DISPERSIVE CLAYS, RELATED PIPING, AND EROSION IN GEOTECHNICAL PROJECTS
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2 DISPERSIVE CLAYS, RELATED PIPING, AND EROSION IN GEOTECHNICAL PROJECTS A symposium presented at the Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS Chicago, III., 27 June-2 July 1976 ASTM SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION 623 J. L Sherard, Consulting Engineer, and R. S. Decker, Hoskins-Western-Sonderegger, Inc., editors List price $ AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa
3 by AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS 1977 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: NOTE The Society is not responsible, as a body, for the statements and opinions advanced in this publication. Printed in Baltimore, Md. May 1977
4 Foreword The symposium on Dispersive Clays, Related Piping, and Erosion in Geotechnical Projects was presented at the Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Chicago, III., 27 June-2 July Committee D-18 on Soil and Rock for Engineering Purposes sponsored the symposium. J. L. Sherard, consulting engineer, and R. S. Decker, Hoskins-Western-Sonderegger, Inc., presided as symposium co-chairmen and editors of this publication.
5 Related ASTM Publications Soil Specimen Preparation for Laboratory Testing, STP 599 (1976), $35.00 ( ) Performance Monitoring for Geotechnical Construction, STP 584 (1975), $14.00 ( ) Evaluation of Relative Density and Its Role in Geotechnical Projects Involving Cohesionless Soils, STP 523 (1973), $30.75 ( )
6 A Note of Appreciation to Reviewers This publication is made possible by the authors and, also, the unheralded efforts of the reviewers. This body of technical experts whose dedication, sacrifice of time and effort, and collective wisdom in reviewing the papers must be acknowledged. The quality level of ASTM publications is a direct function of their respected opinions. On behalf of ASTM we acknowledge with appreciation their contribution. ASTM Committee on Publications
7 Editorial Staff Jane B. Wheeler, Managing Editor Helen M. Hoersch, Associate Editor Ellen J. McGlinchey, Assistant Editor Kathleen P. Turner, Assistant Editor Sheila G. Pulver, Assistant Editor
8 Contents Introduction Some Engineering Problems witli Dispersive Qays J. L. SHERARD, L. P. DUNNIGAN, AND R. S. DECKER 3 Dispersive Clay at Sobradinho Dam GUY BOURDEAUX AND HIDEO IMAIZUMI 13 Dispersive Oay in Irrigation Dams in Tliailand B. A. COLE, CHALAW RATANASEN, PRAMOTE MAIKLAD, T.B. LIGGINS, AND SUPHON CHIRAPUNTU 25 Experience with Studies of Oay Erodibility in Greece D. G. COUMOULOS 42 Tunnel-GuUy Erosion and Urban Development: A Case Study R. J. CROUCH 58 Chemical Treatment of a Sensitive, Cemented Clay (Champlain Clay) o. DASCAL AND J. HURTUBISE 69 Erodibility Tests on a Sensitive, Cemented Marine Oay (Champlain Oay) o. DASCAL, G. POULIOT, AND J. HURTUBISE 74 Development and Use of the Soil Conservation Service Dispersion Test R. s. DECKER AND L. P. DUNNIGAN 94 Amelioration of Tunnelling Susceptible Soils in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, by Modification of Oay Double-Layer Interactions G. L. ELLIOTT 110 Field Methods for Determination of Soluble Salts and Percent Sodium from Extract for Identifying Dispersive Clay Soils C. p. FLANAGAN AND G. G. S. HOLMGREN 121 Experiences in Identification and Treatment of Dispersive Oays in Mississippi Dams PETER FORSYTHE 135 Laboratory Testing on High-Sodium Nondispersive Clays as Related to the Repair of a Clay Dam in Algeria JOEL FRANCQ AND GEORGES POST 156 Erosion, Corrective Maintenance, and Dispersive Clays O. S. GHUMAN, R. L. ALLEN, AND R. L. MCNEILL 172 Protecting a Dispersive Soil Storage by Water Treatment KEITH GRANT, O. G. INGLES, I. A. LAWRENCE, AND P. J. SOMMERVILLE 191
9 Factors Influencing Dispersive Clays and Methods of Identification R. T. HEINZEN AND K. ARULANANDAN 202 Factors Affecting Spontaneous Dispersion of Soil Materials as Evidenced by the Crumb Test G. G. S. HOLMGREN AND C. p. FLANAGAN 218 Conditions Causing Piping in Compacted Clay H. G. LANDAU AND A. G. ALTSCHAEFFL 240 Erosion of Unsaturated Clay in a Pinhole Test D. A. LEWIS AND N. O. SCHMIDT 260 Identification of Dispersive Clays in the Texas Gulf Coast Area A. F. MARSHALL AND J. P. WORKMAN 274 The Role of Dispersion in the Slaking of Intact Clay YOSHIHARU MORIWAKI AND J. K. MITCHELL 287 A Rheological Approach to Dispersive Clays s. H. NICKEL 303 Dispersion Characteristics of Clay from Mushroom Cave, Meramec Park Lake Project, Meramec River, Missouri E. B. PERRY AND G. J. POSTOL 313 Case Histories of Repairs and Designs for Dams Built with Dispersive Clay J. T. PHILLIPS 330 Relevance of Atterberg Limits in Evaluating Piping and Breaching Potential DANIEL RESENDIZ 341 Dispersion in Some New Zealand Clays P. B. RILEY 354 Identification of Susceptible Soils and Control of Tunnelling Failure in Small Earth Dams c. J. ROSEWELL 362 Encountering Dispersive Clays on Soil Conservation Service Projects in Oklahoma N. L. RYKER 370 Concept of Critical Shear Stress in Relation to Characterization of Dispersive Qays A. SARGUNAN 390 Influence of Eroding Solution Composition on Dispersive Behavior of a Compacted Clay Shale c. T. STATTON AND J. K. MITCHELL 398 Experiences with Tests of Dispersibility of Fine-Grained Soils for Dams in Colombia FABIO VILLEGAS 408 Turbidity and Zeta Potential Measurements of Clay Dispersibility R. N. YONG AND A. J. SETHI 419 Dispersive Soils at Sugarloaf Dam Site, Near Melbourne, Australia D. H. STAPLEDON AND R. J. CASINADER 432 Summary Evaluation of Symposium on Dispersive Clays 467 Index 481
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