates Portal!! portal.gplates.org
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