Anthropogenic (Tectonic) Earth-change: A Review Combining Anthropogenic climate Δ biosphere Δ cryosphere Δ lithosphere Δ hydrosphere Δ sediment Δ &
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1 Anthropogenic (Tectonic) Earth-change: A Review Combining Anthropogenic climate Δ biosphere Δ cryosphere Δ lithosphere Δ hydrosphere Δ sediment Δ & asthenosphere (magma) Δ into a new unified hypothesis
2 Today focus on: Tectonic Earth-change due to hydrosphere, sediment & marine biosphere change & associated mass shift A new paradigm extending Climate-Change at least down to the magma beneath our feet
3 Sea level rise from previous deglaciation - 30-fold increase in magma production, peak volcanism, seismicity, slumping, tsunamis and Δ tectonism Especially near coast & volcanic islands & tectonically active areas of Iceland, Alaska and Kamchatka
4 IS CATASTROPHIC VOLCANISM, SEISMICITY AND TSUNAMIS OCCURRING NOW?
5 e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis in Chile since 1960, esp New Zealand Iceland 2010 & Japan 2011
6 e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis in Chile since 1960, esp New Zealand Iceland 2010 & Japan 2011
7 e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis in Chile since 1960, esp New Zealand Indonesia Japan 2011
8 e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis in Chile since 1960, esp New Zealand Indonesia Iceland 2010 & Japan 2011
9 e.g. earthquakes, volcanoes and tsunamis in Chile since 1960, esp New Zealand Indonesia Iceland 2010 & Japan 2011
10 Eruptions have been triggered by: tides, cyclones & other short term pressure Δ of only 1kPa ~100mm of water e.g. Mt St Helens
11 e.g. storm at Mt St Helens
12 Or rain at Montserrat
13 & seasonal Δ 100mm sea level at Pavlov Alaska
14 Even ANNUAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES or ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Δ of only 0.1kPa ~10mm of water: affect timing of volcanism & tectonism e.g. El Niño oscillations, snow fall, seasonal rainfall, soil moisture, surface water mass movements
15 Even ANNUAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES or ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Δ of only 0.1kPa ~10mm of water: affect timing of volcanism & tectonism e.g. El Niño oscillations, snow fall, seasonal rainfall, soil moisture, surface water mass movements
16 Even ANNUAL HYDROLOGICAL CYCLES or ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE Δ of only 0.1kPa ~10mm of water: affect timing of volcanism & tectonism e.g. El Niño oscillations, snow fall, seasonal rainfall, soil moisture, surface water mass movements
17 & 3,200 volcanoes from over 300yrs correlate with season Mason, B. G., Pyla, D. M., Dade, W. B. & Jupp, T Seasonality of volcanic eruptions.
18 Current ~200mm increase in sea level should alter & release some tectonic and other strain earlier (now).
19 Beyond Climate-Change Inconvenience Store
20 MAGMA (ASTHENOSPHERE) CHANGE
21 Oceanic crust sinks (A) into the mantle by ⅓m/m of sea-level rise This is isostasy Pressure on asthenosphere melting temperature viscous (B) asthenosphere & plate movement (B,C) Mid Ocean Ridges (MOR) raised (D) Volcanism Δ Island shallow magma raised & asthenosphere pushed landward (E)
22 Oceanic crust inundated (A) Isostatically fall relative to continental crust Subducting plates sink & friction between plates (P) movement past each other Faster tectonic stress release & seismicity
23 Oceanic crust inundated (A) Isostatically fall relative to continental crust Subducting plates sink & friction between plates (P) movement past each other Faster tectonic stress release & seismicity
24 Oceanic crust inundated (A) Isostatically fall relative to continental crust Subducting plates sink & friction between plates (P) movement past each other Faster tectonic stress release & seismicity
25 Oceanic crust inundated (A) Isostatically fall relative to continental crust Subducting plates sink & friction between plates (P) movement past each other Faster tectonic stress release & seismicity immediately
26 May alter &/or release strain earlier & induce tsunamis like 2011 Japan
27 Sea Level Rise = Ocean Loading Greenland deglaciation adds 8m or ~ 8 tonnes/m 2 Antarctica deglaciation adds 70m or ~ 70 tonnes/m 2 onto the asthenosphere (magma) Causing Tectonic Change
28 Particularly on Pacific Ring-of-Fire Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
29 Deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Cap 21,00yrs ago Scandinavia risen 285m at 30cm/yr (615m to go) To balance this means sinking extends >1,200km e.g. Low Lands of - Holland - Denmark - Schleswig-Holstein
30 Deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Cap 21,00yrs ago Scandinavia risen 285m at 30cm/yr (615m to go) To balance this means sinking extends >1,200km e.g. Low Lands of - Holland - Denmark - Schleswig-Holstein
31 Deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Cap 21,00yrs ago Scandinavia risen 285m at 30cm/yr (615m to go) To balance this means sinking extends >1,200km e.g. Low Lands of - Holland - Denmark - Schleswig-Holstein
32 Deglaciation of the Fennoscandian Ice Cap 21,00yrs ago Scandinavia risen 285m at 30cm/yr (615m to go) To balance this means sinking extends >1,200km e.g. Low Lands of - Holland - Denmark - Schleswig-Holstein Sinking
33 DEGLACIATION NEAR CONSTRUCTIVE BOUNDARIES
34 Greenland & Antarctica within 1,200km of Mid Ocean Ridges (MOR) where lithosphere is thin, fractured & weakened from high pore-pressure (permanently under deep water) Surrounding MOR isostatically affected by current deglaciation Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
35 Greenland & Antarctica within 1,200km of Mid Ocean Ridges (MOR) where lithosphere is thin, fractured & weakened from high pore-pressure (permanently under deep water) Surrounding MOR isostatically affected by current deglaciation Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
36 Greenland & Antarctica within 1,200km of Mid Ocean Ridges (MOR) where lithosphere is thin, fractured & weakened Surrounding MORs isostatically affected by current deglaciation Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
37 Antarctica deglaciates ~3km ice = ~3,000 tonnes/m 2 lost Asthenosphere sucked from S side of MOR S side sink and pull away from N side Activate dormant or new spreading crust e.g. Antarctica Deglaciates MOR
38 Antarctica deglaciates Asthenosphere sucked from S side of MOR S side sink and pull away from N side Activate dormant or new spreading crust e.g. Antarctica Deglaciates MOR
39 Antarctica deglaciates Asthenosphere sucked from S side of MOR S side sink and pull away from N side Activate dormant or new spreading crust e.g. Antarctica Deglaciates MOR
40 Antarctica deglaciates Asthenosphere sucked from S side of MOR S side sink and pull away from N side Activate dormant or new spreading crust e.g. Antarctica Deglaciates MOR
41 East Pacific Rise south of New Zealand, and the Scotia Plate south-east of South America are within 1,200km of ablating continental ice 1998 M8.1 Balleny Island earthquake
42 East Pacific Rise south of New Zealand, and the Scotia Plate south-east of South America are within 1,200km of ablating continental ice 1998 M8.1 Balleny Island earthquake
43 East Pacific Rise south of New Zealand, and the Scotia Plate south-east of South America are within 1,200km of ablating continental ice 1998 M8.1 Balleny Island earthquake
44 East Pacific Rise south of New Zealand, and the Scotia Plate south-east of South America are within 1,200km of ablating continental ice 1998 M8.1 Balleny Island earthquake in quiet a-seismic zone
45 Compared to Fennoscandia, Greenland s icesheet: - Bigger (x175%) - Closer to MOR & Iceland s constructive boundary - All mass is on land (not floating) - Deglaciation > 100 x faster from climate Δ Greenland Fennoscandia
46 Compared to Fennoscandia, Greenland s icesheet: - Bigger (x175%) - Closer to MOR & Iceland s constructive boundary - All mass is on land (not floating) - Deglaciation > 100 x faster from climate Δ Greenland Fennoscandia
47 Compared to Fennoscandia, Greenland s icesheet: - Bigger (x175%) - Closer to MOR & Iceland s constructive boundary - All mass is on land (not floating) - Deglaciation > 100 x faster from climate Δ Greenland Fennoscandia
48 Compared to Fennoscandia, Greenland s icesheet: - Bigger (x175%) - Closer to MOR & Iceland s constructive boundary - Deglaciation > 100 x faster from climate Δ & loss of ~3km ice = ~3,000 tonnes/m 2 lost Greenland Fennoscandia
49 Iceland and MOR within km of Greenland, so Merkouriev2008A high-resolution model for Eurasia-North America plate kinetics since 20 Ma
50 Greenland deglaciates NW Iceland & MOR sink Seismicity, volcanism & early release of magma pool rifting & possible new rift direction near Denmark Strait Greenland Deglaciates Icelandic MOR
51 Greenland deglaciates NW Iceland & MOR sink Seismicity, volcanism & early release of magma pool rifting & possible new rift direction near Denmark Strait Current isostasy already creating unusual or unexplained seismicity, magma movements and increased volcanism Greenland Deglaciates Icelandic MOR NW side moving faster & sinking
52 Greenland deglaciates NW Iceland & MOR sink Seismicity, volcanism & early release of magma pool rifting & possible new rift direction near Denmark Strait Current isostasy already creating unusual or unexplained seismicity, magma movements and increased volcanism Greenland Deglaciates Icelandic MOR NW side moving faster & sinking
53 Greenland deglaciates NW Iceland & MOR sink Seismicity, volcanism & early release of magma pool rifting & possible new rift direction near Denmark Strait Current isostasy already creating unusual or unexplained seismicity, magma movements and increased volcanism Greenland Deglaciates Icelandic MOR NW side moving faster & sinking
54 Pagli2006Deflation of the Askja volcanic system; Constraints on the deformation source from combined inversion of satellite radar interferograms & GPS e.g. Askja volcano lost 0.06km 3 /a magma over 15 years & 50mm/a unexplained subsidence on W side relative to its E side since It drained away to an invisible deep source. Subsidence extends 25km NE of Askja sinking 6mm/a but E side rises 6mm/a. ICELAND
55 Pagli2006Deflation of the Askja volcanic system; Constraints on the deformation source from combined inversion of satellite radar interferograms & GPS e.g. Askja volcano lost 0.06km 3 /a magma over 15 years & 50mm/a unexplained subsidence on W side relative to its E side since It drained away to an invisible deep source. Subsidence extends 25km NE of Askja sinking 6mm/a but E side rises 6mm/a. ICELAND
56 Pagli2006Deflation of the Askja volcanic system; Constraints on the deformation source from combined inversion of satellite radar interferograms & GPS e.g. Askja volcano lost 0.06km 3 /a magma over 15 years & 50mm/a unexplained subsidence on W side relative to its E side since It drained away to an invisible deep source. Subsidence extends 25km NE of Askja sinking 6mm/a but E side rises 6mm/a. ICELAND
57 Pagli2006Deflation of the Askja volcanic system; Constraints on the deformation source from combined inversion of satellite radar interferograms & GPS e.g. Askja volcano lost 0.06km 3 /a magma over 15 years & 50mm/a unexplained subsidence on W side relative to its E side since It drained away to an invisible deep source. Subsidence extends 25km NE of Askja sinking 6mm/a on the W side but E side rises 6mm/a. ICELAND
58 NW Bárdarbunga has unexplained reduced magma chamber pressure magma sucked horizontally by isostatic adjustment towards Greenland ICELAND Pagli2007Glacio-isostatic deformation around the Vatnajo kull ice caap, Iceland, induced by recent climate warming; GPS observations and finite element modeling
59 NW subsidence of 6.5mm/a due to lack of magma inflow in far SW of Iceland on Reykjanes Peninsula Sigmundsson2010Climate effects on volcanism; Influence on magmatic systems of loading and unloading from ice mass variations, with examples from Iceland ICELAND
60 SEDIMENT CHANGE
61 Typical structure of gas hydrate with water molecules linked together to form a frozen cage trapping a gas molecule usually methane, but can be H 2 S, CO 2 and more rarely N 2 within. Maslin2010Gas hydrates; Past and future geohazard
62 Gas hydrate reserves Particularly on upper shelf edges Maslin2010Gas hydrates; Past and future geohazard
63 ~2,000GtC (10 9 tonnes) methane hydrate globally
64 ~2,000GtC (10 9 tonnes) methane hydrate globally dwarfing the total atmospheric carbon at 760GtC
65 ~2,000GtC (10 9 tonnes) methane hydrate globally dwarfing the total atmospheric carbon at 760GtC Global warming 3 C could release 940GtC methane But methane 21-fold more effective as a greenhouse gas than CO 2 Add another 0.5 C
66 Organic sediments form gas hydrates which are stable at depth, but if pressure (e.g. isostasy) or temperature (climate Δ) converts to gas, expands
67 Organic sediments form gas hydrates which are stable at depth, but if pressure (e.g. isostasy) or temperature (climate Δ) converts to gas, expands vent gas moves sediment slip planes slumping & tsunamis mass sift Maslin2010Gas hydrates; Past and future geohazard
68 Storegga Slide & paleo-tsunami ~8.1ka 800km long, 310km wide, covered 95,000km 2, moved 3,500km 3 sediment (blocks 200m x 200m x 5m), 10Gt mass moved down-slope at 110km/hr tele-tsunami depositing sediments > 20m above sea-level
69 Most unconsolidated sediment and agriculture is concentrated just above sea level
70 Most unconsolidated sediment is near sea level which readily erodes with sea level rise exposes unconsolidated terrestrial strata to wave action, changing sedimentation rates, types, layering & location with pulse organic layers gas hydrates, isostasy, slip planes, slumping & tsunamis
71 Most unconsolidated sediment is near sea level which readily erodes with sea level rise exposes unconsolidated terrestrial strata to wave action, inducing erosion, changing sedimentation rates, types, layering & location with pulse organic layers gas hydrates, isostasy, slip planes, slumping & tsunamis
72 Most unconsolidated sediment is near sea level which readily erodes with sea level rise exposes unconsolidated terrestrial strata to wave action, inducing erosion, changing sedimentation rates, types, layering & location with pulse organic layers gas hydrates, isostasy, slip planes, slumping & tsunamis
73 Non-agricultural construction activities account for 30% of terrestrial rock and soil movement
74 10km And deliberate land movement The World & Palm Island, Dubai from the air & by satellite
75 Extreme cases of concentration of mass on the lithosphere
76 Plus more from mining Rivers used to be the major geomorphic process altering the Earth s surface, but we now move more soil and rock than all natural processes combined
77 Plus more from mining Rivers used to be the major geomorphic process altering the Earth s surface, but we now move more soil and rock than all natural processes combined
78 Plus more from mining Rivers used to be the major geomorphic process altering the Earth s surface, but we now move more soil and rock than all natural processes combined
79 Volume of sediment eroded (10 6 m 3 /yr) Total natural (background) erosion ~21 Gt/a Agricultural cropland erosion Agriculture alone increased terrestrial sediment movement >30-fold Elevation (km) Wilkinson2007The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation
80 Volume of sediment eroded (10 6 m 3 /yr) Total natural (background) erosion ~21 Gt/a Agricultural cropland erosion Agriculture alone increased terrestrial sediment movement >30-fold Elevation (km) Wilkinson2007The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation
81 Volume of sediment eroded (10 6 m 3 /yr) Total natural (background) erosion ~21 Gt/a Agricultural cropland erosion Agriculture alone increased terrestrial sediment movement >30-fold Elevation (km) Wilkinson2007The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation
82 Annual global erosion sediment erosion rates Phanerozoic 542M years Wilkinson2007The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation
83 Annual global erosion sediment erosion rates Phanerozoic 542M years More sediment moved now than previously Wilkinson2007The impact of humans on continental erosion and sedimentation
84 Dams & channels capture water mass and sediment mass
85 Dams & channels capture water mass and sediment mass
86 Last deglaciation caused peak sea level Δ, temperature Δ, isostasy, seismicity, tsunamis, volcanism & species Δ, but have been stable & quiet for the last 7,000 & esp. 4,000 years Hansen2008Target Atmospheric CO2 Where Should Humanity Aim Shuman2009Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change in the Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
87 Last deglaciation caused peak sea level Δ, temperature Δ, isostasy, seismicity, tsunamis, volcanism & species Δ, but have been stable & quiet for the last 7,000 & esp. 4,000 years Hansen2008Target Atmospheric CO2 Where Should Humanity Aim Shuman2009Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change in the Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
88 Last deglaciation caused peak sea level Δ, temperature Δ, isostasy, seismicity, tsunamis, volcanism & species Δ, but have been stable & quiet for the last 7,000 & esp. 4,000 years Hansen2008Target Atmospheric CO2 Where Should Humanity Aim Shuman2009Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change in the Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
89 Last deglaciation caused peak sea level Δ, temperature Δ, isostasy, seismicity, tsunamis, volcanism & species Δ, but have been stable & quiet for the last 7,000 & esp. 4,000 years Hansen2008Target Atmospheric CO2 Where Should Humanity Aim Shuman2009Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change in the Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
90 Last deglaciation caused peak sea level Δ, temperature Δ, isostasy, seismicity, tsunamis, volcanism & species Δ, but have been stable & quiet for the last 7,000 & esp. 4,000 years Hansen2008Target Atmospheric CO2 Where Should Humanity Aim until now Shuman2009Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change in the Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
91 This period of lack of change & stress release - more sediment - steeper slopes - closer to a slumping threshold Producing more tsunamis
92 Processes happening NOW sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate NOW
93 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate
94 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate
95 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate Lee2009Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin
96 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type - Layering & pore-pressure All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate Lee2009Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin
97 Pore spaces between grains in rock & sediment contain fluids
98 Pore spaces between grains in rock & sediment contain fluids & increased (pore) pressure from additional mass or fluid, pushes grains apart so they slip easily
99 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type - Layering & pore-pressure All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate Lee2009Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin
100 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type - Layering & pore-pressure All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate Lee2009Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin
101 Most tsunamogenic slumps occur during deglaciation from seismicity sediment Δ - Amount - Location - Type - Layering & pore-pressure All coincident in - Time (now) - Location (continental margins Pacific Rim) Where triggers dominate Lee2009Timing of occurrence of large submarine landslides on the Atlantic Ocean margin
102 ISOSTASY of DAMS As it fills, the Earth sinks and magma moves
103 INCREASED PORE PRESSURE Water penetrates, and lubricates
104 DAM FAILURE Seismicity and pore-pressure San Fernando, California1971 Van Norman Dam
105 Proliferation of US dams and reservoirs: There were no dams in Syvitski2011Sediment Flux and the Anthropogene
106 River sediment change Ratio of pristine sediment load to Anthropocene sediment loads Early human development, agriculture & deforestation Increased sediment to oceans Yellow Po Years before present Syvitski2011Sediment Flux and the Anthropogene
107 River sediment change Damming Decreased sediment to oceans Ratio of pristine sediment load to Anthropocene sediment loads DRY AREAS - low water table Sediment to ocean - dams - waterway diversions - riverbank hardening Years before present Syvitski2011Sediment Flux and the Anthropogene
108 Rivers getting dirtier mass on continental crust Yet less sediment is getting to the coastal ocean
109 Rivers getting dirtier mass on continental crust Yet less sediment is getting to the coastal ocean
110 Most heavily trapped sediment near East Africa Rift and Yellowstone Caldera
111 Malwali - Africa - Quiet for decades - But since December 2009 > a dozen earthquakes >M=5
112 Sediment delivery to the coastal ocean Generally decreased Syvitski2005Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal Ocean
113 Sediment delivery to the coastal ocean Now increasingly to the Pacific Ring of Fire Syvitski2005Geology, Geography, and Humans Battle for Dominance over the Delivery of Fluvial Sediment to the Coastal Ocean
114 However, these measurements are of major river runoff & do not include small rivers, creeks, wind erosion, erosion of short steep escarpments to the sea, man-made hard surface runoff (roads, paths channels), & in particular sewage output ( gas hydrates).
115 However, these measurements are of major river runoff & do not include small rivers, creeks, wind erosion, erosion of short steep escarpments to the sea, man-made hard surface runoff (roads, paths channels), & in particular sewage output ( gas hydrates).
116 However, these measurements are of major river runoff & do not include small rivers, creeks, wind erosion, erosion of short steep escarpments to the sea, man-made hard surface runoff (roads, paths channels), & in particular sewage output ( gas hydrates).
117 Increased oceanic CO 2 & Temperature
118 Increased oceanic CO 2 & Temperature: Oceanic primary production organic sediment gas hydrates Low O 2 in Pacific Ocean Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
119 Increased oceanic CO 2 & Temperature: Oceanic primary production organic sediment gas hydrates Low O 2 in Pacific Ocean Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
120 Increased oceanic CO 2 & Temperature: Oceanic primary production organic sediment gas hydrates Low O 2 in Pacific Ocean Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
121 Increased oceanic CO 2 & Temperature: gas hydrates, tsunamis and methane emissions Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
122 Increased oceanic CO 2 & Temperature: gas hydrates, tsunamis and methane emissions Highest gas hydrate concentrations on continental slopes of Pacific Ring of Fire Mason2004Seasonality of volcanic eruptions
123 Increased oceanic Temperature: O 2 solubility
124 Increased oceanic Temperature: O 2 solubility oceanic dead zones, acidity & methane
125 Increased oceanic Temperature: O 2 solubility oceanic dead zones, acidity & methane oxidation of released gas hydrates
126 Increased oceanic Temperature: O 2 solubility oceanic dead zones, acidity & methane oxidation of released gas hydrates methane to atmosphere
127 Low O 2 in Pacific Ocean gas hydrates not oxidised Particularly around the Ring of Fire
128 MARINE BIOSPHERE CHANGE
129 INCREASED ACIDIFICATION: CaCO 3 for marine shells
130 Foraminiferans Coccolithophores CaCO 3 for Marine Shells Calcium Silica Diatom tests Radiolarian tests
131 Foraminiferans Coccolithophores Calcium Change in Species proportions Silica Diatom tests Radiolarian tests
132 Foraminiferans Coccolithophores Calcium Change in Species proportions Change in Sediment Type & Rate Slip Planes Silica Diatom tests Radiolarian tests
133 All of these processes that are being altered due to anthropogenic activity lead to Δ Of every Earth sphere from the upper atmosphere to at least the Asthenosphere And bring in question how all these systems interact How we predict feedbacks and mitigate catastrophic events And where we build our infrastructure
134 All of these processes that are being altered due to anthropogenic activity lead to Δ Of every Earth sphere from the upper atmosphere to at least the Asthenosphere And bring in question how all these systems interact How we predict feedbacks and mitigate catastrophic events And where we build our infrastructure
135 All of these processes that are being altered due to anthropogenic activity lead to Δ Of every Earth sphere from the upper atmosphere to at least the Asthenosphere (magma) And bring in question how all these systems interact How we predict feedbacks and mitigate catastrophic events And where we build our infrastructure
136 All of these processes that are being altered due to anthropogenic activity lead to Δ Of every Earth sphere from the upper atmosphere to at least the Asthenosphere And bring in question how all these systems interact How we predict feedbacks and mitigate catastrophic events And where we build our infrastructure
137 All of these processes that are being altered due to anthropogenic activity lead to Δ Of every Earth sphere from the upper atmosphere to at least the Asthenosphere And bring in question how all these systems interact How we predict feedbacks and mitigate catastrophic events And where we build our infrastructure
138 All of these processes that are being altered due to anthropogenic activity lead to Δ Of every Earth sphere from the upper atmosphere to at least the Asthenosphere And bring in question how all these systems interact How we predict feedbacks and mitigate catastrophic events And where we build our infrastructure
139 Maths of Planet Earth A planet REALLY under pressure
140 Dr Chris Allen - Ecologist Paleoclimate/Climate-Change Plant/ Animal Modeller NSW Dept. Environment Climate Change & Water Mrs Macquaries Road, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia chris.allen@rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au
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